فصلنامه تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی
پیاپی 27 (زمستان 1391)

Active tectonics and climate changes have important role in evolution of the alluvial fans in Central Iran. Climate change coupled with neotectonics of Marvast active faults have had significant role in creation and transformation of abnormal morphological patterns on the Marvast alluvial fan. In this research, have been imployed fieldworks, different software, digital elevation model, satellite images and results generalization of paleo-climatic changes studies related to Iran and adjacent areas to determine the evolution of Marvast alluvial fan. We considered all aspects of dispersion, distribution and landforms patterns to determined the mechanism of faulting, and then the development and evolution of the Marvast alluvial fans are analyzed. Perhaps, Initial formation of the Marvast alluvial fan could be attributed to the late Pleistocene, when the basin had cold and dry climate and poor vegetation cover and thunder rainfall, therefore existed large floods associated with high frequency. Following this period, with increasing of precipitation and wet period (15-10 million years ago), there were not much vegetation in the watershed, but water flow and sediment loads are increased dramatically, therefore the Marvast fan has reached its maximum expansion (950 Km2). With establishment of the wet period and dense vegetation in the basin, the sediment loads of the basin have been outclassed on basin water debit. These led to: the trenching of large fan, leaving the water flow from the abandonment fans (3 cone) on the hanging-wall of the Marvast fault, forming the new fan on foot-wall of fault (5-10 thousand previous year). The most important factor of changing of the Marvast fans, after conquering the dry climate conditions (since the early Holocene), is the active tectonic of the Marvast fault. It cased to forming a new alluvial fans in direct the Marvast fault. Although large amounts of sedimentation of dry-wet periods late Pleistocene had an important role in the Marvast alluvial fan, but available evidence suggests acceleration of the morphogenesis processes by tectonic activities. Deformation of tectonic landforms on Marvast fans, indicated displacement of about 1000 m of Pleistocene landforms, and offset the Holocene drainage systems as much as 30 meters, all of which imply an active tectonic fault Marvast, and possibly high seismic potential of faults in the future.

Nowadays industrialization in many developing countries is considered as the foundation to achieve development. In addition, industrialization is considered as a process that has positive and negative effects on all aspects of human life. Especially in economic sectors its effects are quite tangible. Therefore in order to accelerate the transformation of rural life, creating industrial towns and industrial areas strategy in rural areas was taken by the planners in the past three decades. In this study, to evaluate the effects and consequences of Khayyam industrial town in the economic development of surrounding rural areas, 2 villages have been chosen. Then comparisons of economic indicators were done between two groups, village residents of industrial town and other rural workers. Results using statistical analysis (parametric and non-parametric) shows, further economic indicators such as employment rates, increase revenue and. .. are significantly different from each other.

In this research, to understand the changes in precipitation daily persistence's share in the supply of Iran’s rainy days and precipitation amount, the annual and monthly share of 1, 2 and 3 day persistence's had been evaluated. These are, respectively, the most significant persistence's of Iran's precipitation. The possible changes in their role are the evidence of climate change of precipitation in Iran. The results of this research are based on Iran's daily rainfall network data in 1961-2004. Evaluation of the trends in the time series, by using linear regression (parametric) and Mann-Kendall and Sen’s estimator tests (nonparametric), showed evidences of change in precipitation. The Annual share of 1, 2 and 3 day persistence was in the supply of Iran’s rain days and precipitation respectively decreasing, increasing and increasing. No-trend aria is also increasing. One-day persistence share in the supply of rain days, decreased in May, April and March and 2-day persistence share increased in December. One-day persistence share in the supply of precipitation amount, decreased in May, April and 2-day persistence share increased in December, January and February.

Today, developing positional planning, the extent of satisfaction from life quality in planned spaces is considered as primary goals in such a way that improving life quality may provide bases for social, economical and spatial development. The present paper aims at investigating quality of life indexes in tribal settlement centers. Research type is applied-developmental and research method is documental, analytical and survey. To complete available data, questionnaires were used. Concerning the population of studied centers, sample size was estimated 384 by Cochran Formula. To test hypotheses, T.student and Tukey Test using SPSS were employed. Findings indicate that according to model perspectives, education quality, settlement quality, physical environment quality as well as income and employment quality are evaluated lower than normal level. Furthermore, security and health quality and spatial quality are evaluated as normal. Generally speaking, from the viewpoint of quality of life dimensions, those understudy centers are categorized in three levels: 1) highest satisfaction: Dasht-e-Bokan, Golafshan and Cheshmeh Rahman, nomad’s settlement centers; 2) average satisfaction: Tal-e-Maadan Center; and 3) lowest satisfaction: and Dasht-e-Lar Center.

Drought has been always known as one of the most important threats for civilizations in Iran. Several indices based on meteorological data, satellite data and simulation model has been introduced for detection of drought extension. In this study, spatial distributions of PDSI (Palmer Drought Severity Index) patterns were derived for a 36-year-period (1975-2010) using gridded soil properties and meteorological data consists of 296 synoptic stations and more than 1500 rain gage stations with 4 km spatial resolution. The calculations were performed using an automated interface program developed in MATLAB. To see the drought pattern intensity and its direction spatially, a regression trend analysis was performed in monthly and general time steps pixel by pixel. The results indicated that during the 36-year-period more than 60 percent of the area had a downward trend (increasing droughts) and less than its 4 percent shows upward trend. The slope of trends was variable between -0.22 and 0.12.

While duration of rise and victory in Tunisia, Libya and Egypt was short and these governments that relied on military and bureaucratic class quickly surrendered to willing of the majority of citizens, this process in Syria shows that the Syrian regime is resisting to changes. What backgrounds underlies this warfare in Syria that makes it so long? In this study by using reliable documents and academic information in a descriptive-analytic way, it has been attempted to trace, review and evaluate the role and perspective of complex alignments in different geographical parts of Syria. In this regard, in logic reasoning and conclusions stages it has been attempted to depict the alignment of these forces according to their external tendency, and describe their impacts on the long pulling of warfare in this Arab country. It seems that because of the support of the Alawite, Christians, Druze, and Yazidi populations, controlling strategic points of the border and support from the governments of Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Russia and China, the Syrian government has the power to control the protests in short and medium terms.

Occurrence of war and geopolitical competitions are resulting from the actions of the human communities’ competitions for values and gaining the material and spiritual interests. The classic war is revealed in a contrast between forces and military equipment. The war stimulus is based on the principle of innate desires for campaigning, defeating the enemy, and gaining the value. Thus, the symbolic form of war is unfolded when these desires find the favorable social bed for activism. Meanwhile, the area of sporting competition is a suitable bed for revealing the symbols and ritual of war as well as the geopolitical competitions (campaigning and defeating the enemy). So, the purpose of this essay is based on answer to this question that what is the ratio between competitive sports and the geopolitical rivals. This essay is based on this assumption that the field of international sporting competitions which intervenes with the area of geopolitical competitions in power concepts, competition, and national values is an arena of a symbolic fighting between nations and states. Thus, the states are forced to fight each other to succeed in this arena. This battle and conflict is resulting from the difference between the perception of interests and values with distinct and diverse human identities in community on one hand, and the revealing of the instinct of geopolitical competition and war (political field) in social area, on the other hand.

Drought is one of the most chronic environmental phenomena that annually caused a lot of damage to human societies. In this study, the meteorological drought indices for drought assessment and mapping in Qazvin province were discussed. Indices used include CZI, MCZI, SPI, ZSI and DI. After collecting station’s precipitation data in the study area, drought intensity values using meteorological drought indices on the time scale of yearly was calculated. The results show that Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and deciles index (DI) is in first rank, ZSI in second rank and CZI and MCZI indexes are in third and fourth rank respectively in display the sever drought. ZSI index has the most similarities in results to the Standardized Precipitation Index. Also deciles index (DI) as regards the appropriate performance in display the sever drought has some exaggeration in displaying the sever drought.

Geomorphotourism is one of the new tendencies in relation between geosciences and tourism or special landscapes of geomorphology that raise in geographical and tourism literature focusing on determine special landforms. This branch of tourism achieve potentials in order to sustainable develop by combine cultural, historical and ecological heritage. In this paper is tried to assess capability geomorphosites of road in parts Qom-Kashan freeway using surveys and Pereira method. In this method, according to field studies, realize geomorphologic value for sites in total of two scientific and additional values and management value achieve by combine use and protect values and determine final value for sites by combine this two main values. The results shows that among investigated geomorphosites,in geomorpho-logic value, The highest score belong to the forms of folded Tertiary and the highest score in the management sector (7/37) belonged to the cretc and talus slopes. According to achieved results, planners should be attention to stability geomorphosites because with respect to high sensitivity of these geomorphosites in relation with human systems, comprehensive planning is necessary in order to environmental management.

Since last decade, waste recycling- as an effective option for reducing the expenses of waste management and survival of natural resources- has gained striking attentions in many countries. The essence of proper management of recycling process and control of its probable negative consequences, made the organization of recycling industries unavoidable. To achieving these objectives, establishment of recycling center can be proposed as a good alternative. With respect to the importance of transportation costs in profitability of recycling industries, recycling centers are constructed in urban areas. Therefore, in order to avoid from their harmful effects the location of these facilities should be selected according to scientific bases. Accordingly, this article aims to propose an approach to combine Delphi and fuzzy-Delphi, as group decision making techniques, as well as GIS capabilities in order to determination of suitable sites for establishing recycling center in urban regions. The practical application of this approach also has been done in region nine (9) of municipality of Tehran. The criteria and their allowable distances were determined using classical Delphi technique and fuzzy Delphi, respectively. Subsequently, the results were bringing to GIS environment to determine suitable sites. Therefore, the spatial database of study area developed. Screening of suitable areas for establishment of recycling center was done using the specified allowable distances of criteria. Finally, site visits and expert judgments resulted in determination of five appropriate sites for recycling center construction.