فصلنامه استراتژی راهبردی جنگل
پیاپی 4 (زمستان 1395)

Forest and rangelands in the Near East are closely inter-related natural resources¡ often found within the same ecosystem. The management of forest and rangelands in arid and semiarid lands¡ as silvicultural or silvo-pastoral systems provide goods and services which satisfy the diverse needs of society and lay the foundations of a strong rural economy. The aridity of the Near East Region¡ its low forest cover¡ and the poor quality of its rangelands¡ coupled with high deforestation rates and overgrazing in some countries¡ make natural forests and range systems vulnerable to further degradation and conseqently to excerbated soil erosion¡ loss of topsoil¡ desertification and lower carbon stocks-all of which lead to increased emissions of greenhouse gases(GHG)¡ and more rural poverty and migration to cities. The primary objective is to provide an overview of the actual status and potential of forests and rangelands¡ their potential contribution to national economies and their impact on dependent populations in the Near East.

Since gypsum affects on the soil physical¡ chemical and biological properties¡ so the presence of gypsum on soil behavior¡ including soil texture¡ is important. The aim of this study was to compare methods of soil texture determination; touching (field)¡ leaching¡ Hydromer and Hess¡ in the soils of Khoda afarin plain¡ Ardebil province¡ with an area about 21000 ha. For this purpose¡ soil samples collected from 20 soil profiles¡ with three replications and a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. The results showed that although the two methods of soil texture determination (leaching and Hess) had similar soil texture classes¡ but in the touching method¡ because large crystals of gypsum (sand sizes)¡ soil texture may be estimated more coarse. Also¡ Hydromer method resulted an error in measuring of soil texture¡ because the flocculation of fine particles. In the measuring by pre-treatment of BaCl2¡ the success of accurate estimation of soil texture depends on gypsum percent and particle size distribution of gypsum crystals. In the gypsum complete leaching method¡ soil texture class was usually heavier than other methods¡ so that¡ the variance analysis table showed that the effects of leaching and particles BaCl2 coating¡ on the soil particles percentage has been significant at 1% level. So¡ removing of gypsum in the precise measurement of soil texture is not correct¡ because gypsum constitute a major component of the solid material and remove it from the gypsic soils does not have a scientific justification and basis.

Birds have a role much higher than beawty in the nature. birdsare one of elements of the nature that have an important role in the echosistem. it has been much observed that seeds attached to the bird٬s body or dropped from thir mouth create green and beautiful farm. some parts of the birds body are used in medicine and pharmacy. in this article we introduce some birds in the poem of one of the Persian٬s poets. chractristics ¡environment and also the presence of the birds living for a better life for human beings are described. our more attention is to seeming beauties of the birds. while birds teach us nest making and mental concepts that are necessary for social life. the first creature that creates man٬s dream for flying were the birds. and the first creature that taugut Burial in the Abel٬s death by Cain was a bird. birds migration is a signal of season and climate changes. so birds having an important role in humans life¡ are much beautiful than beauty in the nature. this text considers more than 7 birds by witnessing to the Persian and investigation in great notables with a library stale and can be considered as a poetry description from bird٬s behavior in Farming and…by investigators.