نشریه فرهنگ ایلام
پیاپی 52-53 (پاییز و زمستان 1395)

In the early Islamic period to the Mongol invasion, due to climatic conditions and geographical strategic position, Masbadhan, as a part of the great province of Jibal in the western Iran, was in the center of attention of caliphs, sultans, princes and elders of the civil and military. Therefore, many socio-political events of the Muslim world happened in this geographical area. Many old geographical places of the region have disappeared or have been renamed in the future centuries, since the climatic conditions and geography of the area have changed, and then they are unfamiliar to readers. By a descriptive-analytic and through historical research, this article aims at introducing the geographical places of the Masbadhan region, as well as identifying the borders of the region during the Seljuqid period. This study shows that in the Seljuqid period, several important geographical places as Sirvan, Azivkhan, Mahaki Castle, Khulandjan Castle, and Al- Radh village were located in the area. Also, against the researchers who located the Bahar castle, near to Hamadan, this study shows that this castle as the capital of Kurdistan in the Ilkhanid period and the seat of Soleiman shah of Iveh, were located in the mountainous area of Masbadhan.

Investigating the urban green spaces is of high importance as the green space is a place to spend spare time and it is a live part of urban bodies which has an essential role in conserving and balancing the urban environment, air pollution, leisure, mental and physical growing, and also the comfort of citizens. The main objective of the current paper is to investigate desirability of spaces to spend free time for spaces of Ilam city's citizens. The research method in the current study is a descriptive - analytical one. The statistical population of this study includes tourism experts as well as city managers and the sample size based on Cochran’s Formula, includes 234 participants. The required information was obtained using field methods, i.e. a designed questionnaire. The results obtained from one-way T test showed that green spaces and urban parks of Ilam City were in a weak state regarding the standard characteristics of urban parks. The green space per capita is lower than the national and global standards. Moreover, the urban parks and green spaces to spend free time are not in a good quality.

One of the key issues and challenges for current and future social and economic development of many countries, including Iran, is unemployment of graduates of the university. Because entrepreneurship is seen as a way to meet this challenge. In this study identification and assessment of barriers to entrepreneurship between graduates of agricultural development have been examined.
To determine the normality of the study population (544 graduates) Kolmogorov _Smirnov test was used and the sample using the table Krecjie and Morgan estimated 220 graduate. Validity (surveys) by experts (university professors) review and approval, and Cronbach's alpha were used to determine the reliability of the test (test coefficient 0.86). The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS. Exploratory factor analysis is used to identify the barriers to entrepreneurship. Results showed the factors (barriers), the main cause of administrative, legal (with a load factor of 2.797) is the main obstacle to the development of entrepreneurship among agricultural graduates.

This study investigated the effectiveness of education on students’ awareness of puberty among first grade junior high school girls in Ilam city. The study was conducted as a quasi-experimental design including pretest posttest experimental and control group with two months intervention period. The sample includes students from Ale-Yasin and Valayat high schools in 94-95 Iranian educational year adopted through multi-layer random sampling. A standard questionnaire developed by Shirzadi et al (1390) was used as the instrument of the study. Findings indicated for a statistically meaningful difference between participants’ awareness of maturity before and after the intervention in P118) indicated for a difference which is due to education and familiarity with being aware of maturity and its condition. Results also display the participants’ eagerness though their level of awareness about maturity and its safety was low. Besides, it is stressed that knowledge about maturity should not be limited to physical aspects and psychological aspects of maturity need to be addressed as well.

Regarding the studied factors and practical nature of study, in the current study descriptive- explanative method has been used. Data have been collected through library and field studies. This study aims to evaluate 14 areas of Ilam based on Good Urban Governance criteria. Geographical range of the study is Ilam city which has a population of 172213 in 1390. Statistical population of the study is 42613 families living in Ilam and case study is 397 head of families who have been chosen based on Cochran formula and random sampling. Kronbach Alpha is used for assessing the reliability of the questionnaire which is 0.86. Five factors: cooperation, accountability, responsibility, justice and efficiency and effectiveness have been used. To analyze the data, SPSS software and one sample T-test have been used. Likert scale was used to evaluate variables. Results show that the levels of all Good Urban Governance scales are lower than average of Likert scale based on T-test. Therefore, it can be said that 14 areas of Ilam have undesirable levels according to these scales and the hypothesis of this study is confirmed.

This study was conducted to investigate the factors influencing the growth of electronic banking . It is of descriptive nature and based on the purpose of application. The study population consisted of all three branches of the National Bank of Ilam province whose number is unlimited.
According to Cochran formula, 384 of them were selected as sample. The data collection tool was a questionaire whose validity was approved by experts. Its reliability was obtained using Cronbach's alpha, respectively, indicating validation is 89/0. Ease of use, usefulness, customer confidence, attitude, subjective norms, the variables are affecting e-banking. The techniques using structured equation and LISREL software were analyzed. The results showed that subjective norms (13.09), ease of use (12.37), consumer confidence (11.94), useful (10.92) and attitude (9:43) have a significant impact on the growth of electronic banking branches of National Bank of Ilam and orientation to its customers,. Customers are also subjective factors influencing the norms set out to do in their behavior.

Given that women are a half of the population in each society, this research studies effective factors on gender inequalities in our society. Attitudes towards gender have been used as one of the important social and cultural features of society to separate woman oriented -man oriented or traditional-modern criteria. Undoubtedly, quality of attitudes and way of thinking towards women as half of population in society affect all actions, processes and social structures in macro, middle and downstream categories. As a result, attitudes toward woman and in a more general sense, gender category, can clarify the quality of other social and cultural indicators. Research method of this article is documentary and survey (descriptive- functional) and its statistical sample includes all Azad, Payame Noor, and Applied- science university students in Mehran town, among which 400 people were selected based on Cochran formula and random sampling including drop test. In order to explain the studied topic, in theoretical framework of this research, two theories of contest and resources have been used. The findings of the research show that there is a relationship between variables of gender, education, marital status, parents’ attitudes, social-economical base and job status of the person and gender attitude.

Rural architecture of western areas has evolved slowly over time basis, and contains theoretical component associated with its own structure, which is secure and maintains its originality in terms of imports, against invasion. Chardanol is a county of Ilam province with cold climate and mountain slopes located at the Zagros Mountains and the West of Iran. Cold winters, high mountains, dramatic topography of the area and lack of flat land for the construction are the main factors shaping the region's architecture. Settlement of the Western Iran has a special architecture based on the topography and climate of the city in which the village Halasem, Chardavol enjoys special importance. In this paper the attempt is to examined and analyzed Halasem village architecture specifications. Research information is collected by library study and field observations. The population consisted of 150 residential building, 45 traditional houses that have valuable architecture. So, first of all the village tissue examined that is shaped on the climate and geography, and then the physical elements of village and rural areas in buildings and species is discussed. The results show that for enjoying the sunshine in winter, most of the buildings in the village are facing south direction and streets are formed on the east-west direction. There are two architecture model in the rural context of Halasem: there are two types of two-room house, porch and patio rooms and houses lacking or two floors. Porch house with several rooms having residential spaces is a part of services with 64%, are the highest in the village traditional context and porch houses with two rooms (non-living) with 27% and no porch houses in the residential area on the barn, hillside topography also benefit from the presence of animals heat from the ground floor up to 9%, create the lowest tissue of the village.

Culture of devotion and martyrdom which includes the richest and most excellent exalted content, has a set of spiritual and material beliefs in its heart that contains the ways of happiness for humans and human societies. In devotion and martyrdom culture the highest human is the one who sees himself continually present in God's presence and knows his religion of living as Jihad in His way which is free from needs of this world and has an afterlife aspect for the active person. It also has great results for human societies in two worlds. According to the mentioned cases for devotion and martyrdom this study aims to state the effects of mosques on martyrdom, devotion and tending toward Islamic values. Methodology of study is a combination of qualitative and quantitative ones namely measurements and group- centered interviews were used, our sample in quantitative method were 400 persons and the instruments were a questionnaire as well as interviews. Groups were analyzed based on age, occupation, gender and education that were conducted over four interviews. Data analysis was done by SPSS using one dimension and two dimensions descriptive tables and Kramer's test in nominal scale and samers test in ordinal scale. In qualitative part using Ground theory method and open coding, selective and axial, 35 main concepts, 8 main items and 3 final core items were obtained. Findings indicate that there is a significant relationship between presence in mosque and increasing devotion spirit. Also, there is a significant relationship between mosque presence and martyrdom spirit. But there is no significant relationship between presence in mosque and tending forward Islamic values.