فصلنامه تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی
پیاپی 48 (بهار 1397)

This study investigated, the role of variables and agroclimatic indices on rainfed wheat yield in Kurdistan province. The database was formed by collecting 31-year circuit data on planting area, production, losses and yield of wheat in 10 regions of Kurdistan province, and data of climatic elements on the hourly, daily, decade, monthly, seasonal and yearly levels related to 22 nearby synoptic stations. Data base completed after data preparation. 113 climatic and agroclimatic indicators were calculated using 15 primary meteorology elements of meteorological stations. Finally based on thecrop calendar and phonological stages of wheat, to investigate their effects on yield, 128 independent variables were selected. In order to calibrate the dates of the calculated phonological stages, the estimated agronomic calendar was compared with the recorded calendar results of neighboring rainfed wheat research stations of International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA) in Kurdistan and other adjoining cool provinces. To identify and isolate variables that independently of each other affect yield, most correlated (Significantly) variables were eliminated. The correlation of the variables determined with wheat yield was measured. The effect of variables on wheat yield rate (kg/ha.year) was evaluated using multivariate regression “Enter” and “Stepwise” methods. Identified effective variables and indicators were interpolated based on geographical and height characteristics. According to the spatial variations of variables, the spatial model of wheat yield was introduced for province and areas of the province.
The results of this study showed that with a 99 percent confidence, climatic elements (variables) vary in different regions. Most of the independent variables have a significant effect on wheat yield in simple linear regression, but in Stepwise method, due to the internal correlation between variables, just variables entered that have insignificant correlation with each other and have more effects than other variables. The variables affecting the performance are differentin various regions, and from the point of view of effectiveness, the arrangement of the variables in different areas vary too. In other words, even in two regions with a climatic type (based on the Modified De Martonne method), both agro-climatic indices and wheat yield are significantly different. The impact of effective variables on yield at any time and place depends on the time of year and the phonological stage of wheat. At one time the environmental conditions of different regions in terms of temperature, humidity and precipitation differ, based on phonological stages of the regions. The time of the vulnerability of wheat varies from place to place. Wheat vulnerability at flowering stage is more than other stages. The effect of independent variables on yield at different times of year is proportional to the phonological stage in years Different and different in different regions. In Kurdistan province, the number of rainy days of the year, total degree hours the temperature reaches below -11 °C (sum of hours with below -11 °C temperature) from germination to tillering stage, the annual precipitation, the rainfall in the fifth decade of the water year (the precipitation of 11-20 of November), annual relative humidity and total degree hours the temperature reaches above 30°Ctemperature (sum of hours with above 30 °C temperature) in milky and dough stage is the determinants of the production of rainfed wheat. In Baneh and Marivan areas, the coefficient of variation (CV) is lower and in Bijar and Divandareh regions CV is more than other regions. Kamyaran region has the highest yield, Baneh and Marivan were ranked secondjointly. Sanandaj and then Bijarhave the lowest yield. Each region has a model for wheat yield and determinant factors vary from region to region. Although the annual production of Bijar is higher than other areas, wheat production in the Bijar region has a higher risk than other areas.

Introduction In the complex world of our time and with the spread of security threats and the requirements for security, governments are bound to create coalition and alliance among themselves in order to achieve their goals better. Iran and Iraq are two neighboring countries with multiple intricacies and vicissitude relations. These two countries haven’t had a strategic bind with each other and reveal either as enemies or most optimistically, uncontestable competitors. Whilst during the history, they have suitable overlaps in various fields for alliance. This paper aims to analyze and explore the linking components of the two countries.
Theoretical Framework As Morgenta argues alliances are considered as the necessary functions of balancing power in multipolar systems and alliance is the most significant manifestation of power balance. Johnson explains strategic alliance as compromise among two or more companies or groups to follow a set of agreed goals, whilst their organizations remain independent. But the main issue of this study is to find the place of political geography and geopolitics in strategic alliance of countries. Geopolitics and geostrategic conditions and factors can also play role in creation or collapse of alliances. There are a set of political geographic and geopolitical factors involved in strategic alliance among countries that are used by the actors in convergence or strategic alliance. In geopolitical point of view, alliances can give a new meaning to the political borders drawn on the maps and diminish or eliminate some of the social and cultural limitations.
Research Method This study has been done through descriptive-analytic method. The data and required information were collected by the library method and was subject to analyze by descriptive-analytical method.
Research Findings There is a broad range of political geography and geopolitical factors involved in strategic linkage of Iran and Iraq.
Iran and Iraq have a single-product economy and they are significantly affected by changes and transitions occur in the oil market. But in the field of strategic linkage, this problem can be at least the messenger of collision and convergence: Considering that they both countries need huge financial resources for their reconstruction and development; both will be interested in OPEC policies to maximize oil revenues.
Iraq is one of the countries with very short coasts compare to its territory. This fact caused to determine the geostrategic shortage of appropriate access to the sea for Iraq. Undoubtedly, Hydro-polytechnic is another geographical component with an increasing significance. In order to meet the increasing demands of providing the citizens with fresh water, Iran will be required to imply more control over its waters. This action will face the dozens of villages in Iraq at risk of destruction.
Metaphor of “Mortar” for role of the cultural and social sphere in the strategic linkages between countries might be appropriate, due to the depth of their effects on the nation’s bodies. Iran and Iraq have lots in common; however, their transition from potential to actual depends on the national goals of Baghdad and Tehran. Neighboring countries of Iran and Iraq, as well as other regional and transnational actors influencing regional transformations, have different attitudes toward "Appropriate Iraq and Iran", considering political, security and geopolitical components. Sometimes, there are overlaps among these attitudes and strategies and they are often contrary and even contradictory to each other.
The importance of the external environment in determining global politics is undeniable. The external environment implies the effective powers on the world politics; that is powers whose strategy defines discourses governing world politics.
Discussion and conclusion In search of role of geography and geopolitics in linking the two countries, it seems the lack of strategic alliance between the two countries is due to geopolitical perceptions and mental images of decision-makers. Despite common factors like religion, ethnicity and foreign threats, the political components- mainly foreign ones- in the historical periods prevented the establishment of unity and convergence between the two countries. Historically, at the beginning of Iraq's independence, while similar in the political system and the bloc of world power, none of the two countries carries problematic ideologies that threaten the survival of each other's regime. When the political linkage between the two countries shifted to the darkness of Arab nationalism, along with a kind of left-wing ideology represented by Baghdad, it darkened the political alliance between the two countries, which was resolved later by the Algerian treaty. In the second half and along with the Iranian revolution, pursuit of Shiite ideology leading by Tehran caused Baghdad's reaction and continued until the end of Saddam's time. But now is the time which seems both countries have aligned political and more he interests and reasons for the strategic alliance of nations have been created.

This study was performed to evaluate the extent of leaf area in Iran from (2002) to (2016) using data Remote sensing. For this purpose, we have attempted to extract data collection and leaf area index for the Iranian territory MODIS website. The database was established with the help of software programming in MATLAB to perform mathematical and Statistical calculations repeated. After the analysis of the data in this software was developed a long-term plan monthly average. The maps show that the central, East and South-East are almost empty of leaf area and leaf area or seen very sparse in some areas. In contrast with the northern half of the country's western areas of leaves are good, which generally includes fields, except forest Arasbaran and Hyrcany. Precipitation and the temperature, is the main factors for the growth and development of plants, these two conditions are enumerated in the West due to being in the westerly winds. Had the lowest leaf area index for January and February and the highest average leaf area May and June. Next, showed a study of 15 years of profile data range of leaf cluster analysis based on the calculation of Euclidean distance and Ward method, which fit all 12 months of the two main groups and, in fact, divided for two periods of strong and weak vegetation. In this analysis, they are located on a separate floor, April during the cold period and October in the warm period of the year as the transition months.

The increase of earth temperature causes anomalies in the earth climate that this affair is itself affective on all the aspects of human life. In this context, the aim of this study was to consider the temperature changes and predict the extreme temperatures in Guilan and Mazandaran Provinces. The SDSM statistical and dynamical model is used and also for analyze the temperature changes and trends has been used the Mann-Kendal graphical and statistical technique. In this regard, the daily data of Rasht, Ramsar and Babolsar stations temperature were produced during the statistical period of 1961 to 2010 from Meteorological Organization and also the general circulation models data of HadCM3 and NCEP were taken of related database.The results revealed a significant positive trend in monthly and annual minimum and maximum temperature in all three stations in the first and third priod. Also in the second period, there is not a significant trend in extreme temperatures in Ramsar and maximum temperature in Rasht. The Mann-Kendal graphical test was done on the yearly extent temperatures of 3 periods and its results showed that by not reminding the critical border of 1/96 in the level of 95 percent assurance of changes of increase recess kind and also sudden changes has been occurred in all stations. In the forecast period, is seen the highest of changes in monthly and annual of the minimum temperature.The increase of extreme temperature was predicted about 0/1 to 1/7 centigrade. The short time oscillations and meaningful positive trend happenings in both of the maximum and minimum temperature shows the temperature increase in the future years that this indicates occurred climate changes.

Develop common definitions and arguments not complete overlap with the concept of poverty and income poverty to look at a wide range of philosophical and freedoms embraces individual abilities. However, money Scientometrics perception of poverty is predominant in defining poverty reduction analysis. Poverty can be extensive, multidimensional, subjective, variable over time, including capabilities and well-being, and according to the norms, comparisons and expectations, seem relative. Poverty, material and spiritual dimensions. Spiritual poverty, the lack of decision in life, which can also be considered a form of intellectual disability and mental and cultural poverty. The majority of the world's poor (75 percent) live in rural areas. Poverty can affect all aspects of sustainable development including economic, social, and environmental impact management. Poverty has various types and can be acute, and if planning is not done, become chronic. So it seems that if the conditions facilitating the removal of barriers exist in order to provide financial assistance be accompanied by support and partnership, improve the status quo. The aim of this study is to explain the social, economic and political poverty in the county was Saravan.

IntroductionLandslides are widespread gravitational processes, controlled by various factors related to geology, geomorphology, hydrology, climate and land use, all of them having a significant potential impact on the environment and human society. Generally, they are defined as down slope movements of rock mass, debris, or earth under the direct influence of gravity. Landslides are one of the most dramatic natural issues along with earthquakes, floods and weather-related events. Much has been written on the impacts of landslides on the total environment, including effects on people, their homes and possessions, farms and livestock, industrial establishments and other structures, and lifelines. Landslide is defined as the movementof a mass of rock, debris or earth down the slope, when the shear stress exceeds the shear strength of the material. This movement may be fast or slow, typically depending on the amount of water present in the mass.
Landslides in mountainous areas due to their hazardous nature usually morphology suddenly disrupted and major damage to residential areas, roads, farmland and imports. When human activities affect this process to become a dangerous phenomenon. Iran, due to favorable geographical conditions, poor management and failure to comply with the environmental threshold, as a country is risky. Due to the potential for landslides in the study area and the presence of traces and evidence of frequent landslides in the area, mapping landslide susceptibility and to provide guidelines for risk management, seems necessary.

This study is aimed at estimating monthly mean air temperature (Ta) using the MODIS Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), latitude, altitude, slope gradient and land use data during 2001-2015. The results showed that despite some spatial similarities between annual spatial patterns of Ta and LST, their variations are significantly different, so that the Ta variation coefficient is four times the one of the LST. Our analysis indicated that while in winter latitude is the key factor in explaining the distribution of the differences LST-Ta, in other seasons the role of slope and vegetation become more prominent. After obtaining the spatial patterns of LST and Ta, we estimated Ta using regression models in spatial resolution of 0.125˚. The lowest estimation error was found in the months of November and December with a high explanatory coefficient (R2) of 70% and a standard error of 1 ° C. On the other hand, the maximum error was obtained from May to August with R2 between 59 to 63% and a standard error of 1.6 ° C which is significant at the 0.05 level. In addition, result of evaluation of individual months showed that estimation of Ta is more accurate at the cold months of the year (November, December, January, February, and March). With considering different land uses, the highest R2 was related to waters and urban areas (96 to 99%) in warm months, and the lowest R2 was for mixed forest and grassland (between 15 and 36%) in cold months.

Landforms and geomorphological processes is the most important factors that affecting dispersion and quality of building materials. Case study, consisting of both new and old alluvial fans is located in the West of the city of Sabzevar. The aim of this study was to investigate the process of freezing and thawing in the durability and quality of materials taken from the alluvial fans old and new. To achieve this goal, we dug four wells in different parts of new and old of fans. The examples of large and small stones from the depths of one meter, two meters, three meters and four, wells were removed. Then to measure resistance of material, against freezing and thawing, freezing and thawing tests were performed on all samples. According to the test on three outcomes for this study was obtained. First: weight loss of samples of the new fans of head is greater, compared with other samples are taken because of the waters. Second, samples of the new fans head because the waters have greater weight loss compared with other samples are taken. Therefore, samples of new fans is fine-grained as possible. Thirdly, if the target is high-quality materials, best materials is made of metamorphic minerals, such as andesite and pyroxene.

Study and analysis of groundwater due to the complexity are difficult and time consuming. Modeling as an efficient method with the lowest cost provides studding of groundwater managers. The purpose of this study was comparison of the numerical model, neural intelligent and GeoStatistical in groundwater table changes modeling. The information of Hamedan – Bahar aquifer as one of the most important water sources in Hamedan province, was studied. In this study, MODFLOW numerical code in GMS software, artificial neural network (ANN) and neural – fuzzy (CANFIS) method in NeuroSolution software, wavelet- neural method in MATLAB software and GeoStatistical method in ArcGIS software were used. The results showed that the accuracy of methods in estimation of the groundwater table with the lowest Normal Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) include Wavelet-ANN, CANFIS, GeoStatistical, ANN and numerical model, respectively. The NRMSE value in Wavelet-ANN method as optimization method was 0.11 % and in numerical model was 2.2 %. Also the correlation coefficients were 0.998 and 0.904, respectively. So, application of neural combination models, specially, wavelet theory in estimated the groundwater table is most suitable than GeoStatistical and numerical model. Moreover, in the neural intelligent models were applied latitude, longitude and altitude as available variables in input models.

Paying attention to the management of land development in the development of urban development documents is a very important topic. Failure to pay attention to this necessity, and the course of physical development foreseen for urban areas, make the main goal of the development plan, which improves the quality of housing in urban areas, not being realized. The purpose of this study is to introduce a functional model for land development management in order to guide and manage the urban development flow. To this end, the Land Readjustment Plan (LR) as the selected method of land management in urban areas is introduced and it is possible to perform it in a range of Yazd city. The general research method used in this descriptive-analytic study. The data used in this article collected by the library method as well as the field survey were used and analyzed using ArcGIS software. In this regard, a proposal for the scope of the study was compiled and evaluated before and after the implementation of the plan. The calculation of the distributional index showed that the proposed scheme would give 20% of the profits to the owners in the scope of the study. The conclusion from this study shows that using the Land Readjustment Program as an economic and design tool, planning and redevelopment of undeveloped lands can be done in accordance with urban needs. This planning involves modifying the layout of parts, modifying the network of roads, supplying services and infrastructure of the facility. Thus, the field of realization of urban development plans in these areas was provided. It also provided the basis for the participation of all stakeholder groups through creating the necessary attractions for the groups influencing the implementation of the project.

Remote sensing technology is one of the efficient and innovative technologies for agricultural land use/cover mapping. In this regard, the object-based Image Analysis (OBIA) is new method of satellite image processing which integrates spatial and spectral information in satellite image process domain. This approach make use of spectral, environmental, physical and geometrical characteristics (texture, shape) context of images for modeling of land use/cover classes. Current study, aims to classify micro land use/cover of Meyandoab County by applying appropriate algorithms and parameters in the object based approach. For this goal, Quick Bird and Aster satellite images were used for processing and land use modeling. Accordingly, land use map was classified in 9 class based on spectral and spatial characteristic. The segmentation was performed in the scale of 10, shape parameter of 0.7 as well as the compactness of 0.3. In order to apply classification, fuzzy based algorithm and operators (AND, OR) was applied to detriment the membership functionality of segments for each class as well as classifying the related objects. We also applied textures, geometric, NDVI, GLCM, Braitnese algortims based on fuzzy operators. In order to validate results, the accuracy assessment step was performed and the finally overall accuracy of 93.6 was obtained for derived map. The Kappa coefficient was also detriment to be 0.92. The area under cultivation included respectively for lands of wheat and barley, prunes and plums, apples, vineyards and alfalfa hay2622.42, 4505, 4354.55, 4457.85, 14110.58 hectares.

Study how to relax and leisure from the work of citizens it is located in the field of leisure geography studies. The current study is practical in an aim and descriptive– analytical in method and practical– theoretical in nature. In this study, the first path analysis model was used in order to express logical correlations between environmental and demographics variables, on leisure geography and providing structural analysis.the results of study path analysis model shows that the impacts of the physical environment outside the home with standardized coefficients0.461 into other variables have the greatest impact and demographic variables with standard coefficients 0.025 has least impact on leisure geography of metropolis. In the following, the number of 383 questionnaires was distributed in order to study comparatively the spatial pattern leisure geography among citizen's zones 2, 4 and 7 of the city of Ahvaz that they were at different levels of enjoyment. The results of the questionnaire of citizens indicate that leisure pattern in Region2 is different from other areas; However, the pattern of citizens leisure of district4 and7 has not a significant difference together. In this context, assigning a specific type of planning is approved in order to improve the quality of community health and welfare of the citizens;; with regard to natural and human environment conditions of the city and leisure facilities available.

Livability approach is defined as the healthy, safe, suitable and economically accessible urban system that brings about high life quality and is considered as a subset of sustainable development.Although investigating urban livability can be advantageous in identifying deficiencies and taking actions in order to improve livability of the living environment of residents, but unfortunately there has been inadequate considerations about livability theory in Iran. the result, in this study, the livability of Urumia city has been investigated. Firstly, after devising 24 factors in 4 aspects (Physical-Environmental, Economical, Social and Health) this index was evaluated in urban areas by using newly invented model RALSPI with descriptive-analytical approach. Finally, based on this model, the areas were placed within the range of very livable to intolerable, so that District #1 was determined as the best area with livability score of 0.31 and District #2 was determined as the most unlivable area with the score of 0.007. This issue revealed a huge gap between the areas of the city.