فصلنامه تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی
پیاپی 53 (تابستان 1398)

Investigating of rainfall behavior in the spatial-temporal dimension and determining the tolerance thresholds of different geographical areas with respect to vegetation, animal life and human activities, is essential for any decision in the environment. Therefore, precipitation data of 27 stations were received from the Meteorological Organization during the 60-year period and After the data were evaluated qualitatively, The distribution of temporal and spatial mean, coefficient of variation, skewness and probability distribution of 20% maximum and minimum monthly and seasonal autumn and winter, for a period of 60 years (1951-2010), two 30-year periods (1980-1951), (1981- 2010) and two 10-year periods (2010-2001), (1951-1960) were calculated and were zoned using GIS. Studies show, except on the shores of the Caspian Sea, there is little change between autumn and winter patterns. The average rainfall of the southern shores of the Caspian Sea has decreased to the west and east. in other areas of the country, the spatial and temporal variations of rainfall in the autumn are very highand from the north to the south, the mean decreases and the coefficient of variation and skewness increase. In winter, maintaining the pattern of autumn, the average precipitation increases and the coefficient of variation decreases. The average precipitation of 30 years and 10 years of the second winter season, compared to the first 30 years and 10 years, and also the 60 year period, has decreased in most stations, which is consistent with the results of the Mannkundal test. Analysis and review of the 20% minimum and maximum seasonal rainfall show that the intensity and range of performance of winter precipitation systems in the second 30 years have decreased. Also, the frequency and severity of drought in the autumn season have increased in the second 30 years and in the last 10 years. The highest decline occurred in the western and eastern parts of the Caspian coast and in the northwest, which requires special attention to managers in light of the areas of activity and concentration of the population.

Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) is one of the most important quantities in meteorology and climate studies. PWV in Earth's atmosphere can be measured by Sun-photometer, the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), and radiosonde from surface, atmosphere and space-based systems, respectively. In this paper, we use PWV measured by Sun-photometer located in Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), AIRS and 29 Iranian synoptic stations data include temperature, dew-point temperature, pressure and relative humidity. For validation of AIRS data, the correlation coefficient between AIRS and Sun-photometer data calculated. The correlation is 90%. Average of PWV measured with sun-photometer and AIRS are 9.8 and 10.8 mm, respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficients between PWV of AIRS data set and temperature, dew-point temperature, pressure and relative humidity for synoptic stations are calculated. Correlation between PWV and temperature, dew-point temperature, pressure, and humidity are 73%, 74%, -40% and -30%, respectively. PWV and temperature correlation coefficient map shows a positive trend between latitude and correlation coefficient. Rising a degree in latitude lead to increasing 2.8 percent in the correlation coefficient.

In order to protect soil and water resources should be identified erodible areas of watersheds, to be able to prevent land degradation and to control erosion in the form of soil conservation planning or watershed management. Therefore, the present study aimed to classification and delineation of susceptible areas to water erosion in the Hervi watershed using Hjulstrom curve, has been conducted. Increasing of accuracy, speed and facility of spatial achievement, using GIS technology, are advantages of the present study. In this study, were separated 10 sub-watersheds based on the feeding levels of streams. Spatial variability of soil properties in sub-watersheds, such as texture and the mean diameter size of the particles using hydrometer method were measured; also the maximum potential velocity of outlet in sub-watersheds based on the characteristics of each sub-watershed were calculated. Then, status of erosion and sediment in watersheds and sub-watersheds was studied using Hjulstrom curve (based on the mean diameter size of sediment particles and the maximum potential velocity of outlet), and was comparatively classified in term of erodibility. Finally, delineation map of susceptible regions to water erosion in the study area were obtained. The results revealed that the upstream and side areas of the watershed including: Sub-watershed No.4 (8.94% of the land), has very high erodibility, and Sub-watersheds No.1 and No.9 (36.94% of the land) have high erodibility. These areas are steep and often devoid of vegetation or have poor vegetation (such as poor pastures and rain-fed farming); so, it is necessary a proper strategy to prevent further erosion.

Using the passive defense principles in urban plans and projects is important in the context of land use planning, reinforced concrete, citizen education, and increasing urban resiliency. Observing and adhering to these principles will reduce the vulnerability of the city and citizens to security and military threats. Therefore, this study aims at evaluating the spatial pathology of the physical and social structure of the 6th urban district of Tehran municipality with emphasis on passive defense approach principles particularly citizenship education principle. Therefore, this research has selected the 6th urban district of Tehran municipality, due to its important and sensitive land uses with regional and trans-regional functions as a research area. In this study, the AHP model was used to assess the physical structure pathology. In order to evaluate the social structure damages of the area, three neighborhoods were selected in the region using cluster-spatial sampling. Then, using the survey method, the authors sought to collect the views of the inhabitants. In order to determine the sample size, the Cochran's formula was used. The results of this study indicate that the vulnerability of the region in terms of the physical structure is moderate and downward. Additionally, the social vulnerability of the area is also above average. Finally, the factors influencing the vulnerability of physical and social structure were investigated. Accordingly, it can be concluded that the indicators of population and construction density are the most important factors affecting vulnerability from experts' viewpoint. In addition, it was revealed that education and awareness, resiliency against security-military threats, skill and expertise, respectively, are the effective indicators of the vulnerability of the social structure of the area.

The increased use of thermal power plants has led to the spread of greenhouse gases in the air and has caused psychological problems for humans. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to measure the pollutants released by Sahand Bonab thermal power plant and to investigate the effects of this pollution on the psychological and psychological pressure of rural residents. The GWP100 method was used to measure the pollutants of the power plant and to measure the mental and emotional pressures of the citizens, a questionnaire was used to assess the psychological stress of Markham. The statistical population of this study is 10254 people over 15 years of age in 7 villages located in the greenhouse of the power plant. Using formulas and simple random sampling, 375 subjects were selected as sample size. The results showed that the most pollutants released are CO2 and NOx, which is 4.17 times the warm seasons in the seasons. Also, analysis of the results by using a Pearson test showed that six variables including neurological and disturbing variables p= 0.272, stress and psychological stress p= 0.325, feeling of energy decrease, p= 0.287, feeling of despair and disappointment in life p = 0.142, feeling Depression in life of p= 0.211 and change in behavior patterns in everyday life p= 0.269 had the most effect on air pollution. Also, mental and psychological stress in nearby villages was higher than in remote villages, more women than young men than older men and elderly people. The results of multivariate regression and path analysis showed that in general, the air pollution caused by the power plant has the ability to explain R2 = 37.42 percent of the changes related to the psychological and psychological pressure of the villagers. Finally, it can be said that thermal power plants have negative mental and psychological effects according to type of activity, type of age and gender of the villagers, which should be considered in the studies of the construction of power plants.

In the present time, with the increase of industrial activities and the neglected environmental issues, the effects of climate change have become more evident and poses this phenomenon as a global difficult. Increasing the probability of occurrence of extreme climatic events such as flood and increasing the frequency and intensity of the effects of climate change. The northwest of the country is one of the most vulnerable areas of the country due to its semi-arid and mountainous climates and high rainfall variability. Therefore, zoning due to climate change is essential. Therefore, in this study, in order to investigate the risk of flood in the Azarshahr basin, due to climate change, using the CanESM2 general circulation model under RCP8.5 scenarios negativity according to the assessment report fifth IPCC, rainfall and temperature variables were down scaling by Statistical down scaling model (SDSM). Then,with hydrological model SWAT the daily runoff, the basin map and the lines of the canals are achieved. The results of the evaluation of the SDSM model with a coefficient of determination and Nash-Sutcliff 0.95 on average represent the good performance of the model in the down scaling of large scale data. The results show an increase of 0.23 ° C and 4.53% rainfall and maximum discharge. The basin is zoned with the combination of the maximum mean discharge map, the coefficient and distance from the river with the AHP approach. Due to the zoning they are 41.55% of the area of the basin, at very low and low risk, 27.23% at average risk and 31.2% at high and very high risk. Also, with the final map, it became clear that the mid-basin had a high risk due to its prerequisite conditions and that it needed to carry out managerial actions.

The first step in designing effective programs that are consistent with realities and attaining transcending goals is to develop balanced, proportionate and balanced knowledge and knowledge of the capacities and capacities of each geographic region. Hence, the recognition of the status quo of the regions is inevitable. The purpose of this research is to measure the urban areas of Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad provinces and determine the priority of development in each city and each factor. This work was carried out using 84 different combinations of spss components into 8 factors: employment and activity, housing, economic - production, transportation and communication, public utilities, health care, books and literacy and education related to the statistics of 2011 , Using two techniques: a combination of Human Development and Mauritius, and integrating their results into a merger technique. The research method is analytical-descriptive. The statistical population of the research is urban areas of seven provinces (16 cities) of the province. The findings of the research indicate that Boyerahmad, Dena and Gachsaran cities were developed in the first to third grades and the Bahmei city was at the last rank of development of the province, and in the study of all factors individually, Was deprived of the last rank, and the counties of Saram, Kohgiluyeh and Basht were deprived of the level of development and were slightly better than Bahmei, which is why the Bahmei city should be placed in the first priority for development planning.

Varkesh-Chai River with approximately 69 kilometer and north-south trend, in one of the main and permanent rivers of Tabriz city, That 10 villages with worn out texture have established in its main bed. Field studies show that, villages’development has been without knowing the rules governing hydraulic behavior, prediction of river hydrological behavior, and no respecting the main bed of river, it has been conserved to the agricultural land or garden. Lack of knowledge and attention to the above-mentioned cases and river bed manipulation has increased the vulnerability of villages, agricultural land or other human facilities of the flood risk in the catchment area. Therefore, it is necessary to study the areas potential to the flood occurrence and to prepare floodplain maps in district. In present study, flood levels were determined along the main river, during the return periods of 25 and 50 years. For this purpose, geography information systems (GIS) and HEC_RAS model and HEC_GEO_RASextension were usedto simulate earth geometry, river plans, left and right rivers shores, and flow rate obtained then, the villages exposed to flood with these return peaks were identified and then, hydraulic behavior of the river was simulated. Finally, solution to reduce the damages caused by flood along the main river were identified.

The aim of this research is the study of the climate change impacts on the seasonal and annual reference evapotranspiration time scales in some selected stations located in the West of Iran. To this purpose, four stations including Sanandaj, Saghez, Khorramabad and Kermanshah synoptic stations with enough long-term data were selected and the climate change impact on the reference evapotranspiration of these stations under two RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios in three future time periods including 2011-2040, 2041-2070 and 2071-2100 in comparison with the 1970-1999 base period was studied. The FAO-Penman-Montieth method was applied to calculating reference evapotranspiration and the CanESM2 general circulation model and SDSM downscaling method were used to simulating future climate conditions under the climatic scenarios. The results showed that the mean reference evapotranspiration in the annual and autumn and winter time scales in comparison to the base period will significantly increase for all of the studied stations under all of the scenarios and periods at the 0.01 confidence level. For spring season, the only significant change of the future period mean reference evapotranspiration compared to the base period in the all of the studied area will be a significant increase at the 0.01 confidence level in the 2071-2100 period under the RCP8.5 scenario and for the summer season, this significant increasing rate will occur in the 2041-2070 and 2071-2100 periods under the RCP8.5 scenario. The overall results of this research showed that the highest increasing rate of the future periods in comparison with the base period for all of the seasonal and annual time periods and for all of the studied area will under RCP8.5 scenario and in the 2071-2100 time periods. by comparing the reference evapotranspiration change rates between the different seasonal and annual scales, the results showed that the increasing rate of the mean reference evapotranspiration at the West of Iran will be very remarkably in the autumn and winter seasons compared to the other time scales.

The aim of current research is atmospheric hazards climate zoning in Iran Northwest. So meteorological organization data were used in cases such as mean temperature , minimum temperature , maximum temperature, precipitation in monthly and daily scale for 13 synoptic stations in range of East Azerbaijan province, West Azerbaijan province) and Ardebil province during 26 years. (1990-2015) in this research , it was investigated 10 main atmospheric hazards such as famine or drought , hailstone,, heavy snow , thunder storm, severe precipitation, margin precipitation , blizzard , fogging , dust storm in range of Northwest bound. Then happening frequency maps were prepared with separating form for hazards by using Geographic information system. (GIS) Also spatial zoning maps were prepared for every class. Finally by combining all of hazards investigation; it was prepared Northwest region atmospheric hazards extensive map. Results show that, East, Southeast, center and West parts in Northwest region are located among most hazard zones based on happening frequency. But Northeast parts and zones have the least hazards. Also results express that blizzard and dust storm are main atmospheric hazards at Northwest regionThe highest hazard frequency in Northwest region relate to blizzard with 4148 hazards during 1990-2015 study period. The highest blizzard frequency in Ahar station is observed with 514 hazards. The second hazard in Northwest relate to dust phenomenon with 1948 cases. The highest frequency of mentioned case was observed in Maragheh station with 410 hazards. The third case in Northwest relate to thunder storm phenomenon with 1773 hazards. The sixth case relate to icing phenomenon with 1315 hazards meaning. The highest icing frequency is observed in Khalkhal station with 144 hazards. The seventh case relate to hailstone phenomenon at Northwest with 341 hazards. The highest of hailstone frequency is observed in Maragheh station with 56 hazards. The eighth case relate to fogging phenomenon with 333 hazards. The highest of fogging is observe in Ahar station with 135 hazards. The ninth case relate to famine or drought phenomenon at Northwest with 168 hazards. The highest of famine or drought frequency is observed in Urmia and Ardebil stations with 16 hazards totally. The highest margin precipitation is observed in Parsabad station with 19 hazards. The lowest frequency of margin precipitation relate to Makou and Khalkhal stations with 4 hazards totally.

Earth surface temperature is an important indicator in the study of energy equilibrium models at the ground level on a regional and global scale. Due to the limitation of meteorological stations, remote sensing can be an appropriate alternative to the Earth's surface temperature. The main objective of this study is to monitor the surface temperature and its relationship with land use, which is monitored using satellite imagery. For this purpose, the images were first obtained and the necessary pre-processing was applied to each one. Then it was compared to modeling and classification of images. Firstly, in order to investigate the changes in user-orientation, a user-defined classification map for each object was extracted using the object-oriented method. Then, to investigate the land use change, a map of user-landing changes map was extracted in an 18-year time period (2000-2017). Finally, in order to monitor the surface temperature, the surface temperature map of Ardebil was extracted. The results showed that there is a strong relationship between land use and surface temperature. As a user, urban users have a temperature of about 41 ° C (2017), which is also due to heat-absorbing urban temperatures. This is despite the fact that the use of hydrocarbons is due to a lower heat absorption of 34 ° C (2017). This shows the role of different uses in determining surface temperatures. Also, the relationship between surface temperature and vegetation cover was investigated in this study. The results showed that areas such as soil and urban areas with a lower coverage than areas such as agriculture and pasture, have a higher temperature. Because the coating is always an obstacle to the entry of heat, it has an inverse relationship with superficial heat.

Population growth and urbanization development are the main triggering factors of changes in urban land uses. These, in turn, result in changes in the components of radiation balance. The present study tries to analyze the role of urban land uses in radiation balance by calculating net radiation and its analysis. For this purpose, the Landsat 8 satellite image of 2016 was used. Characteristics of radiation flux including net radiation flux (RN), ground surface albedo (α), incoming longwave radiation (RL↓), incoming shortwave radiation (RS↓), outgoing longwave radiation (RL↑), and ground surface temperature were computed using Sebal algorithm.The values ​​of these components in different land uses (compressed residential, scattered residential, green area and wastelands) were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test. The results of this study showed that the selected land uses have significant differences in the amount of radiation flux, therefore the wastelands are warmer than the residential areas by about 6 oC and the residential areas are warmer than the green areas by about 1.5 oC. The results also indicated that these differences are due to changes in output energy (α and RL↑), and any change in land use over time will ultimately lead to a change in the radiation balance and the temperature of those places, which this temperature increase, is different from the increase of the temperature due to global warming.

Timing framework associated with catastrophes is one of the most important issues in crisis management. In such cases, being immediate has a considerable importance and web based real-time routing service as an important tool has a significant role in relief operations improvement. At this study, a web-based real time routing service based on open source technology has designed for 11th district of Tehran aiming to efficiency enhancement of relief teams at emergency conditions. In this service ANP model was used to evaluate increasing interaction between the factors, and since the purpose of this study was to find the best possible routs between two nodes by non-negative weight according to the main distance factor, Dijkstra's algorithm has been chosen as a proper routing algorithm. Open source languages, format, libraries and software such as HTML, CSS, AJAX, GeoJSON, PHP, OpenLayer, PostGIS were also used to design the service and applying online weightings, blocking each piece of routes and re-routing procedure without blocked traffics, implementation of server-side processing and reducing the volume of the client-side’s operations, being under the browser’s surveillance, no need to install any software and the ability to use it on any operating system can be named. According to the obtained results, the path’s length and traffic’s volume variables have the most important role in target function formation (travel cost) therefore the specific path will be selected as the optimal path, with the minimized distance between the destination and the traffic volume. Depending on the traffic volume severity changes, the optimal extracted route will be changed and the system has such ability to apply online weighting in order to instantaneous routing to reduce losses.

Drought is one of the environmental events and an inseparable part of climatic fluctuations. This phenomenon is one of the main characteristics of the various climates. Awareness of spatiotemporal behavior is effective in land planning. The spatial statistical methods provide the means by which they analyze the spatial patterns of random variables such as precipitation. In this study, using the rainfall data of 84 selected synoptic stations during the period of 30 years (1985 to 2014) in Iran, the spatial analysis of drought has been investigated. Initially, using SPI values (timescales 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 months), drought and traumatic periods of the area were identified and using the Geostatistic Analyst extension, the drought was zoned by interpolation methods. Moran statistics were used to explain the pattern of drought in Iran. The results of Moran index for drought showed that the values for different years during the statistical period have a positive and close to one, indicating that the SPI drought index data has spatial self-correlation and cluster pattern. Also, the results of Z score and P-value values, clustering of a spatial distribution of drought, were confirmed.