فصلنامه تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی
پیاپی 28 (بهار 1392)

Social justice is one of the most basic concepts of sustainable development. There is need for knowledge and examine about primary amenities in explanation of the concept of social justice. It is obvious that the balanced development of geographical spaces requires accurate and comprehensive study of socio-economic and cultural aspects for better identification to meet region’s needs. The health and medical sector as one of the important social infrastructures of the society plays a crucial role in the quality of human wellbeing and health. The present research attempted to study the condition of health and medical sector in Mazandaran province. In this study after identifying the effective criteria on this sector, a questionnaire was designed and completed by the experts to determine the weight of each criterion using pairwise hierarchical fuzzy. The results revealed that criteria of health and medical centers had the highest importance with 0.0969. The number of rural areas with medical service had weight of 0.0687, and medical institutions with the weight of 0.0365 placed next. Fuzzy TOPSIS and ELECTER were employed to rank the townships of the province. An integrated model as Kapland was used regarding to the fact that in some cases there was no complete correspond between the two models. The result showed that Babol, Amol and Sari townships had the first rank respectively while Savadkoh, Fraydoonkenar and Ramsar had the lowest place by their rank.

Studying and identifying abilities and facilities and then determining the level of development in rural areas are considered the first step in the process of planning and developing such areas. The present research has been conducted with the aim of determining the levels of development of villages of East Azerbaijan Province. In these article 45 normalized variables has reduced to 8 meaningful factors applying the technique of factor analysis and then the final factors extracted by cluster analysis. Villages have been categorized in five homogeneous and equal clusters based on the level of development, and applying the scale (Z-score) the condition of available equipments and services has been studied, and finally the effective and preventive factor in development of villages in each cluster has been identified. The research methodology of the article is analytical and causal and the findings show that regarding the level of development among the villages of the province there is difference and inequality in a way that from the total of 141 villages of this province, one village is at the level of fully developed, 5 villages developed, 55 villages almost developed, 24 villages underdeveloped, and 56 villages at the level of fully underdeveloped.

Increasing development of computer technologies and decision theories enhanced the design of new models in the area of multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) problems. Outranking methods are examples of such models that make the process of decision making more accurate and more realistic. The methods have simple algorithms, and do not need excessive and hectic information of an expert. Therefore, the modeling is easier. But these methods cannot analyze spatial multiple criteria decision making problems, lonely. Merging outranking methods with GIS is a proposal that is presented for better and more efficient analyzing of spatial problems in this research. Malaria is the most important parasitic disease in the word. The illness takes effect of various factors like environmental and geographical factors, health and education status of residents. So it is important to study the rate of the vulnerability of Malaria in various areas. In this research, outranking methods are used to provide the continuous vulnerability maps of Malaria. Creating vulnerability maps was done with ELECTRE III and PROMETHEE II methods in Hormozgan province, with temperature, moisture, distance from the vegetation, and distance from the water bodies, population density and height criteria. Then, the map accuracy was evaluated with the help of Prevalence Incidence and Malaria census in 1385, 1386. According to the results it can be ascertained that, maps produced with outranking methods are closer to real data and are more accurate (about 30 %) than common methods like SAW.

Statistics are regarded as the most fundamental parameters of performance measurement of pilgrimage and tourism. Therefore, having access to the statistical data of the number of domestic and inbound tourists entering and also the expenses which should be paid to serve their pilgrimage and tourism a destination is of considerable significance. A paucity of statistical data about the number of tourists and related indexes will make some imbalances in the process of managing and offering services and facilities. The mentioned shortage will also make it impossible to prevent the probable crises. The statistical estimation of the number of pilgrims and tourists who enter the Metropolitan of Mashhad is an essential activity. Up to now, just a survey was conducted in 1986 which investigated the total number of pilgrims and tourists who entered Mashhad, and few researches have assessed the number and statistical indexes of pilgrims and tourists. So, the present article, based on a conceptual analysis, has appraised the existing document and conducted studies and surveys in the field of the statistical data on the number of tourists and pilgrims entering the big city of Mashhad. On the basis of time series model (ARFIMA& ARIMA), this article has estimated the number of pilgrims who entered Mashhad between 2000 and 2009 and also has anticipated the number of pilgrims who would enter Mashhad in the next five years. Based on the achieved results, the number of pilgrims who will enter the big city of Mashhad has been estimated 27,654,068 by 2016.

Nomad's settlements define sedentary people that live in a place forever. They do not emigrate from a place to another place for livelihood. The nomad's settlements are a profit strategy for resolving their problems in the world. In Iran, the nomad's settlements do after/before Islamic revolution. Some experts are agreement with the nomad's settlements but some experts are disagreement with it. Thus it is essential that investigations do on economic, cultural and social dimensions of the nomad's settlements. In this paper we study on impact of settlement projects in economic and social development of the nomads before and after settlements. Aim of this investigation is study of role of the nomad's settlements projects. Investigative method was descriptive-analysis and quantitative method. Statistical society was 80 households that it calculated with Cochran formula. Results say that the nomad's settlements have positive effects on social situation. But economic effects were weak and the nomad's properties do not increase. The nomads have positive attitude to the nomad's settlements projects. Finally after settlements, agricultural and animal crops decrease.

The numerical taxonomy technique is a multi - criteria decision making technique for evaluating and ranking alternatives, and is widely used in areas of planning and development.This Model like the other multi- criteria decision making models has some drawbacks, the most important criticism on this method is uniform presuming the indicators and being the indicators in same direction. Therefore, the objective of this paper is presenting appropriate methodology for improvement of this method and eliminating the limitations of this technique and introducing the modified taxonomy model. In the following of introducing the modified model, for better representing the difference, the two models is used to assess the level of development in rural areas of Mazandaran province. The research method is descriptive and applied, and libraries based on data of the 1385 Census. Results showed the more accurate the modified model compared with the contemporary taxonomy model. Development coefficient (Fi) and rank in these models have substantially different. Based on numerical taxonomy rural areas of Ghaemshahr Township with a grade of 0.455 are in rating 1 and rural areas of Ghaloga Township with a grade of 0.455 are in rating 3, Whereas with the modified model that to weight important indicators and also the direction of indicators (being positive or negative) is significant, Levels of development in rural areas of Ghaloga Township with a grade of. 396 to rating 1 and Ghaemshahr Township to rating 2 change

The present study has the aim to survey and recognition positive and negative effects of agro-processing industries from viewpoints of two groups of villagers and industry owners in seyedan district of marvdasht township that 377 people have been chosen as the sample by using Cochran formula and Regarding the limitation of processing units (35 units), the information needed in this study has been collected by census and questionnaire made by the researcher. The validity of questionnaire has been verified using opinions of specialists and experts and its reliability has been verified through administration of pre-test and calculation of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (A>0.78). The comprehensive documentary and field review about the evaluation of processing units’ effects from viewpoints of two groups of industry owners and villagers shows that the most positive effects is to "improve welfare and furniture", " gravitate unprepared agricultural products", " change the agriculture's plan of plantation" and " to supply the food products" also the most negative effects is to " relative development of some villages", " increase the cost of land and domicile" and "to prepare the human force of industrial units from cities". In this manner according to villagers processing the results show that units have been moderately effective in 5 economic, social, agricultural, physical, and environmental dimensions except for economical one; and so have been in all dimensions according to the owners of industries’ point of view

The present study aims at evaluating ecological capacity of Shahid Abbaspour dam’s typical tourism region focusing on determininig sustainable development of tourism by means of Geographical Information System. In order to achieve this objective, documental research and field study were employed. To evaluate the ecological capacity of understudied zone, GIS was used, which was based on Boolean method in order to incorporate ecological information by GIS. Then, the categorization of ecological capacity of this zone was performed by comparing ecological model of tourism categorization. Findings indicated that Shahid Abbaspour dam’s typical tourism zone includes two centralized and widespread tourism zones. Furthermore, findings showed that economical investment in centralized tourism is not economical with respect to the high gradient of its land. Also, regarding high gradient and unsuitable soil of this zone, it can be concluded that widespread tourism is the best type of touristic use in this zone.

Land slide is one of the slope instabilities that cause financial losses on socio-economic systems. Recognition of landslie prone ereas is necessary to natural resource management and development planning. Haraz road is one of the major Irans roads that is crowed every year by slope movments.in this Research, the potential of landslide are studied using AHP and linear regression model.For this propose the map layers of slope, aspect, elevation, distance from major faults, distance from minor faults, distance from major rivers, distance from major raods, distance from railway, geology, landuse and average of rain is used.After data analyzing in GIS environment using linear Regressieun and AHP methods the final landslide hazard map was made.The result showed that in two methods for landslide risk zonation, AHP is suitable than linear Regression model. Based on results about 67.8 of study area is high proen to landslides events.

Biometeorology is the interdisciplinary field of science that studies the interactions between the climate and human behavior. seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a form of depression that occurs in the fall and winter months, rainy and loss of sun light. The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of photo therapy based on tourism in the control of SAD (seasonal affective disordr). SAD or winter depression is considered a clinical subtype of mood disorder. SAD and photo therapy were identified from basic studies of circadian and seasonal rhythms. A total of 14 patients suffering from seasonal affective disorder, were recruited through the administration of structured DSM-IV (SCID), and using purposive sampling and subsequent to being qualified in accordance with therapeutic conditions, they underwent the treatment process. The study employed a pretest, post-test, follow-up design and the patients in the study received a 5-month. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and daily mood checklist were the research tools. Repeated single case measurements were employed to analyze the data. Recovery percentage was also applied to measure the clinical significance. The data analysis revealed that photo therapy based on tourism led to significant reductions in winter depression symptoms. Moreover, there was no lessening of effectiveness with recovery rates in the follow-up study, two month after the treatment. The large positive treatment effects found in the photo therapy based on tourism, alleviating the severe symptoms of suffering a relapse in SAD patients and achieving clinically significant and relevant improvement exposed of sun. phototourism on negative mood symptoms and control recurrence in depressed patients during was more effective than cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Today in the beginning of 21st century, the planning crisis and quality of urban life has increased in wide scale in most parts of the world, and caused Promise of civil Utopia, human excellence and spatial justice in capitalist societies of the West, also ideological pledges and idealism of communism based on individual same possibility of growth and development gifts, and practically don’t be an illusion in the world. Modern cities, especially in developing countries more than any other period require spatial justice in a urban services according to the continuous population and urbanization growth. Among this, the service subject and unsuitable fruition and contradictory of different area in cities, there is in contradiction with the concept of spatial justice, So that existing deficiencies in providing the services are the most fundamental challenges in cities particularly in developing countries. Thus this study has survey the rate of fruition in 11sociology about the above mention services regarding to spatial justice concept, quality of fruition and suitable access for residents in different quarters of Babolsar city. The research method is descriptive-analytical and data gathering was based on library studies and field studies. Using taxonomy analysis model and codified questionnaires were most important steps in this field and its results by the use of SPSS and GIS software show that the population as the most important factor in providing services and fruition rate the various quarters of the city's Urban Services established a inappropriate relationship And most of the quarters residents are not satisfied with the status of access to services.

Rapid development of urbanization and the subsequent expansion of industry and supply cars have led to distorted urban growth, pollution, high level of traffic and accidents and increase travel time, and failure to use proper methods of transportation has led to the intensification of this factors. In this regard, the most important objective of urban transport planning is encouraging citizens to use other systems of transportation. The main research question is whether between inappropriate spatial structure and increased inter-city trips is there a relationship? The article aims to determine the factors affecting the travel behavior of citizens in relation to the spatial organization of the city. In this study, the type of research is applied- development and conducted by a "survey" method. Statistical society of this study is the whole citizens of Rasht city that were determined 382 persons by Morgan table. And sampling method for identifying the sample is cluster analysis. In order to analyze data to determine significant relationships between variables "Spearmen" two-variable nonparametric statistical test in the form two- dimensional tables in SPSS software is used. This study, after analysis evidence acknowledges that there is a significant relationship between the existent variables in the inappropriate spatial structure of Rasht city and inter-urban trips rate of citizens.