فصلنامه آزمایشگاه و تشخیص
پیاپی 34 (زمستان 1395)

Essential thrombocythemia and Myelofibrosis and Polycythemia Vera are amongs the Philadelphia negative myeloproliferative neoplasms. Diagnosis of Chronic myelocytic leukemia by Philadelphia chromosome with 100 percent specifity is of great value for molecular test. Exon 14 mutation of JAK2V617F and exon 12 mutation is positive in more than 95 percent of polycythemia vera cases.Jak2V617F mutation is positive in about 50% of primary myelofibrosis and essential thrombocythemia cases. The finding of calreticulin(CALR) mutations in Jak2 negative cases of thrombocythemia and myelofibriosis seems to close the molecular diagnosis gap of Jak2 and Philadelphia negative myeloptoliferative neoplasm. The new mutation has prognostic importance of thrombosis risk and give better evaluation of peripheral smear and bone marrow.

The processes included in this group are infections that do not have the histologic features of either chromoblastomycosis or mycetoma and that have involve deep tissues. Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis is the most frequently reported systemic infection caused by black fungi. Other infections included in this category include infective endocarditis, pulmonary disease, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, esophagitis, dialysis-associated peritonitis, and disseminated disease. Affected individuals are frequently immunocompromised, but both disseminated and localized deep infections have been seen in seemingly immunocompetent individuals. Most cases of cerebral phaeohyphomycosis present with symptoms and physical findings compatible with an intracerebral mass lesion. Headache is a frequent complaint, and development of hemiparesis may be due either to cortical brain abscess or brain stem invasion. CT scans show single or multiple variably enhancing masses with surrounding edema, which may not be distinguished from the findings seen with metastasis or high grade glioma. Frontal lobe white matter is the most common location for abscesses, but several other sites have been reported. Because of the nonspecific clinical features, cerebral phaeohyphomycosis is diagnosed when tissue samples are obtained either at the time of surgery for removal of a mass lesion or postmortem. Pigmented hyphae ate most often seen on histologic examination of involved tissues, and the identity of the causative organism is determined by culture. The single most common causative organism is Cladophialophora bantiana, which implicated in more than one third of reported cases. Other dematiaceous fungi that have been implicated include Wangiella dermatitidis, Ramichloridium mackenzii, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Curvularia pallescens, Ochroconis gallopavum, and Bipolaris spicifera.

Nowadays, the first lethal cause in the world is cardiac-vascular disease which kills millions of people annually. Cardiac cells are differentiated with no ability of regeneration and amplification. There are different methods for cardiac patient’s improvement. One of the novel regeneration approaches is stem cell application. In this field, different cell sources are used.
In this review study, literatures were collected from Pub Med, Google scholar, SID and Science Direct from 2000 to 2015 using "stem cells, wnt pathway, cardiomyocyte, myocardial infarction, cell-based therapy" as keywords.
Different cells are used for cell-based therapy in MI such as ESCs, IPSCs and somatic cells. These cells have different ability in tumorigenicity, immunologic reaction, gene expression and culture method. Various methods are used for cardiomyocyte differentiation of stem cells such as co-culture, chemical inducer and modification of wnt pathway. Paying attention to cell source and culture method, differentiation of various cells to cardiomyocyte has different efficacy. In this review article, we had an overview on methods of processing, culture and differentiation of cells into cardiomyocytes.
Human amniotic membrane–derived mesenchymal cells are safe and feasible in clinical application and improved myocardial function. For robust generation of cardiomyocytes from stem cells, manipulation of wnt pathway could be suitable and produced 98% cardiomyocyte.

The human colon is home to a microbial ecosystem that enhances resistance to infection, stimulates mucosal immune defenses, synthesizes essential vitamins, and promotes caloric uptake by hydrolyzing complex carbohydrates. Clinical and experimental studies demonstrated that the colonic microbiota play an essential role in enhancement or reduction of intestinal and systemic inflammatory diseases. Because of its potential to protect against invasion by pathogens, targeted manipulation of microbial populations is a growing focus of investigation as a therapeutic strategy to manage several gastrointestinal disorders. But at the moment there are some legal problems that cause this method cannot widely used for patients. United State FDA has not yet completely approved the procedure and only patients who do not respond to other treatment options, are able to use fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). However considerable research is required to evaluate the FMT in order to optimize this therapeutic process protocols before using this therapy.

In the last decade, with the advent of next generation sequencing (NGS), sequencing of genes and diagnosis of genetic disorders have entered a new realm. Using this technology, it has been possible to identify the genetic cause of many diseases and syndromes such as congenital disorders and malformations which previously were considered as “with unknown causes”. NGS technology consists of several methods including genome preparation and fragmentation, sequencing, visualization and data analysis. Some of the important applications of NGS technique include: diagnosis of genetic diseases with multiple disease causing gene, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, pharmacogenomics, epigenetics and identification of structural variations in the genome. In this study, this technology was introduced and its increasing application in molecular diagnosis of genetic diseases was briefly discussed.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common Gram-negative, aerobic (and at times facultative anaerobic), bacillus, rod-shaped bacterium with unipolar motility. These microorganisms, are ubiquitous and can be found in soil, decaying organic matter and in the water. It has widespread environmental distribution due to its low requirements for development. In some hospitals, it is the third most common nosocomial infection after Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
In the present review, the information were obtained with the help of Google search engine and through comprehensive, computer-based searches of scientific articles indexed in the Persian databases such as SID and Magiran and also English scientific bases like Scopus, Ebscohost, Google scholar and Science Direct. Data using keywords, including biology, structure, virulence, and etc. from 52 articles were chosen and studied.
By assessing the retrieved articles and reviewing the history of the bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important component of medical, industrial and Agricultural microbes and due to drug-resistance of this bacteria, although researchers have done a lot of studies and have reached the desired results, it is still a Medical challenge.
Findings highlight the notion that there are research gaps and recommend further research in this area. This article tries to give further insight and understanding of the bacteria to students, professors and microbiologists and recommend using of advanced technology and new methods in order to find new treatment options and accelerate the healing process.