Anatomical Sciences Journal
Volume:13 Issue: 4, Autumn 2016

An unusual origin of the common interosseous artery is reported in the paper. During educational dissection of a 37-year-old male, a rare variation in the origin of common interosseous artery of the right upper limb was observed. The common interosseous artery directly separated from radial artery. The right anterior interosseous artery is continued from common interosseous artery. Anterior and posterior ulnar recurrent arteries arising from common interosseous artery were noted on the right side of upper limb. In the present case, the median artery was replaced with anterior interosseous artery. Additionally, the ulnar artery passed superficially on flexor digitorum superficialis. In the cadaver, there was no other arterial or muscular variation. The embryological interpretation of this variation may be attributed to arising of the artery as a result of modifications to the normal pattern of capillary vessel maintenance and regression. Regarding the above mentioned variations, practical medical experiences are necessary to identify the variations of arterial pattern of upper limb vessels.

Cerebral ischemia is one of the most common causes of death in human populations in the industrial communities. The need for animal models is inevitable to study the pathophysiology and treatment of cerebral ischemia in human. The current study aimed at evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of different techniques used to create ischemia in previous studies and optimizing the transient focal cerebral ischemia model by Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO).
In the current study, 35 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups. The weight of rats in the groups 1 and 2 ranged 250 to 270 g with ischemic induction duration of 60 and 90 minutes, respectively. The weight of rats in the groups 3 and 4 ranged 250 to 310 g with ischemic induction duration of 60 and 90 minutes, respectively. The ischemia was performed by the MCAO method using a special filament. Motor neurological disorders were assessed 24 hours after ischemia. The ischemic area was appeared using Triphenyl-Tetrazolium Chloride (TTC) staining. Histopathological examination of the ischemic area was performed using the Nissl staining.
In a similar duration of ischemia, the ischemic lesion volume was significantly greater in the group with lower weight. The mortality rate was lower in the groups with lower weights compared with other groups.
Based on the results of the present study, it is better to use rats with lower weights to create transient focal cerebral ischemia model using MCAO method.

Oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathophysiology of the Alzheimer's disease and it seems that antioxidants may slow the progress of the disease. The current study aimed at investigating the possible protective effects of callistephin (a natural flavonoid) against amyloid β (Aβ)-induced neurogenesis deficits in rats.
Adult Wistar male rats in the current study were treated with intrahippocampal Aβ as well as intraperitoneal callistephin injection. The day after the last administration, neuroD expression was assessed using an immunohistochemistry method. Finally, data were analyzed with SPSS using the one-way ANOVA test.
Results of the current study showed that Aβ significantly decreased the expression of neuroD and callistephin could attenuate these changes.
In conclusion, results of the study suggested that callistephin can improve Aβ-induced neurogenesis changes in rats.

Anthropometric studies provide valuable information in different populations. This study was conducted to evaluate the anatomical variations of the normal hip joint among Tehran population, Iran, in comparison with other populations.
This study was carried out on hip joint of 260 patients in all ages and both genders referred to the Department of Radiology at Ebn-e Sina Hospital, Tehran, Iran between April 2014 to September 2015. The average age of the patients was 42 years. To perform the anthropometric calculations, a topogram scan and an axial view of the patient’s hip joint were taken using multi-slice CT scan device. Parameters of center edge angle, neck shaft angle, acetabular angle, and acetabular depth were measured in all patients. The patients with center edge angle less than 20 degrees were marked as dysplastic patients and excluded from the study.
The mean center edge angle of the patients was 32 degrees and their mean neck shaft angle was 139.5 degrees. In this study, the mean patients’ acetabular angle and depth was 37.1 degrees and 1.67 cm, respectively. The neck shaft angle in women was 2.5 degrees more than that in men. Other parameters showed no significant differences between men and women.
Comparison of the present results with the findings of other studies indicates differences in some parameters among various populations. The mean neck shaft angle in our study was about 6 to 7 degrees more than that in other populations. The parameters of center edge angle, acetabular angle, and acetabular depth were approximately equal to the results of other studies.

Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) is the most important genus in the plant family Urticaceae. Urtica Dioica root Extract (UDE) is widely used for the treatment of prostate hyperplasia. Side effects of UDE were not studied on other organs such as testes (an important organ of the male reproductive system). Furthermore, antagonist effects of UDE on testosterone were considered. Therefore, the current study aimed at evaluating the effects of UDE, alone or in combination with testosterone, on testicular structure.
Twenty-five male Wistar rats were divided randomly into 5 groups: the control group; 10 mg/kg/day testosterone receiving group, 50 mg/kg/day UDE receiving group, 10 mg/kg/day testosterone plus 50 mg/kg/day UDE receiving group, and 10 mg/kg/day almond oil (testosterone solvent) receiving group. After 42 days, blood and testicle tissue samples were collected. Weight and volume of the testes were recorded. Samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin following the standard histological procedure. The 5-6-μm thickness sections were stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E).
The relative weight of testes in the UDE group showed a significant increase, compared with that of the control group (P In summary, results of the current study showed reduced spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis following the consumption of U. dioica root extract.

There are various virulence factors encoded by Staphylococcus Aureus, which enable them to cause nosocomial infections and mastitis in dairy cattle. The clf-A gene mediates the bacterial colonization through binding to the extracellular matrix of the host. Treatment of such infections becomes more difficult due to increased resistance to methicillin. The current study aimed at investigating the frequency of clf-A, mec-A, and mec-C genes in S. Aureus strains isolated from hospital infections and cow’s milk.
A total of 280 clinical samples as well as 100 milk samples from cattle with mastitis were collected. After identification of isolates, methicillin-resistant strains were identifies using agar screening and the cefoxitin disc diffusion test. In addition, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) value of oxacillin was determined using the E-test method. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to detect clf-A, mec-A, and mec-C genes in the methicillin-resistant isolates. Out of 120 S. Aureus strains isolated from nosocomial infections, 40 were identified as Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA), while only 1 isolate from cow’s milk was MRSA.
Out of the 280 studied isolates, 35 clinical strains (87.5%) carried mec-A gene, and the frequency of clf-A gene was 80% and 100% in clinical and bovine milk samples, respectively. Importantly, MRSA strains harbouring clf-A gene, isolated from wound samples, exhibited the highest frequency. The mec-C gene was not found in clinical and milk isolated strains. The high frequency of clf-A gene in MRSA strains isolated from wound indicated a probable role of this virulence factor in skin colonization, as well as distribution and spread of the strains.
Development of an appropriate method seems to be particularly useful for preventing the distribution of such strains.

The sciatic nerve is a largest single nerve of the lumbosacral nervous plexus. This nerve innervates all muscles of the leg and foot as well as the flexor muscles of the knee joint. Many variations in the direction and relations of sciatic nerve were described. The current case report presented a thick septum situated posterior to the sciatic nerve and its branches spread throughout the back of the thigh. The well identification of such variations is necessary for surgeons to consider them while scheduling clinical interventions.

An alternative method for the treatment of non-vital deciduous teeth is Lesion Sterilization and Tissue Repair (LSTR) technique in which instead of instrumentation of the root canals and obturating them with Zinc Oxide Eugenol (ZOE), the root canals are treated with a 3-Mix paste.
Case Report: In the current case report, the therapeutic outcomes of LSTR technique are presented in 3 patients with 3-month, 6-month, and 1-year clinical and radiographic follow-ups. The subjects consisted of patients referring to the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kerman, Iran.
Considering the successful outcomes of this treatment modality that was comparable to the standard pulpectomy procedure and its advantages such as one-visit treatment, no pushing of necrotic debris toward the buds of succedaneous permanent teeth and absence of ZOE in the root canals absorbed at a lower rate compared to the deciduous tooth roots were observed; hence, the technique might be an alternative technique for the standard pulpectomy procedure.