مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اردبیل
پیاپی 66 (زمستان 1396)

The present study examined the gonadotoxic effects of ciprofloxacin antibiotics and protective effects of L-carnitine.
In this study, 20 NMRI mice were divided into four groups: control, ciprofloxacin, L-carnitine, L-carnitine-ciprofloxacin (each group included 5 animals). The control group received normal saline, the treatment group 1 received 12.5 mg/kg ciprofloxacin, the treatment group 2 received 100 mg/kg L- carnitine and the treatment group 3 received 100 mg/kg L- carnitine and 12.5 mg / kg ciprofloxacin simultaneously. All animals were treated by intraperitoneal administration for 15 days. Testis and epididymis were collected to evaluate sperm parameters (sperm count, motility, morphology and viability).
In the ciprofloxacin group, a significant decrease in sperm count, sperm viability, sperm motility, progressive sperm motility and normal sperm as well as a significant increase in rotating sperm motility, sperm without movement, head and tail abnormalities were observed (p≤0.05). A significant increase in sperm count, sperm survival, motility and progressive sperm motility, normal sperm and a significant decrease in rotating sperm motility, sperm without movement and head abnormalities in the L-carnitine-ciprofloxacin group were observed (p≤0.05); however, the reduction in tail abnormalities of sperm was not significant.
L-carnitine improves sperm parameters in the adult mice treated with ciprofloxacin.

exposure to lead has a wide range side effects on fertility. Vitamin D is one of the most important vitamins required for the body. This study was conducted to determine the effect of vitamin D on spermatogenesis in male rats treated with lead nitrate.
In this experimental study, 25 adult male Wistar rats (250-300 gr) were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=5). Control group without any treatment, the group receiving lead by gavage and experimental groups receiving lead plus vitamin D at doses of 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg body weight by gavage for 28 days. At the end of the study, after anesthetizing the rats, blood samples were collected directly from heart and serum levels of testosterone hormone, Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) andLuteinizing Hormone (LH) were measured. Histological studies were performed to count the spermatocyte and examine the diameter of the seminal tube. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using one-way ANOVA, at significance level of p>0.05.
Compared to the control group, the mean serum testosterone level in the lead group significantly decreased (p Our data showed that vitamin D has a significant effect on serum testosterone levels and gonadotropins.

Micro-RNAs are non-coding RNAs with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides, which, by binding to the target gene's mRNA, regulate its expression and play an important role in tumor suppression. Changes in the expression level of microRNAs play a crucial role in the pathobiology of multiple cancers. In this study, the expression levels of miR-143 and miR-338 were compared in gastric cancer and its margin.
This case-control study was performed on 35 biopsy samples of gastric cancer and adjacent tissue of the patients who were admitted to Imam Reza Hospital. Total RNA was extracted from the tissue using Trizol reagent and based on the company's instructions. Then, the acquired microRNAs were used to synthetize cDNA. Expression of microRNAs was measured by RT-PCR. U6 was used as a house keeping gene. Statistically, the obtained results were analyzed using Graph pad Prism software.
According to the results obtained in this study, the expression levels of miR-143 (p≤0.1244) and miR-338 (p≤0.0059) in tumor tissue, compared to the adjacent tissue, were down-regulated. Reduced expression of miR-143 and miR-338 in the tumor tissue, in comparison to margin tissue, was about four folds.
This study showed that the average expression level of miR-143 and miR-338 was significantly decreased in gastric cancer tissues compared to adjacent non-tumor tissues, and these results strongly suggest that miR-143 and miR-338 may play a key role in gastric cancer progression; therefore, they may be considered tumor markers.

Therapeutic abortion in the second trimester of pregnancy can be done by a number of medical or mechanical methods. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of vaginal misoprostol with and without letrozole and combination of misoprostol and laminaria in preoperative cervical ripening among women with under second-trimester abortion.
In this interventional study, 120 pregnant women with the gestational age of 20 weeks, who were candidates for therapeutic abortion, were selected and randomly divided into three groups (n=40). Proper counseling was done and a written informed consent was obtained before starting the treatment regimen. The first group received vaginal misoprostol alone and the second group received misoprostol in combination with laminaria and oral placebo. In the third group, in addition to cervical placebo on the first and second days, letrozole was prescribed, and on the third day, the patients were hospitalized and received vaginal misoprostol and third dose of letrozole. The patients were regularly examined every 4 hours, and in the absence of abortion, vaginal misoprostol was repeated after 4 hours.
The results showed that termination of pregnancy was caused by embryo anomaly in 23 cases and fetal death in 97 cases. In this study, response to treatment was 90% in the group receiving laminaria and misoprostol 85% in the group receiving letrozole and misoprostol and 67% in the group receiving misoprostol. Regarding the duration and amount of bleeding, the groups receiving laminaria and misoprostol had the lowest duration and severity of bleeding, but this difference was not statistically significant. Combination of misoprostol and laminaria caused a significantly shorter time interval from the initiation of intervention to abortion, and pain relief was also higher than the other two groups.
Based on the obtained results, a combination of misoprostol and laminaria is recommended for induction of second-trimester therapeutic abortion.

Considering the prevalence of diabetes and importance of its prevention, control and treatment, using low-calorie natural sweetener is necessary. Hepatoprotective and antidiabetic properties of the aqueous extract of Stevia. rebaudiana were assessed in the present study.
In this study, 35 mature male mice were divided into 5 groups. Diabetes was induced by administration of 60 mg/kg of streptozotocin intraperitoneally. The negative control group received normal saline and treatment groups received glibenclamide with 0.5 mg/kg and 200 and 400 μg/kg of aqueous extract of S. rebaudiana through gavage for 15 days, respectively. Also, one group was considered as positive control (as non-treated diabetic). On the last day, the blood glucose levels of samples were measured. After periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining, 5μm of sections were used for stereological analysis.
The blood glucose level was decreased (p According to the obtained results, aqueous extract of S. rebaudiana (sweet fraction) can regulate the blood glucose levels and inhibit diabetes-induced renal damages. It seems that S. rebaudiana can be used as an antidiabetic and nephroprotective supplement.

Appropriate nutritional behavior is effective in controlling many diseases such as cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of nutrition counseling in improving nutritional behavior, lifestyle and healthy nutrition in patients with myocardial infarction.
In this interventional study, 120 patients admitted to the cardiac care units of the hospital, were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned into two groups. Data were collected using MEDFICTS and demographic questionnaires. After running the questionnaire, interventional group (n=60) with a score of more than 70 received nutritional counseling. After the end of nutritional counseling (3 sessions, 90 minutes), the subjects were re-evaluated for nutritional behavior. Data were analyzed using t-test in SPSS20 software.
The mean age of the participants was 62.73±11.56 years, and 53.7% of them were female. The mean MEDFICTS scores before the consultation in the interventional group and control group were 43.2±14.8 and 43.5±18.2, respectively. The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (p=0.3). The mean MEDFICTS scores at the end of the study in interventional and control groups were 13.14±62.6 and 23.3±2.24, respectively. This difference was significant between groups (p MEDFICTS scores improved in patients with myocardial infarction receiving nutritional counseling. It seems that the operation of nutritional counseling in patients with myocardial infarction can be effective in reducing the incidence of this disease.

Andrographolide has potent antioxidant properties. There is still not a complete understanding of the antioxidant effects of andrographolide. In this study, the effect of andrographolide on the serum antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase was investigated in the rats with secondary iron overload.
In this experimental study, 32 rats were divided into 4 groups of 8 each. The groups included: 1-Control 2- Receiving iron 3- Receiving iron treated with 7 mg/kg andrographolide 4- Receiving 7 mg/kg andrographolide. The serum activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase and serum level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured using colorimetric method. Prussian blue was used to evaluate iron deposition in liver.
The results showed that iron was deposited in the liver. The activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the secondary iron receiving group, compared to control group, was significantly increased (p Andrographolide (7mg/kg) reduced the serum activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde serum levels in rats with secondary iron overload.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Leukemia is a cancer of blood cells and bone marrow, which is characterized by abnormal growth of white blood cells, known as blasts. Chronic myeloid leukemia is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder that accounts for 15-20 percent of adult leukemia. Embelin, a natural compound found in the fruit of Embeliaribes plant, has low toxicity and potent anticancer properties. Several studies have shown that the anticancer properties of Embelin are due to inhibition of XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of the apoptosis protein) and modulation of NF-kB signaling pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Embelin on the growth and apoptosis of K562 cell line.
K562 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10 % FBS and 1% penicillin. Then, the cells were treated with different concentrations of Embelin (2, 4, 6, 8 μM/ml) for 72 hours. MTT assay was used to determine the viability of cells. Hoechst staining and DNA electrophoresis were used for apoptosis analysis.
Based on the results of MTT assay, Embelin inhibited the viability of K562 cells. The results of Hoechst staining showed that DNA fragmentation was increased in the treated cells. DNA electrophoresis analysis revealed that Embelin induced apoptosis.
As the results showed, Embelin inhibited the cell growth and induced apoptosis in K562 cells time- and dose-dependently. Therefore, Embelin may be a candidate for treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in the world which is associated with cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the plasma changes of chemerin and pentraxin-3 (PTX3) following 8 weeks of endurance training in men with NAFLD.
In this quasi-experimental Study, thirty four patients with NAFLD were selected purposefully. The participants were randomly divided into two groups, endurance training group (n=17) and control group (n=17). The endurance training program included eight weeks running on a treadmill with maximum heart rate (HRmax) intensity of 55-75% for 45 minutes three times a week. Seventy two hours before the beginning of the study and at the end of the eighth week, blood samples were taken from all the participants. The data were analyzed by paired sample t-test and independent t-test at the significant level p Plasma levels of chemerin in the endurance training group significantly decreased (p=0.013). Also, there was a significant difference between the two groups after the end of the intervention (p=0.002). Plasma levels of PTX3 increased significantly in the endurance training group (p=0.001). There was also a significant difference between two groups after the end of the intervention (p=0.01).
The present study showed that the 8-week endurance training increased the plasma levels of PTX3 and decreased the plasma levels of chemerin in men with NAFLD. Endurance training, possibly through various mechanisms, reduces the inflammatory factors and increases the anti-inflammatory factors in men with NAFLD. Endurance training, probably by activation of lipolysis, over-regulation of unpaired protein-1 and activator receptors of peroxisomes proliferation-, changes in adipocytokines, etc. decreases charmicin and increases PTX3 levels of plasma in men with NAFLD.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, and its prevention is expected to increase in the future appreciably. Following the emergence of the new field of nutritional genetics and investigations about the effect of natural antioxidants on the hypermethylation of genes, this study was performed to measure the effect of Vaccinium arctostaphylos poly phenols and anthocyanins on PC-3 cell line as well as methylation and expression changes of GSTP1 gene.
In order to evaluate the survival potency of PC-3 cell line in a completely randomized design, MTT test was used and these cells were treated with different concentrations of Vaccinium arctostaphylos extract (4500, 2250, 1125, 562.5, 140.62, 70.31, 35.15, 17.57, 8.78, 4.39 µg/ml) for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Expression level of GSTP1 gene was analyzed by Q-RT-PCR method in 2500, 1250, 625, 312 and 156 µg/ml concentrations of Vaccinium.
Statistical results showed that Vaccinium arctostaphylos poly phenolic extract at 35-70 ppm concentration significantly reduced the survival rate of PC-3 cells. Moreover, compared to control cells, the expression level of GST gene significantly increased in PC-3 cells treated with 1250ppm extract.
Anthocyanin- polyphenolic extract from Vaccinium arctostaphylos can decrease the survival rate of cancerous cells and GST gene expression in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. This may be explained by changes in cell carcinogenesis pathway or CpG demethylation process.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance swimming exercise training on structural remodeling (volume and parenchymal cell number) and apoptotic index of adrenal gland in pregnant rats exposed to cadmium poisoning.
A total of 32 pregnant rats weighing 200 ± 20 g were randomly divided into four groups of control, cadmium, swimming, and cadmium-swimming. Cadmium dissolved in drinking water was administered to treatment groups, available ad libitum during pregnancy. Swimming exercises 5 days/week and 60 min/day were performed from the first day of gestation until the end of the period. Two days after delivery, the mothers were sacrificed and their adrenal glands were removed. After stabilizing the samples, Hematoxylin-Eosin staining and TUNEL assay were performed, and the number of necrotic and apoptotic cells in 10 microscopic fields was counted randomly. The size of various regions of the adrenal gland and total number of parenchymal cells were estimated using stereological methods. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA under SPSS software (version 21).
Cadmium poisoning caused extensive bleeding and tissue destruction in the adrenal gland of the pregnant mothers, but endurance training reduced the amount of bleeding. Cadmium poisoning during pregnancy decreased the total volume of the gland, the volume of the cortical part and its different layers as well as the number, size and function of parenchymal cells in all three cortical zones, especially the fasciculata zone. Performing swimming exercise training in this condition worsened the structural state of the gland and led to a further reduction in the number of parenchymal cells within all three parts of the adrenal gland.
Exercise training in determined intensity increased the structural and morphological complications of cadmium toxicity in the adrenal gland of pregnant rats. So, pregnant mothers are advised to use low-intensity exercises and trainings.