فصلنامه پژوهش های دانش انتظامی
سال نوزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 76، زمستان 1396)

For maintaining social security and fulfilling their intrinsic duties, police are obliged to forbidding others and exercising power, which in some cases require the use of firearms. The consequence of the use of weapons may be the financial or human damages in the community that result in the discussion of the responsibility of the police. To eliminate the responsibility of the police or officers, in addition to factors such as the command of law, legal order or legitimate defense, a preventive warning is cited. In the case of civil liability, the warning can be considered as an independent factor in resolving responsibility and a complete defense. The purpose of this article is to review the rule of warning and its effectiveness in removing police responsibility by emphasizing the harmful consequences of using weapons and shooting.

The study is of a descriptive-analytic type and its findings are based on the library resources and jurisprudence of the Iranian judiciary.

The Iranian legislator's approach, although on the legislative path, is not the rule of the warning as presented in this paper, but in many laws and regulations, especially the law on the use of weapons to avoid danger, warning words and its implications have been used and warning is one of the necessary regulations for the use of weapons, so that, if these rules are complied with, the police are not responsible for the use of force and shooting at the loss. The lack of police responsibility based on the rule of warning can break the relationship between the conventional citation between a harmful act and a loss. In the proceedings of the Courts of Justice, there are many indications that the rule of warning, along with other regulations, has the implicit role of eliminating the responsibility of the police, as well as proving the fault and responsibility of the individuals.

Crime is a sensitive and problematic issue, and offenders are reluctant to report some of their behaviors and confessions of guilt, so standard tools are needed to measure them. In this regard, in order to investigate the tendency towards crime and violence in individuals, the present study was conducted with the aim of standardizing crime and violence scale (CVS).

To this end, using a descriptive cross-sectional study, 464 subjects were selected through a convenient (available) sampling method among the clients of Evin Prison and Tehran's Rehabilitation Center.

Content validity was calculated using two indicators of content validity Relative Coefficient (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI), based on which item 1 was not valid and therefore was removed from the questionnaire. To assess the fitting of the model the relative chi-square indices, the good fit index, the adaptive good fit index, the mean square error estimate, the standardized fit index, the fit index of increase, the Tucker-Lewis fit index, and the adaptive fit index were employed that showed the fit of the model. The results of factor analysis showed that the quadratic pattern had acceptable fit with the data and the factor load of all factors except the factors 9 and 25 was moderate and strong. Cronbach's alpha coefficients also showed that the CVS scale is highly reliable. In sum, the results of this study showed that this questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for investigating the crime and violence among the offenders.

Emotional intelligence is one of the personal attributes associated with people's success in coping with sudden environmental pressures. The purpose of this study was to compare the emotional intelligence of efficient and inefficient individuals in five missionary groups of police force.

The present research is of an applied research study in terms of the purpose and in terms of method it is a survey study. The statistical population of the study consisted of all police officers in 2016 and 2017, and the sample size was set at 793 individuals. EQ-i questionnaire was used for collecting data. Inferential statistics and t-test were used to test the research questions.

The results showed that there is a significant difference between the emotional intelligence scales among the efficient and inefficient people, the total score of emotional intelligence, interpersonal skills, intrapersonal skills, stress control and general mood. Also, there is no significant difference between the two groups in terms of compatibility. In criminal investigation group, there is a significant difference between the total score of emotional intelligence with intrapersonal skill and general mood, and in border guard group the total score of emotional intelligence with interpersonal skills and general mood, and in traffic police group the interpersonal skill, and there is no significant difference between the two efficient and inefficient groups in police intelligence group. Considering the findings, and given that increased emotional intelligence is an effective way to increase the efficiency of individuals, training emotional intelligence should be taken into considerations for police in different disciplines.

The proper response to the criminal offenses of children and adolescents is a major concern in every criminal system, among which the response of the police authorities has a decisive role, that is, the response of the police authorities, on the one hand, can lead to disadvantages such as tagging and recidivism, and, on the other hand, through the creation of shame rehabilitation, it would lead to reforming and returning to society. In this context, although studies have been conducted on juvenile delinquency, with the approach of how effective is police officers respond to the reform and return to society or the degeneration of the future of children and juvenile delinquency, no research has been done. Therefore, with the aim of explaining the function of traditional and restorative police in the creation of shame rehabilitation and the return of juvenile children and adolescents to society, this issue has been addressed.

In terms of its objectives, this study is of an applied research type and in terms of its nature it has addressed the issue via content analysis; and the necessary information has been collected in the documentary and library studies on legal and criminology books, scientific journals, dissertations, theses, laws and regulations of Iran and other countries. Finally, using the results of research in other countries, some strategies for police role in the shame rehabilitation of child and adolescent offenders were presented. Findings and

The results of this study show that restorative police with its power and authority (such as the judiciary) can avoid the entry of young offenders into a formal process of retaliation and returning them to the community, while the traditional police with repressive measures and entry of children and adolescents into the formal process of etaliation causes a tagging shame and eventually destroys the child's future and leads to crime.

The majority of studies in the field of situational crime prevention have addressed general concepts, regardless of the specialty related to space design. The present study seeks to explore and develop architectural solutions for crime prevention at the residential unit level, taking into account the different levels of residential space.

In terms of its purpose this research is of an applied study, and in terms of methodology, it is a survey study. The statistical population of this research includes all residents of Rasht's residential complexes. Among them, three residential complexes were selected using purposive sampling method, namely "Rasht Mehr Housing ", "Basijian Talesh Housing" and "Rasht Orkid Golsar Housing". By distributing 1000 valid and reliable questionnaires (0.80), among the residents, 259 questionnaires were collected and data were analyzed using SPSS software.

The findings of the research indicate that the preventive measures of design to reduce the occurrence of crime at the residential unit level are more meaningful based on the principle of access control, therefore architectural solutions of crime prevention at the residential unit level are designed in order to prevent the intrusion of the delinquent through strengthening the access areas of the unit (such as balconies, windows, inlets, etc.). It should be noted that the solutions derived from other principles of crime prevention through architecture are less successful for various reasons, such as the residents' reluctance to see the space inside the residential unit (the principle of natural surveillance), the impossibility of increasing the territoriality of the inhabitants of the unit through design due to lack of general arena (territory) and the conflict with the confidentiality of the spaces within the unit (the principle of audibility).

Drug offenses are being committed in a number of new and varied ways. This has put police and judicial authorities into some problems in the process of crime detection and its reasons, and has urged criminal justice and police officers to employ methods such as covered operations to discover and prove the crime. Given the silence of the law on the legitimacy of such acts, the purpose of this article is to examine the legal status and scope of covered operations in the criminalistics of drug offenses.

In terms of its objectives this research is of an applied study and of a qualitative type and in terms of its methodology it is descriptive-analytical. The data have been extracted and analyzed in a documentary and library studies on legal and Islamic books. Findings and

The findings of this study showed that according to the existing legal rules, including the rule of emergency, the rule of dispossession to corrupt, the principle of conflict and the rule of law, the covered operation in the discovery of narcotic crimes is permissible from the legal point of view.

Political culture is defined as a specific distribution of attitudes, values, feelings, information and attitudes toward political system and structure. Research on political culture, in addition to providing the key to understanding the construction of politics and other structures, is also useful for further studying the behaviors of other political actors. The purpose of this paper is to assess the political orientations of the female students of the Payam-e Noor University of Sanandaj and its relationship with the status of participation in police affairs and issues.

The method of this research is descriptive-analytic using a survey technique. The statistical population of this study was all students of Payam-e Noor University in Sanandaj and the sample size included 310 students based on simple random sampling.

Findings show that the dominant political culture of Payam-e-Noor students in Sanandaj is a subordinate type and the variables such as religious orientation, socio-economic status and field of study have a significant effect on the students' political culture. The findings also indicate the causal effect (28.3) of the variable of the student's political culture on the status and motivation of participation in police affairs and issues.

In spite of the widespread influence of cyberspace on both macro (Government) and micro (citizens) levels, its security provision is also focused attent6tion. Although all criminal activities in cyberspace are not the same in terms of the subject matter, criminal motive, the significance and effects of the conduct, but because all criminal behavior disturbs some kind of security in this area, they are in line with delinquent behaviors in the real space. Some criminal behavior in cyberspace also directly targets a country's security, critical infrastructure, or sensitive information. Therefore, in addition to the necessity of combating cyber threats, the executive agencies of the country, especially the police need legislation in order to implement the criminal policy adopted by the legislature to adequately respond to these behaviors and ensure its security; meanwhile, the challenges ahead require to be examined.

The method of this research is document-based in terms of collecting data, and the documents were collected from libraries and electronic publications. It is a descriptive-analytical one also.

Although legislative policies in the area of virtual space security explain offenses and criminal responses to some extent, many of the action-based measures require policy making and determination of duties for executive agencies. On the other hand, doctrinal and ideological obstacles, ambiguity in criteria governing policy making, weakness of executive agencies and technical access, lack of inclination of private and public sectors to collaborate with police, structural limitations and imbalance in utilizing technologies have prevented the development of a coherent and comprehensive approach to counteracting cyber threats.