مجله چغندر قند
سال سی و سوم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1396)

In order to evaluate the genetic variation of drought tolerance-related traits in sugar beet half-sib families, two experiments including 37 half-sib families were conducted under normal and drought stress conditions using a randomized complete block design with three replications at Agricultural Research Station of Miandoab, Iran in 2014. Based on the results, significant difference was observed between normal and drought conditions for root yield, white sugar yield, sugar yield, cell membrane stability (P

Rhizomania is one of the most important diseases of sugar beet causing dramatic reduction in yield and quality. Because of the rapid spread of rhizomania in sugar beet fields, successful production of the crop is not possible without the use of highly tolerant cultivars. The aim of this study was to compare some of the agronomic characteristics of rhizomania-resistant hybrids with domestic and foreign commercial varieties. The study was carried out in randomized complete block design with four replications in four regions including Karaj, Mashhad, Miandoab and Zarghan in 2013-14. Seven promising hybrids together with three domestic (one susceptible and two tolerant) and two foreign cultivars as checks were evaluated. Different characteristics such as infection rate, growth score, root length and diameter, and also single root weight were measured. Infection rate was measured based on Luterbacher’s 1-9 scale. At harvest, roots were weighed and sugar content was determined. Infection rate results showed that roots produced in Karaj in 2014 and Miandoab in 2015 were free from the symptoms and therefore, these two regions were considered as non-contaminated environments. The highest rate of infection was observed in Zarghan in both years. Overall, (7112×SB36)×SB27 was selected as the superior hybrid in terms of root yield, sugar content, growth and root uniformity.

Cultivation of autumn sugar beet is considered as a proper solution for production of the crop in arid and semi–arid regions of Iran. In order to study the feasibility of growing autumn sugar beet in southern part of Khorasan Razavi province and to determine the best sowing and harvest dates, this study was conducted in split plot factorial design in Bardeskan city in 2008-09. The treatments consisted of two sowing dates including 23th September, 12th October in split plots, seven cultivars and three harvest dates including 5th May, 22th May, and 5th June in factorial plots. ANOVA results showed significant effects for sowing date and cultivar on root yield, white sugar yield, bolting percentage, sugar yield, purity, and molasses sugar. Harvest date had significant effect on all traits except purity. Sowing date × harvest date interaction had significant effect on all traits except root yield and bolting percentage. Sowing date × cultivar interaction as well as harvest date × cultivar interaction effects were significant for all traits except purity for which the harvest date × cultivar interaction was insignificant. The highest white sugar yield (5.17 t ha-1) was produced by Giada cultivar. The highest white sugar yield was achieved in 23th September sowing date and 5th June harvest date. The mean of bolting percentage in tolerant and susceptible cultivars was 2.65 and 71.24, respectively.

The purpose of this study was to determine yield-water use function of sugar beet in Qazvin city, and evaluation of empirical yield functions. The experiment was conducted at Feizabad Research Station for three years. Treatments were composed of four irrigation levels including 60 (E1), 90 (E2), 120 (E3) and 150 (E4) mm evaporation from class A pan, respectively. Since the effect of year on crop yield was significant, the treatments were labelled from T1 to T11 to compare the crop yield response coefficient based on monthly function. Results showed that the water requirement of sugar beet was equal to 1028 mm across the growth period with treatments T1 (74680 kg/ha) and T2 (23000 kg/ha) having the maximum and minimum yields, respectively. According to the statistical correspondence, the “proposed method” which estimates the amount of product response coefficient on the basis of monthly function, yielded the least root mean square of standard error (RMSE) and normalized root mean square of standard error (NRMSE) and as well as the highest agreement index (d) and correlation coefficient (R2). As a result, the monthly power function method is recommendable. Using monthly function method, the crop yield response coefficient for April, May, June, July, August and September was equal to 0.6, 0.6, 1.35, 1.35, 0.83 and 0.6, respectively and for the initial growth, development, Middle, and final growth stages was to 0.6, 0.8, 1.35 and 0.6, respectively with an average of 0.89 for the total growth period. Finally, using the monthly function and coefficients, an optimal water distribution program for various conditions of water shortage was presented.

In order to evaluate the role of mulch of cover crop (barley) in two systems of, seedbed preparation in autumn and in spring, on weed biomass and qualitative and quantitative yield of sugar beet, a strip split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted in Karaj (2012-13 & 2013-14). The treatments consisted of five different seedbed preparation and barley mulch including sole cropping in autumn (b1), barley mulch applied in furrow in autumn-sowing (b2) and both in furrow and hill (b3), sole cropping in spring (b4), and barley mulch applied in furrow in spring-sown sugar beet cropping. Individual plots included 8 rows with a length and width of 25 and 4 m, respectively. Each row was divided into three parts comprising sole cropping at the beginning (hand weeding, w1), weed infested control at the middle (no weed control over the growing season, w2), and chemical control at the end (using selective herbicides). Green and cover crop biomass in autumn seedbed preparation were immediately dried by Paraquat herbicide application and were incorporated to the soil, but for spring seedbed treatments, selective herbicide was used. The results of combined analysis traits showed that the competition of natural weeds of the field significantly affected root yield, sugar yield and white sugar yield. The reduction of more than 50% of root yield (32.12 t/ha), sugar yield (4.75 t/ha) and white sugar yield (3.63 t/ha) in the infested weed control treatment compared to the weed free showed a high potential damage of weeds in sugar beet fields. In the seedbed system in autumn, which sugar beet seed was drilled directly in spring, the addition of barley to become mulch reduced root yield by 13% in the fall row method and 19% in the fall method compared to the control treatment preparation of seed bed in autumn without barley (with root yield 57.55 t / ha). Considering no significant difference between sole cropping in spring (spring control) with low tillage of sole cropping in autumn (autumn control) for quantitive and qualitative yield of sugar beet suggests that by preparing the seedbed in the autumn, it is possible for early drilling sugar beet and make optimal use of the potential of the area.

Standard seed percentage and mechanical viability are important characteristics in sugar beet seed production. In this study, effects of environmental factors and maternal parent on seed yield, mechanical viability percentage, germination percentage, and conversion coefficient of 10 sugar beet single crosses were evaluated. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with four replications in Ardabil, Firuzkuh and Karaj in 2014. Single cross materials were produced from the cross of 10 male sterile lines with one o-type line. Combined analysis of variance results indicated that maternal parent × environment interaction had significant effect on raw seed yield, standard seed size yield, marketable seed yield, conversion coefficient, mechanical viability before seed processing, and percent weight of standard seed. Both environment and maternal parent influenced percent weight of standard seed, mechanical viability percentage after winnowing as well as germination percentage. However, filled clusters percentage was only affected by environment. Before seed processing, mechanical viability percentage was 90.41, 69.73, and 40.91% in Karaj, Ardabil, and Firuzkuh, respectively. As a consequence, marketable seed yield and conversion coefficient results in Karaj and Ardabil showed significant superiority to Firuzkuh. Results indicated that environment had significant effect (p

In order to evaluate the mixing efficiency of desmedipham (7.1%) phenmedipham (9.1%) ethofumesate (11.2%) with Betanal Progress-OF®, chloridazon and clopyralid (control) in controlling purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.), black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) in sugar beet fields, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 54 treatments and three replications at Research Field of Faculty of Agriculture of Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran in 2014. The treatments consisted of separate application and mixture of the above-mentioned herbicides with five mixing ratios including 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100. Results showed that application of desmedipham phenmedipham ethofumesate in separate and in different mixtures could efficiently control the purslane and black nightshade weeds. Separate application of chloridazon or clopyralid and also in mixtures in which the above-mentioned herbicides had a higher ratio had a lower efficiency in reducing the biomass of weeds. The efficiency of different herbicides in the control of redroot pigweed and common lambsquarters was less than purslane and black nightshade and it seems that these two weeds are more able to survive when exposure to herbicides. The highest (39.88 t ha-1) and lowest (36.98 t ha-1) root yield of sugar beet in each plot of chloridazon and clopyralid was observed in 50:50 ratio of desmedipham phenmedipham ethofumesate mixture and clopyralid alone, respectively. No significant effect of herbicide application on sugar beet damage was observed and sugar beet plants were able to compensate for the damage. Therefore, it can be said that the mixture of herbicides inhibiting photosynthesis and lipid synthesis with other herbicide groups not only increase the efficiency of these treatments but also prevents the yield reduction and occurrence of herbicide resistance in sugar beet fields.

Sugar beet seed plays an important role in the transmission of beneficial or detrimental bacteria. To identify and evaluate the effects of sugar beet seed-associated bacteria on seed germination, cleaned but not disinfected seeds were provided from Sugar Beet Research Department at Hamadan Agricultural Research Center. A total of 80 endophyte and epiphyte bacterial strains were isolated from the seeds. Based on the protein pattern and according to Laemmli method, three representative electrotypes were selected and their biochemical and molecular characteristics were evaluated. Based on the biochemical test results and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene of the representative strains Stenotrophomonas rhizophila and Pseudomonas geniculata were identifiedas epiphytic and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia as endophytic species, respectively. To perform seed germination test, three different groups were generated based on the strain effect on seed germination. Seed germination test was conducted based on the inoculation of five representative strains from each group in completely randomized design with four replications. Each replication included a Petri dish containing 10 seeds. Results showed that seeds inoculated by S. maltophilia strain had the highest germination percentage (90), germination rate (0.0174 per hour), shoot fresh weight (100 mg), radicle fresh weight (126.2 mg), shoot dry weight (50 mg), radicle dry weight (43.7 mg), shoot length (6.5 cm), radicle length (8 cm), and the lowest seed uniformity compared with control. In order to improve germination indices and seedling growth, it is recommended to inoculate sugar beet seed with S. maltophilia bacterium.

To determine armyworm species in sugar beet fields in Isfahan, monthly or biweekly sampling of lepidopteran larvae or pupae from soil or beet leaves was conducted in Abrisham town of Isfahan, Iran in 2014. Samples were sent to the laboratory and their DNA was extracted after reaching adult stage and morphological identification was performed. Afterward, a region of the Cytochrome Oxidase I gene was PCR amplified using Lep – F / R primers and was sent to Macrogen Inc. company (Seoul, Korea) for sequencing. The amplified segment alignment and its BlAST with the sequences available in NCBI showed that among the identified samples, only one sample had 100% similarity with Anarta trifolii (hufnagel, 1766) sample from Canada. Species composition of noctuids was determined by collecting 476 larvae or pupae in 10 sampling times. Spodoptera exigua (42.65%) and A. trifolii (38.45%) had the highest frequency of noctuid species.