فصلنامه تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی
پیاپی 25 (تابستان 1391)

Stereotyped patterns of urban development in Iran have led to the degradation of agricultural land and orchards around cities. One of the main reasons of this issue is due to comprehensive and detailed plans, poor urban management in controlling the land market trends, change the location of agricultural lands due to the added value created by the destruction of agricultural lands. In this regard, one of the current approaches in this field is Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) approach, TDR's main goal is the management of changes of agriculture lands. Thus, this article studies feasibility of TDR to protect agricultural lands in the city of Babolsar. The research method of article is considered as descriptive and analytical. In the analysis, trends and tendencies, forces and constraints are evaluated separately. In addition, TDR integrated model will be formed through the three following models. In this integrated approach, AHP technique is used for protected areas and TDR approach is considered for determining building density and development and finally the Objective-oriented Matrix is used for the selection of the optimal option. Based on the model, Transfer of Development Rights program is more profitable for farmers and smart growth is a significant issue for the prevention of agricultural land degradation, taking into account of the proposed building density and the ratio of executive ability and right to develop agricultural land protection and could be generalize to the Babolsar and other northern cities of the country. Utilizing the potential of inner city, participation of farmers in the program and the lack of external forces cause it provides.

Tourism has become one of the world’s most important sources of employment. It stimulates enormous investment in infrastructure, most of which also helps to improve the living conditions of local people. Community with its complex is as important resource for tourism industry. In attention to sustainability science, assistant of local peoples as community base tourism is one of the more important program in tourism. Therefore, the present study aims to assess sustainability of tourism development from point of host community in Niasar City. The research method is a survey (deep interviews and questionnaires) and applied type. The study results indicate that benefits of local community is not answer in process of tourism sustainability development and until now this industry has not have any sustainability benefits for local peoples.

Drought is one of the natural hazards that occur in most parts of the world but its manifestation in the arid and semiarid regions of the world is more. First purpose of this study is the identification of synoptic patterns affecting in drought occurrence and second is its comparison with wet periods. For this purpose, daily and monthly precipitation data over a period of 20 years (2008-1989), were gathered and analyzed using statistical methods such as Z score for 20 meteorological stations in southwestern of Iran. Preliminary results showed that the frequency of drought events in the study area is more than wet occurrences. Trend of droughts, particularly in recent years is increasing, although January and December show a maximum frequency of occurrence of drought, but the phenomenon is declining in both. However, in March and February with a lower frequency of occurrence of drought, the drought is increasing. From synoptic view point the annual shift of sub-tropical high pressure belt, particularly meridional extension the STHP cell in southeast of Saudi Arabia plays an important role in the winter precipitation variation. So, often dry periods with the movement toward the West, taking place on peninsula and the increasing in heights, and wet periods with the movement toward the East, taking place on sea and the decreasing in geopotential heights. Also the location of the Mediterranean trough axis plays an important role in precipitation variations in southwest of Iran. Whatever the trough be closer to the east part of Mediterranean Sea and its axis forms a NW-SE orientation, rainfall in study area will be increased but with increase the trough distance from east part of Sea and with NE-SW orientation, it is usually associated with periods of reduced precipitation and drought events.

One of the effective steps to maintain the population and creating job in border Areas Creation a border markets (border trade) is. Nowadays border markets help to border people because of meeting their needs by border business and help to legalize businesses, to establish security in border areas, to decrease contraband businesses and to make border people's livelihood better. This research evaluates the Border Market Mehran's economic effects on developing on their surrounding rural areas. In this research, descriptive research method - analytical and data collection library and field (interviews and questionnaires) and analysis of descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Wilcoxon and T single sample) used has. The results show, There Significant relationship between Create Markets And its economic effects, including increasing employment, reducing poverty, increasing income and reducing the inhabitants of border regions tend to migrate elsewhere.

One of the pillars of the development is its comprehensiveness and integration in terms of elimination of regional imbalances. Inequality and its dimensions are signs of non-development while in order to remove such deficiencies we need new attitudes in terms of distribution of development indicators in various levels. In order to solve the problems created by regional imbalances, the first step is to identifying and leveling the regions in terms of fruition at various fields. At this research type of study is Descriptive-Analytical. Accordingly, number of 45 indicators of development including cultural, economical, infrastructural indicators in rural places and physical indicators in urban centers of Ardebil province has been evaluated. The source of used data is census of 2006 year. The results displayed in terms of cultural indicators, the townships of Ardebil, Pars Abad, Germi, Nir and Meshkin shahr, in terms of economic indicators the townships of Bile savar, Germi and Namin, in terms of physical indicators in urban centers, the township of Germi and finally in terms of infrastructure indicators of development in rural places the townships of Ardebil, Khalkhal, Kowsar and Namin are placed in developed cohort. Combined results show which the townships of Nir and Germi respectively with the scores of 0.447 and 0.442 are two developed townships and the townships Ardebil, Bile Savar and Pars Abad respectively with the scores 0.431, 0.421 and 0.418 are three developing townships.

There are many index to measuring and ranking of level of the province’s development in lorestan state which any one have special importance, but computing and appointment of province rank through these indexes is very difficult, because measuring of indexes according to the single unit occurring. Number of indexes is so much and choosing special indexes effect on the result of research and selected indexes have different importance. In this research by using 61 housing, culturing and industrial indexes we pursue measuring of level of development and ranking province according them. The research method in this paper is descriptive – analytical and for gathering data uses the librarian method. The goal of this research is survey grad of counties development of Lorestan province in separation housing, cultural and industrial sectors with two methods, taxonomy and factor analysis (also with use of SPSS software) in two period of 1382-1387. Also the counties of province grading in term of development in any sector and calculate inequity percent between them. In the end of research necessary priority for development in any county is distinct. The conclusion of research show that increased inequity between counties of province in housing sector, but this increase is less and the trend balanced development between counties of province is increasing. In the other hand the inequity between counties of province in agriculture and industrial decrease. The most attention should be on Delfan, Aligoudarz and poldokhtar counties.

Globalization, basically, refers to a complex set of processes whereby national governments are increasingly related to each other. Also, In political geography, process or phenomenon of globalization in various forms particularity the discussion of national sovereignty is discussed. Today, concept and implication of national sovereignty has been transformed under the influence of process of globalization. As if, in some areas it was confined to the conceptual realm and in some other areas, has spreads. The present study indicates the despite of all the pressures and constraints that have been established in a country of freedom and performance, globalization has failed to destroy national sovereignty. But has been able to spreads the concept of national sovereignty. Development of communications technology and media, including highly influential factors, these are about.

In case urban expansion and growth do not be controlled, a phenomenon named urban sprawl would likely happen. The results of investigations show that this issue has had many undesirable effects in most of the cities, so for presentation of applicable strategies to control it, we need to explain the main reasons and factors. To achieve this goal, Yazd, which is one of the largest cities in Iran in point of view of urban sprawl, has selected as our case study. The methodology of this paper is analytical-descriptive. Here, satellite images, secondary data from urban organizations and ArcGIS software were used. findings show that it is not just one factor which is contribute to urban sprawl in the city of Yazd, but a set of social factors, economic factors, geographical- environmental factors and even political factors are contributed to this phenomenon. Therefore, as a result of them, Yazd has occupied a very immense space that in terms of volume and size is unique in this subject.