نشریه جستارهای اقتصادی ایران
پیاپی 26 (پاییز و زمستان 1395)

This paper tries to evaluate the issue of monetary policy making in the interbank return rate corridor and the possibility of using this model in the context of Islamic banking in Iran. The results, which are extracted based on an analytical-descriptive approach, show that the conventional instrument of standing facilities are not Sharia-compliant and cannot be used in an Islamic context. However, it is quite possible to use the potentials of Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh) to come up with Islamic alternatives for conventional instruments. In this paper, six Islamic instruments are suggested for designing the interbank return rate corridor in the Iranian banking system. It seems that the usage of these instruments can help the Iranian central bank to design the interbank return rate corridor and to strengthen the interbank market. This paper tries to evaluate the issue of monetary policy making in the interbank return rate corridor and the possibility of using this model in the context of Islamic banking in Iran.

One of the main strategies in all economies, developed or developing, to create stability and guarantee a long-run economic growth is to rely on high-tech export and knowledge-based economy. These would also reduce macroeconomic risks and possible vulnerabilities of an endogenous economy. This article studies the effects of knowledge-based economy on the endogenous aspects of the Iranian economy. After reviewing the literature of and major theoretical studies on resilient economy, it demonstrates that the level of high-tech exports is a key indicator for a knowledge-based economy. It uses two indices to describe the endogenous aspects of the Iranian economy. The simple index relates to the non-oil growth in the Iranian economy. The article also proposes a composite index to show how knowledge-based economy contributes to the resilience of the economy. The proposed index consists of the portion of the budget deficit, tax revenues and oil income in the whole government budget.
It concludes that in the non-oil economic growth model, the estimated elasticity of simple index of the endogenous economy to knowledge-based economy index in the period 1987-2013 is significant with a positive coefficient of 0.21 percentages. Additionally, by using the composite index as a dependent variable, the elasticity would be significant with a positive coefficient of 0.76 percentages.

Economic stabilization as one of the objectives of macroeconomic needs efficient financial and monetary institutions. That is why literature of central bank independency and international experiences in this field became more important and relevant. However, conventional indices of the independency of monetary authority do not due to any Islamic jurisprudential rules related to banking. Therefore, the Islamic banking system needs a new approach for estimation of the independency degree of the monetary authority. In the present study, initially, international experiences on the central bank independency are mentioned. Then, by explanation of the word Gharar it is shown that the scope of the jurisprudential rule of denying Gharar is not only in the field of transaction contractions, but rather in monetary policy. Because future monetary policies concerning the increase or decrease in inflation, effect on the present value of agencies, a monetary policy based on Gharar increases the uncertainty of agents’ behaviors and increases their expected inflation or recession. Then, by classification of the degree of Gharar grounded monetary policy based on certainty, suspicion on, doubt, illusion and complete uncertainty of agencies to monetary authority, in an augmented Philips curve, we prove that, increasing in the degree of Gharar based monetary policy leads to the a mounting increase of inflation. So, the object of stabilization would lead to fail. Finally, we present a pattern for formation of independent monetary authority based on classification of degree of Gharar based monetary policy.

The problem of devaluation in case of inflation has caused the efficiency of fixed income bonds decreases. The high inflation rate in Iran during recent years and inflexibility of bonds payable have resulted in undesirable consequences. The effects of inflexibility of interest rate in bonds include the lack of attractiveness of securities for investment, increased costs for the issuance, the burden of financing projects on the banking system and ignorance of the real rights of investors. Inflation linked bonds are securities that link the return on securities with an inflation index such as consumer price index and this way not only keeps power purchase of investors in high inflation conditions, but also decreases financing costs for issuer in conditions with decreased inflation expectations. These bonds could be a very useful tool for countries with significant inflation rates. The main question in this study is “is it possible to design inflation linked Islamic securities according to Islamic jurisprudence?” this research surveys two types of Sukuks include inflation linked Ijarah and Musharakah Sukuk. Based on results of this research it’s possible to design inflation linked Ijarah and Musharakah Sukuk in the view of Islamic jurisprudence. This study for floating Ijarah Sukuk uses sequential Ijarah contract that provided under the first Ijarah contract and floating rate of return is determined based on specific formula for future periods. Also in Musharakah Sukuk we can float on account proceeds based on specific formula or by using embedded options in Sukuk structure.

According to Iranian Constitution, Oil and Gas are classified under Anfal. Conservation in production of oil is the most important criterion in exploitation of oil resources which affects all phases of exploration, appraisal, and development and production of oil from a reservoir. Despite the passage of more than hundred years of oil production in Iran, there have been no rules, regulation or any regulation for conservation in production of oil other than its definition in the amendment to the Oil Law of the year 1366. Studies show that variety of reasons including the complexity of technical and economic calculations, heavy investment volume, achievement of results in the long term, serious uncertainties with regard to the results of EOR programs, and asymmetry and conflict of interest between contracting parties cause the factors which lead to market failure, such as huge economies of scale, asymmetric information and its resulting problems, i.e. moral hazards and adverse selection, and externalities, clearly affect the conservation programs to exploit the oil reserves and several evidences resulting from contracts to develop Iranian oil and gas fields confirm these facts. Therefore, it is necessary to deal with such issues and decision making should occur in at sovereignty position of the government other than the company level.

The gap between national savings and investment demands prompts necessity for foreign direct investment among many developing countries to achieve macro-economic goals. In these countries, along with capital shortages there also exist a massive misdistribution of income. This paper studies the impact of foreign direct investment on income distribution in developing countries using a dynamic panel method for the period 1990-2014. Moreover, for Iran’s economy, the long-run relationships between variables are tested using ARDL method for the period 1981-2015, the results of which give even more support to the accuracy of findings in the panel data method. The findings of this study indicate a significant and positive impact of FDI on Gini coefficient. In addition, Kuznets hypothesis in nonlinear model in the upper middle income countries was confirmed but in the lower middle income countries has not been achieved. Variables such as government expenditure and the GDP growth in the upper middle income countries has significant positive effect on Gini coefficient and also tax, employment and trade openness have improved income distribution. Policy recommendations have thereof prescribed.

According to Iranian Constitution, Oil and Gas are classified under Anfal. Conservation in production of oil is the most important criterion in exploitation of oil resources which affects all phases of exploration, appraisal, and development and production of oil from a reservoir. Despite the passage of more than hundred years of oil production in Iran, there have been no rules, regulation or any regulation for conservation in production of oil other than its definition in the amendment to the Oil Law of the year 1366. Studies show that variety of reasons including the complexity of technical and economic calculations, heavy investment volume, achievement of results in the long term, serious uncertainties with regard to the results of EOR programs, and asymmetry and conflict of interest between contracting parties cause the factors which lead to market failure, such as huge economies of scale, asymmetric information and its resulting problems, i.e. moral hazards and adverse selection, and externalities, clearly affect the conservation programs to exploit the oil reserves and several evidences resulting from contracts to develop Iranian oil and gas fields confirm these facts. Therefore, it is necessary to deal with such issues and decision making should occur in at sovereignty position of the government other than the company level.