فصلنامه زیست شناسی تکوینی
سال نهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 33، زمستان 1395)

Hyperlipidemia is one of the most important risk factors of cardiovascular disease. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of essential oil dill on the lipid profile in hyperlipidemic rats.
Thirty-six adult male rats were divided into 6 groups including normal group, control hyperlipidemic group (received 10% lipid in food), hyperlipidemic rats (received atorvastatin at dose of 10 mg/kg, daily) and experimental hyperlipidemic rats (received essential oil of dill at doses 0.5, 1 and 2 ml/kg, daily). After 8 weeks and 12 h fastening, the animals were weighted and anesthetized by ether. The blood and liver sampling was done. The serum cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL, VLDL, AST and ALT levels were measured by kit. The liver sections were stained by haematocilin-eosin method.
The result showed that oral treatment of atorvastatin and essential oil of dill decreased weight gain, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL, AST and ALT levels and liver damaged, while increased serum HDL level in experimental rats in comparison to control hyperlipidemic rats, significantly. So, essential oil of dill improved lipid profile in hyperlipidemic animal and has antioxidant effect with improving liver tissue and function.

Cadmium is a heavy metal that it’s poisonous forms can naturally exist in soil or can enter to soil in following ways:by industrial activities,mine probing and agricultural fertilizers.Phaseolus vulgaris L.is one of the plants that can tolerate poison of cadmium and Bean is one of the most important species in Fabaceae family that have high economic significance in human nutrition.Regeneration by tissue culture is one of the effective and appropriate methods for preserving and also propagation of plants.In this study,research of effects cadmium nitrate and growth regulators in Phaseolus vulgaris L.tissue culture,percentage of germination,rhizogenesis and callus generation of seed of Bean plant cultivar(cos 16)in mediums containing cadmium nitrate and2ip hormone evaluated.In the Beginning seeds were surface sterilized respectively with:etanol70%,distilled water and sodium hypocholorite5%.Sterilized seeds were cultured into different culture containing:T0(MS),T1(MS 2ip: 0.1 mg⁄l );T2(MS 2ip: 0.1mg⁄l ৓:0.05mg⁄l);T3( MS CdNo3: 0.05mg⁄l)for percentage of germination.Explants of leaf and hypocotyl were prepared from ten-day sterilized seedling cultured in T0 medium and moved in T0(MS),T1(MS�: 3mg⁄l );T2(MS�: 5mg⁄l).A number of hypocotyl explants were transferred intoT1(MS NAA: 0.5mg⁄l),T2 (MS BAP:2.5mg⁄l) ;T3(MS㐀:0.5mg⁄lЃ:2.5mg⁄l). Eventually calluses of hypocotyl explant subcultured fromT0 medium into T0(MS), T1(MS৓:0.05mg⁄l);T2(MS৓: 0.1mg⁄l).According to the above results,maximum and minimum percentage of germination in T0(MS),T3(MS৓: 0.05mg⁄l).Best percentage of callus generation inT0(MS),was observed in hypocotyl explants.Also most rhizogenesis inT2(MS�:5 mg⁄l)in leaf explant and Best callus generation and rhizogenesis were seen inT3(MS㐀: 0.5 mg⁄l Ѓ:2.5mg⁄l)in hypocotyl explant.Finally In subculture of the callus of hypocotyl explant,the most callus generation and rhizogenesis was observed in absence of cadmium nitrate:T0(MS).

Enterococci are part of normal flora of the human gastrointestinal tract. The ability to obtain antibiotic resistance genes, causes new problems in treatment. Enterococcus faecalis is one of the bacteria contaminating the meat and cause significant infections in humans. So the purpose of this study was evaluation prevalence of bla TEM and bla SHV genes in gentamicin resistant Enterococcus faecalis isolated from consumption meats.
181 Enterococcus isolates were collected from consumption meats in Boroujerd slaughterhouse. Bacteria were identified by routine microbiological tests. The antibiotic susceptibility testing on isolates by disk diffusion method according to the CLSI was performed. Finally, to assess the frequency of bla TEM and bla SHV genes in gentamicin resistant Enterococcus faecalis isolated from consumption meats were performed by using PCR and specific primers.
Out of the 181 isolates 81 cases (44.75%) were E. faecalis. The results of the antibiogram test, showed that 96.29% of bacteria were resistance to erythromycin, 56.79% to penicillin, 41.96% to tetracycline, 39.50% to ampicillin,39.50% to choloroamfenicol,15.86% to Linezolid, 8.64% to Gentamicins, 4.83% to Streptomycin, 2.46% to Meropenem,3.70% to ciprofloxacin and in the strains gentamicin resistant bla TEM and bla SHV genes not found.
Given that this fact the genes producing Betalactamase enzymes are easily transferred via plasmids, lack of tracking the mentioned genes among the studied bacteria suggests, these genes are not transferred along with genes inducing resistance to gentamicin. thus rational and significant relationship between these genes and investigated antibiotic was not observed.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have attracted attention as a novel class of antimicrobial agents because AMPs efficiently kill a wide range of species, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, via a novel mechanism of action. One representative problem is the hemolytic activity of AMPs. Hemolysis is the premature destruction of erythrocytes. The hemolysis assay is used to determine the hemolytic effect of a test compound. Hemolytic activity should be investigated in the process of identifying antimicrobial peptides of insects and future therapeutic applications. In this study, for hemolytic activity of the body extracts larvae Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller), 5 ml of fresh human, sheep and hen blood was added to a heparinized tube. The hemolytic assay was then carried out according to the methods reported in previous studies. The absorbance at 567 nm was then measured. Triton X-100 (0.1%), which yields 100% hemolysis, was used as a positive control. The results were compared with the control. Human and sheep red blood cells showed good tolerance while exposed to the body extracts larvae E. ceratoniae. The body extracts had no significant hemolytic effect in the concentration range (0.5–2 mg/ml) against human and sheep blood, but had a little hemolytic effect against hen blood. The results showed that hemolysis activity varies according to blood type. Also, the body extracts larvae E. ceratoniae did not have a hemolytic effect on red blood cells. As a result, it can be a good candidate as an antibiotic in complementary studies.

Catharanthus roseus L., commonly known as the periwinkle, is one of the most important medicinal plants that included worthwhile alkaloids. The effect of the intensity and duration of magnetic field, medium strength and growth regulators were investigated on percentage of seeds germination. Sterilized seeds were exposed to different intensities of magnetic field (1, 2, 4mT) daily for 15 minutes during a week or a month. Treated seeds were cultured in MS or 1/2 MS media supplemented with different hormone combinations. Results indicated that application of MF for one month period caused the decrease in seed germination. To Investigate the hormone combination effect, the MF treated seeds were cultured in 1/2 MS media supplemented with 2,4-D and kinetine. In the presence of 2,4-D, the percentage of germination, production and growth of callus were increased. In the culture medium containing 2iP or Kinetin, seedling growth was performed without callus formation. Kinetine increased the number of shoots in a seedling without induction of callus production.

In this research, developmental stages of microsporogenesis and pollen grains development of leucantemum vulgare for Asteraceae family were studied. The flowers and buds in different developmental stages were removed, fixed in FAA70%, stored in 70% ethanol, embedded in paraffin and then sliced at 7 µm by microtome. Staining was carried out with Eosin and contrasted with Hematoxylin. The prepared slides were studied using light microscope. The result indicated that the formation and development of stamen primordum sooner than development of the pistil is done. The anthers were tetra-sporangiate. Pollen tetrads were tetragonal and tetrahedral (tetrahedral is more than tetragonal). Cytokinesis was synchronous. The mature pollen grains are spherical.