فصلنامه تاریخ روابط خارجی
پیاپی 49 (زمستان 1390)

Techniques intermediate between idea and action, special in the world politic technique organize public affair and without technology of power, no different between politics and Illusions. Diplomacy one of technique that could manage foreign affair. end of the Qajar era was decline technology power special in the tradition governmentality. For affirmation this thesis we analysis first visit to Europe naseradinshah according to method phenomenology. Key indicators of Itinerary naseradinshah are following:1-tyrany and power Pastor2- Patriarchy3- Handy technology (act Routine)4- Not respect the customary diplomatic5-metaphisic destiny

Safavids formation and adjacent with Ottoman Empire, make the relations and occasions between this two powerful government inevitable in 10th century. Religious differences create stress between them and the advocates, especially in boundary areas. Nevertheless, presence a powerful government for Ottoman Empire evicted it from being peremptory power in that locate. One of the important issues between these two states was refugees. Refugees were a group of people that were wanted and under Prosecution by their government. At the same time with the rise of Safavie’s Shah Ismail and consolidation the basis of his state, the difference between sons for King's successor raised in the Ottoman and one of the sons when couldn’t achieves to his purpose, he joined to Safavids court. In present research, the issues about Murad Ottoman prince refugee and his attention to Iran is studied. This can be the reason for creating new objects in political occasions and diplomatic relations. Also the results of this political act will investigate in this study.

Rulling of bani gheisar native tribs، kish Island was considered as the center of Persian gulf،s trade and economy in mongol era. all the changes in kish affect the area around or far Lands. The purpose of this article is gust to study the economical changes of kish and its top position in sea trade in Mongols era and also after bani gheisar ruling to the area. There fore kish has kept its economical importance not only in the rulling era of bani gheisar and after the mean time، but also kish has influenced an economical changes of iran، the northern and southern coasts of Persian gulf and also the far lands up to the present time.

The oasis of khwarazm, having native rulers (called khwarazm shahs) and enjoying domestic independence, has always been politically a part of iran, And only during the Mongols invasion it disintegrated from this countr. during the ruling time of tamer lane and safawid dynasty again it united with Iran though in a different manner. Almost coinciding with the decline of safawid and arabshahids of khwarazm, once more, the political unity and domestic security of Iran ruined and so it raised competition for power among political leaders and military commandars from the four – corners of the country including khwarazm. So,(exclusive of ruling of nadir shah) for about hundred years, political diversities and unrests continued. However, with the advent of Qajar dynasty, peace and unity were reestablished in the country. Simultaneously, the same condition took place in khwarazm with the dynasty of bani oynaq coming to its power. This article, after all, intends to not only have an eye upon the domestic upheavals of khwarazm but to figure out how bani oynaqs(qanqorats) came to power. Moreover, the article is directed to examine the quality of the relationship between qanqorat´s noble (khans) and Qajar government in order to determine how the two sides kept their traditional connection or how this relationship altered thereafter.

The importance of the land of Iran as an area near open waters of the Indian Ocean and a connecting link between the East and the West has been recorded by the western powers, particularly Russia and Britain. The Russian intentions of encroaching upon the Persian Gulf and India, and British policies in safeguarding their position and bases in India and the PersianGulf were among the major reasons for their influence and involvements in Iranian statesmen’s policy-making during the Qajar period. Their competition in obtaining political and economic concessions would cause tensions in Iran which had turned the country into a semi-colonized nation due to the weakness of Iran’s central government. These tensions, and particularly the presence of new powers in an area that was later called the Middle East, such as Germany prompted Russia and Britain to agree on their common interests in Iran to divide it into two areas under their influence. This alliance, indeed, violated Iran’s government’s as well as nation’s political rights and independence. Despite the two parties’ justification that they would respect Iran’s independence and territorial entity, they encroached upon Iran’s national interests within a framework of their political self-made regulations, without considering Iranian government’s views in a written form.Thus, by referring to the background of the British expansionist policy, this paper surveys the grounds and consequences of 1907 Agreement as well as the reactions of the government, newly established Consultative Assembly, and Iranian nation based on a number of documents obtained from the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

The Imperial Bank of Iran [Persia] was established with a concession from the government of Iran to Baron Julius de Reuter with the help of Mirza Malkom Khan and Amin’ol Soltan in 1989.The Imperial Bank benefited from the vacuum in the field of Iranian banking and used Iranian stagnant investments for its own benefits. In addition to the usual activities, the bank was acting as a tool to advance political and economic interests of British government. The establishment of the Imperial Bank of Iran must be attributed to both external and internal factors. The development of imperialistic policies of Britain on the one hand and the tendency of Iranian governors in obtaining European civilization to make countrywide reforms on the other hand were effective in the establishment of the Imperial Bank of Iran. In fact, these two complementary theories were effective in the establishment of the Bank. The research methodology adopted is descriptive-analytic. In this regard, the article is intended to examine each factor in terms of existing theories on the basis of library findings and discuss the reasons of its formation.