Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology
Volume:12 Issue: 6, Jun 2019

Rotavirus (RV) is one of the major causes of acute gastroenteritis in infants. It is indispensable to demonstrate the relationship between the diversity and richness of gut microbiota and RV infection using more accurate and effective technology. To investigate the differences in fecal microbiota, lactic acid, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels between rotaviralinduced diarrhea (RD) infants and healthy (H) infants. The infants comprised of 25 infants aged few days to six months, who were in good health (n = 12) or diagnosed with rotavirus (n = 13). Fecal matter was analyzed with Illumina Miseq high-throughput sequencing technique targeting the 16s rRNA gene V3-V4 region. Lactic acids and SCFAs were measured by the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. Compared to H infants, the fecal samples in RD infants had lower Shannon diversity index and the bacteria richness (P < 0.05). A higher proportion of Proteobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae and Klebsiella, and lower abundances of Actinobacteria and Knoellia (P < 0.05) were detected in fecal samples of RD infants. The total SCFAs content of fecal samples showed no distinction between RD and H infants, yet lower levels of lactic acid were observed in fecal samples of RD infants. Rotaviral infection in infants led to an alteration of fecal microbiota and lactic acid concentration compared with healthy infants. Fecal microbiota and metabolite may advance the understanding and treatment of RD

The 3C protease is one of the most important proteases in enteroviruses which is responsible for several cleavages on viral polyproteins and maturation processes. Some reports indicated that this protease disrupts the interferon (IFN) signaling pathway; however, another report shows that 3C protease does not have such inhibitory effects on IFN signaling. In this study, a construction was designed consisting of 3C protease to test its effects on Interferon type I signaling pathway. The designed construction containing 3C protease was transfected to rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells for evaluation of its effects on interferon signaling pathway. Rhabdomyosarcoma cells were treated with Interferon  for 4 hours and then the expression of two ISGs including MxA and OAS were analyzed by real-time PCR. All the proteins in interferon type I signaling pathway were
also evaluated byWestern blot analysis. The results showed that 3C protease does not affect ISG expression after IFN induction.Western blot analysis also indicated that there is no difference in IFN pathway protein level between 3C protease treated and control groups. This report suggests that 3C protease alone does not have a significant effect on IFN pathway, in contrast to any of the previous reports

  Helicobacter pylori bacterium is responsible for gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric cancer, duodenal ulcer, and mucosal membrane lymphoma. There is a tremendous variety among H. pylori strains. By 2010, ten different populations of H. pylori were identified. The geographical differences between strains may be the explanation for the difference in prevalence of diseases associated
with H. pylori in some areas. Various methods have been developed, such as PFGE Southern Blot Analysis-Ribotyping Plasmid Analysis, Rep-PCR and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) for typing H. pylori. This study was conducted to investigate the molecular epidemiology and gene variation of H. pylori isolates from patients with gastroduodenal diseases using sequence typing of seventy structural genes. Two biopsy samples were taken from patients with gastrointestinal disorders. The urease test was performed on one of the samples, the other was cultured on Columbia agar with sheep blood, and then DNA was extracted. Seven structural genes were proliferated with designed primers and then were sequenced. The results were recorded on the MLST and Genbank, as well as the
allele numbers and sequence types were determined. Data were analyzed by MEGAv6 and START v2 software. The allele numbers and sequence types of H. pylori strains were unique, and were not recorded previously in the MLST database. The strains of H. pylori isolated from Kermanshah belonged to the hpEurop population. Due to the unique nature of strains and their various sequences, the strains were located in separate clones. Accordingly, none of them could handle the role of type strain in Kermanshah

Bloodstream infection due to Acinetobacter baumannii is characterized as a nosocomial infection,particularly occursin intensive care units (ICUs). It is an opportunistic bacterium,therefore,almost exclusively affects predisposed patients whohave undergone invasive procedures. We present a detailed clinical course of a persistent blood-stream infection due to A. baumannii. In this case,clinical remission was achieved after several treatments with combinations of sulbactam,containingcefoperazone sodium,sulbactam,carbapenems,minocycline,and aminoglycosides. Despite not achieving bacterial clearance,thetreatment presumably reduced the number of bacteria in the blood. Our findings shed light on the treatment of persistent bloodstreaminfection due to A. baumannii

Black and Yellow individuals of various ethnic populations may differ in the immunity to infectious diseases. Our study aimed to explore and compare the detailed production characteristics (protein, activity, and affinity) of antibodies against blood group (natural antibodies), hepatitisBvirus (HBV), and Salmonella typhi tofindthe differences in anti-infectious immunity between Black and Yellow populations. Serum samples of Black and Yellow healthy individuals were collected, diluted in serial dilutions, and several immunological methods were used. Entire antibody features of all antibodies were calculated, according to the results obtained for each
dilution. The affinity of natural antibodies, anti-HBs, and S. typhi O antibody was significantly higher among Black individuals than Yellow individuals (P < 0.05). The activity of all antibodies among Blacks was higher than Yellow individuals (P < 0.05). The protein content of all antibodies was significantly higher among Blacks (P < 0.05). Clearly, differences between Black and Yellow individuals for protein, activity, and affinity among different antibodies may lead to exploring the differences in anti-infectious immunity or understanding the incidence of infectious diseases among different races.

  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver infection, which may lead to liver cirrhosis, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma while about one-fourth of the infected patients recover spontaneously. The host immune response remains decisive in the outcomes of antiviral treatment. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the genes within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) cluster are associated with differential immune response and treatment outcomes. This study aimed to determine the association of SNPs in Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) and HLA genes (HLA-DRB1and HLA-DQB1) with the outcomes of HCV infection and anti-HCV therapy. The study included 245 HCV-infected patients visiting a tertiary care hospital, located in Islamabad, Pakistan. Viral quantificationandgenotyping were performed by real-timePCR. Twenty SNPs in TNF-, HLA-DRB1, andHLA-DQB1 were sequence-genotyped by the Sanger method in 180 patients. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to establish the association of SNPs with spontaneous clearance of the virus and response to anti-HCV therapy. Five out of 20 SNPs were novel. Allelic variants at three different locations (HLA-DRB1, rs2308802; HLA-DQB1,-8447, and HLADQB1,- 8471) showed significant associations with two groups of HCV patients receiving anti-HCV treatment (responsive and nonresponsive). Multivariate analyses disclosed that genotype A/A at HLA-DQB1 (-8471) was a significant predictor of positive response to treatment although in the presence of the variant at HLA-DRB1 (rs230880) (P = 0.004). However, no association was detected between the haplotypes constructed for the three sets of SNPs and different categories of patients. This study established a novel SNP HLA-DQB1(-8471) as an important predictor of an effective response to anti-HCV therapy in HCV-infected Pakistani patients. Prescreening of this variant before therapy would benefit HCV patients.

  Candida glabrata is an opportunistic yeast that has emerged as a cause of human fungal disease, and is a complex of three closely related species. Until now, there is not enough information about its virulence attributes. Moreover, its resistance to echinocandins has been documented, which is a cause of clinical concern. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro production of aspartyl proteinase, phospholipase, esterase, hemolysin, DNase, and coagulase in a subset of 107 Mexican clinical isolates of C. glabrata sensu stricto, as well as to determinate its echinocandin susceptibility. The enzymatic determinations were carried out in plate assays using specific substrates, excepting coagulase, which was determined by the classic tube test. Antifungal susceptibility testing was determined in accordance with the CLSI broth microdilution
method. Aspartyl proteinase, hemolysin, and phospholipase were detected in 100%, 95%, and 79% of isolates, respectively. Blood isolates were associated with a very strong activity of aspartyl proteinase and hemolysin, and those recovered from vaginal swabs were associated with very strong production of aspartyl proteinase, phospholipase, and hemolysin. All isolates were susceptible to
echinocandins, except one bloodstream isolate, which was resistant to echinocandins. A very strong activity of aspartyl proteinase and hemolysin was particularly associated with both, bloodstream, and vaginal swab isolates. Echinocandin resistance was rare