فصلنامه آزمایشگاه و تشخیص
پیاپی 35 (بهار 1396)

RA (Rheumatoid Arthritis) is among the most common chronic diseases which results in adulthood disabilities and a chronic inflammatory disease that characterized with symmetrical peripheral polyarthritis. The most common form of chronic inflammatory arthritis and often leads to joint damage and physical disability. The H. Pylori infection leads to intensification of symptoms and calenture of autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluation the effect of helicobacter pylori on patients with RA and its relationship with disease activity (DAS28).
In a case-control study, that performed in the rheumatology ward of internal diseases department of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences on patients with RA, the effect of helicobacter pylori on patients with RA was investigated.
Levels of RF, ESR, CRP, Anti-CCP, and Anti MCV in patients with positive HP serum antibody (PADTAN ELM KIT, IRAN), positive HP fecal antigen (GENERICASSAYS KIT,GERMANY), and positive serum Cag-A(EUROIMUN KIT GERMANY) were significantly higher.
There was no significan difference between DAS28 scores of patients with positive and negative HP serum antibody (P=0.064) as well as patients with positive and negative HP fecal antigen (P=0.237). However, the DAS28 score of patients with positive Cag-A was significantly higher than patients with negative Cag-A (p5.1 in patients with negative fecal antigen was significantly higher (P=0.016), but frequency of DAS28>5.1 was significantly higher in patients with positive Cag-A (P

There are many conditions affects the nail health, causing increasing incidence of nail diseases. More than 50 percent of these have fungal origion. Laboratory diagnosis and management of fungal nail diseases remain as a medical problem. Fungal infections of the nail are called onychomycosis. In present series of this manuscript we will discuss on different nail disorders in differential diagnosis with onychomycosis. First of all, anatomy and physiology of the human nail will be reviewed, then pathologic conditions and diseases will be discussed in following issues.

There are many challenges to implement the knowledge sharing between the employees. It seems, the employees intend to hide their knowledge even though there are so many facilities in organizations. In the other way, knowledge hiding cause decreased of organizational productivity and benefits, specifically health care organizations and clinical laboratories. Therefore, this research was aimed to determine the relationship between organizational culture and the employees′ knowledge hiding of Tehran University of Medical Sciences clinical laboratories of hospitals and the other health care centers.
This was a descriptive, analytical and cross-sectional research that induced among the employees of TUMS clinical laboratories. 256 of the employees were selected as a research sample by Morgan table technique related to appropriate allocation and randomly method. The research tool was two questionnaires, including Dennison′s organizational culture and knowledge hiding questionnaire. 220 of the employees respond to the questionnaires, and therefore the response rate was 80%. The data was collected and analyzed by SPSS version 22 and descriptive results showed by average and standard deviation, and analytical results reported by Kolmogrov-Smirnov, Pearson, Two-sample T, and variance analysis statistical techniques.
Findings: Most of the respondants were females, having BSc. degree, 6 month to 2 years and 11-to 15 years work experiences and without managerial position record. The average of organizational culture and knowledge hiding were at intermediate level, and there was reverse significant correlation between the organizational culture and knowledge hiding of the employees.
Promotion and improvement of organizational culture and its dimensions including organizational participation and collaboration, compatibility of the employees, and paying attention to mission of organization could decrease the hiding of clinical laboratories of employees′ personal and organizational knowledge.

Despite of all of the studies about kidney stones, the exact mechanism of kidney stones formation is not clear yet, but it seems that , increasing the concentration of crystal compounds such as: Calcium, oxalate, uric acid and … in urine is one of the presumably factor in kidney stones formation .These compounds are dissolved in the urine in normal mode.
Solubility of crystal compounds is due to presence of compounds such as: Citrate, magnesium and…. Solubility of crystal compounds are increased by presence of these compounds in urine. Super saturation of these crystal compounds in urine is resulted in kidney stones formation.
In most cases it has been observed that more than one factor are involved in formation of kidney stones. It is recommended to all of the patients with kidney stones that to drink enough water and fluids and to have special diet. The special diet is prescribed by specialists in accordance with kind of kidney stones.
Hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria and hypocitrateuria can be cause of kidney stones formation. This paper explaine some of these diseases.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in researching and developing new antimicrobial agents from various sources to combat microbial resistance. Therefore, a greater attention has been paid to antimicrobial activity screening and evaluating methods. Several bioassays such as disk-diffusion, well diffusion and broth or agar dilution are well known and commonly used, but others such as flow cytofluorometric and bioluminescent methods are not widely used because they require specified equipment and further evaluation for reproducibility and standardization, even if they can provide rapid results of the antimicrobial agent's effects and a better understanding of their impact on the viability and cell damage inflicted to the tested microorganism. In this review article, an exhaustive list of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods and detailed information on their advantages and limitations are reported.

Breast cancer is among most common women's cancers at most parts of the world, and the incident is increasing among Iranian women. It seems that the age of disease development is lower in Iran compared to western countries. Breast cancer includes one third of the total female cancers and is the main factor for the major deaths caused by cancer at women 25-59 years old. Physiological changes during pregnancy makes the diagnosis difficult, and with development of the pregnancy, diagnosis become harder. In case the disease is suspected, appropriate interventions must be made as soon as possible. Mammography is permitted at this period. On tumor diagnosis, with attention to results of several researches, sonography is more sensitive at pregnancy and breastfeeding. This study was designed in order to examine breast cancer during pregnancy. This is a review article and the resulting data are obtained through library and online researches.