فهرست مطالب

مجله پژوهش های مدیریت عمومی
پیاپی 42 (زمستان 1397)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1397/12/01
  • تعداد عناوین: 12
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  • ابوالحسن فقیهی، آرین قلی پور*، محمد ابویی اردکان، حسن قالیباف اصل، اصغر اسدی صفحات 5-31
    فرهنگ ریسک، از موضوعات جدیدی است که پس از وقوع بحران های مالی وارد ادبیات مدیریت ریسک شده است. درحالیکه پژوهش های متعددی در خصوص مدل های کمی مدیریت ریسک صورت گرفته، با وجود این، جنبه های رفتاری مدیریت ریسک، که در مفهوم فرهنگ ریسک تجلی می یابد، نیازمند تلاش های فکری، توسعه تئوری ها و انجام پژو هش های بیشتری است. هدفاصلیاینپژوهش شناسایی ابعاد و مولفه های فرهنگ ریسک در راستای دستیابی به مقیاسی برایشناساییوسنجش فرهنگ ریسک است. از سوی دیگر یک گام مهم و حیاتی در هر پژوهشی تصمیم گیری در خصوص مولفه های مناسب هر سازه است. نگه داشتن مولفه های نامناسب و حذف مولفه های با اهمیت جهت گیری مطالعات را گمراه می سازد. در این پژوهش شیوه دلفی فازی به عنوان یکی از فنون تحلیل علمی برای دستیابی به اتفاق نظر میان اعضای پنل برای تعیین مولفه ها و ابعاد فرهنگ ریسک بکار برده شده است. این روش ابهام، تنوع و تفاوت دیدگاه ها را در میان آنها کاهش می دهد و با دادن اطمینان از اینکه آیا داده های جمع آوری شده از اعتبار لازم برخوردار هستند، کیفیت مولفه های انتخاب شده را افزایش می دهد. بدین منظور پرسشنامه ای با بهره گیری از نتایج پژوهش های پیشین تدوین و برای اعضای پنل که شامل مدیران ریسک نظام بانکی بودند ارسال شد. روش دلفی فازی دراین پژوهش درمجموع در دو دور به انجام رسید. اعضای پنل دلفی در مجموع 56 مولفه، 13 بعد فرعی و 4 بعد اصلی را به عنوان ابعاد و مولفه های فرهنگ ریسک در صنعت بانکداری تشخیص دادند. 2 مولفه نیز به عنوان نتایج ملموس فرهنگ ریسک شناسایی شد.
    کلیدواژگان: ریسک، مدیریت ریسک، فرهنگ ریسک، فازی، دلفی فازی
  • محمد جواد دهقان اشکذری*، طاهره میرعمادی، سید سپهر قاضی نوری، قاسم رمضان پور نرگسی صفحات 33-60
    این مقاله به تحلیل آن دسته از نظریه های نگرش نظام نوآوری می پردازد که بر شناخت بعد بین المللی این نظام ها تمرکز دارند. مطالعات نظری و تجربی در خصوص بین المللی سازی نظام های نوآوری از اواخر دهه اول قرن بیست و یک، رو به گسترش نهاد. در این مقاله با استفاده از روش تحلیل محتوای کیفی، 39 اثر پژوهشی که از سال 1991 تا سال 2017 در این زمینه منتشر شده ، مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. رویکرد روش تحلیل محتوا قیاسی بوده و برای مقوله بندی ساخت یافته، از مفاهیم چهارگانه نظام های نوآوری (ملی، منطقه ای، بخشی، فناورانه) و رویکردهای بین المللی سازی استفاده شده است. پس از سازمان دهی و تجزیه و تحلیل داده های گردآوری، مقاله به این نتیجه می رسد که می توان ادبیات بین المللی سازی نظام های نوآوری را به 8 گونه مختلف تقسیم کرد. همچنین در سال های اخیر یک همگرایی بین گونه های مختلف بین المللی سازی مشاهده می شود که نمونه بارز آن مفهوم «نظام نوآوری جهانی» است. ادبیات بررسی شده، در خصوص کشورهای تازه صنعتی شده، به عنوان الگوهای موفق، نشان می دهد که این کشورها برای پر کردن شکاف و رسیدن به توسعه یافتگی، نگرش نظام های نوآوری را به همراه مشارکت بین المللی و حضور در شبکه های جهانی تولید و زنجیره های جهانی ارزش به کار برده اند.
    کلیدواژگان: نظام نوآوری، سیستم نوآوری، جهانی شدن، بین المللی سازی، گونه شناسی
  • فاطمه کبیری، علیرضا موغلی* صفحات 61-81
    هدف پژوهش حاضر، مقایسه ی میزان مهارت های افزایش دهنده ی گرایش کارآفرینی در نظام آموزش عالی بوده است. این پژوهش از لحاظ هدف، کاربردی و از نظر روش، توصیفی- پیمایشی می باشد. جامعه ی آماری پروژه 27969  استاد و دانشجوی سال آخر در رشته ها ودانشگاه های مختلف شهرستان شیراز بوده است. در این پژوهش، ابزار مطالعه ی میدانی شامل پرسشنامه و مصاحبه بوده و ویژگی های فنی پرسشنامه نیز در دو بخش روایی و پایایی با استفاده از معیارهای مختلف ارزیابی گردیده است. نمونه آماری 1367  نفر از اساتید و دانشجویان سال آخر در رشته ها و دانشگاه های مختلف شیراز بوده است. براساس قانون نسبت تعداد نمونه برای هر گروه آموزشی تعیین و سپس پرسشنامه ها به صورت تصادفی ساده نظامدار در بین نمونه توزیع شده اند، در نهایت به منظور تحلیل داده ها از نرم افزارهای اس پی اس اس و اکسل استفاده گردیده است. یافته ها نشان داده اند که میزان گرایش کارآفرینی در دانشجویان بسیار پایین بوده و از نظر پاسخگویان بهبود مهارت های خاص می توانند در افزایش میزان گرایش کارآفرینی موثر واقع شوند، نتایج همچنین نشان داده اند که وضعیت فعلی دانشگاه ها در زمینه ی مهارت های افزایش دهنده ی گرایش کارآفرینی و عملکرد و اقدامات دانشگاه ها در زمینه ی بهبود این مهارت ها بسیار ضعیف بوده و مقایسه ی نظر پاسخگویان در مورد این مهارت ها با وضعیت فعلی دانشگاه ها در زمینه ی مهارت های مذکور و همچنین عملکرد و اقدامات دانشگاه ها در زمینه بهبود مهارت ها اختلاف معنا داری را نشان دادند.
    کلیدواژگان: مهارت، گرایش کارآفرینی، نظام آموزش عالی
  • علی اصغر تباوار* صفحات 83-102
    تاثیر صنعت گردشگری بر ابعاد اقتصادی، فرهنگی و سیاسی کشور بر کسی پوشیده نیست. ایجاد اشتغال، به جریان انداختن سرمایه های اقتصادی، افزایش تقاضای سفر خارجی از آثار مثبت گردشگری است. هدف پژوهش حاضر، تحلیل عوامل موثر بر ارتباطات بازاریابی یکپارچه و ارائه راهکارهایی برای بهبود تجربه مشتریان در صنعت گردشگری ساحلی چابهار است. این پژوهش از نظر هدف کاربردی و به لحاظ روش اجرا یک پژوهش پیمایشی است. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل کلیه گردشگرانی است که  آبان 1396 تا شهریور 1397به شهرستان چابهار سفر کرده اند. تعداد نمونه که با روش نمونه گیری خوشه ایتصادفی انتخاب شدند برای گردشگران 385 نفر بودند که در مجموع 400 پرسشنامه پخش شد که 385 پرسشنامه برگردانده شد. به منظور جمع آوری داده ها از ابزار پرسشنامه استفاده شده است که برای این منظور از دو پرسشنامه محقق ساخته تاثیر ابعاد ارتباطات بازاریابی یکپارچه بر بهبود تجربه مشتریان در صنعت گردشگری ساحلی استفاده شد. به منظور تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از آزمون متناسب آماری (رگرسیون و فریدمن) استفاده شد. طبق یافته های این پژوهش، متغیر مستقل ارتباطات بازاریابی یکپارچه تاثیر مثبت و معناداری بر متغیر وابسته بهبود تجربه مشتریان دارد.به ترتیب مولفه های پیش برد فروش و بازاریابی مستقیم بر بهبود تجربه مشتریان تاثیر مثبت و معناداری دارند. با توجه به تاثیر مثبت دومولفه پیشبرد فروش و بازاریابی مستقیم لزوم توجه بیش از پیش به ان ها الزامی می باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: ارتباطات یکپارچه بازاریابی، پیشبرد فروش، بازاریابی مستقیم، گردشگری ساحلی چابهار
  • علی قربانی، جهان عبدی* صفحات 103-125
    برخی کنشگران اجتماعی بصورت هدفمند، آگاهانه و بر اساس طرح از پیش تعیین شده ای، رفتارهایی همچون تملق، چاپلوسی، عرض ارادت بیش از حد، دید و بازدیدهای بیش از عرف و سایر چنین رفتارهایی را مرتکب می شوند تا در موقعیت های آتی از این پس انداز جهت کسب قدرت و منافع اقتصادی استفاده نمایند. این کنش گری ها معلول عوامل خرد و کلانی هستند که علاوه بر تهدید سلامت و اثربخشی سازمان، باعث نهادینه شدن رفتارهای نابهنجار در سازمان می گردند. هدف مقاله حاضر، شناسایی علل و پیامدهای نظریه کنش پس اندازی در میان کارکنان سازمان های دولتی براساس تئوری داده بنیان می باشد. پژوهش به روش کیفی، و  با بهره گیری از نظر متخصصان، و افراد باتجربه در این زمینه انجام شده است. تعداد افراد نمونه را20 نفراز مدیران واساتید دانشگاه، تشکیل داده است. پس از کدگزاری، مفهوم سازی و مقوله بندی مدل تشکیل گردید. نتایج تجزیه وتحلیل یافته ها ‏ نشان دادکه ضمن مشخص شدن استراتژی های کنش و واکنش پس اندازی ‏7 عامل علی، 4 عامل زمینه ساز، و4 عامل مداخله گر منجر به بوجودآمدن کنش پس اندازی می شوند. همچنین مشخص گردیدکه کنش پس اندازی منجربه عدم توجه به شایسته سالاری، حاکمیت رفتارهای ثناگویانه وارزیابی های ناعادلانه می گردد. در نهایت کیفیت و آزمون مدل مفهومی، به ترتیب، از طریق اعتبار اشتراک و حشو و مدل معادلات ساختاری مورد بررسی و تایید قرار گرفت.
    کلیدواژگان: کنش، کنش پس اندازی، هدفمندی، مدل معادلات ساختاری
  • اکبر بهمنی چوب بستی، سیدمهدی موسوی داودی*، عباس علی رستگار صفحات 127-154
    هدف از انجام پژوهش حاضر، بررسی تاثیر آگاهی از حقوق شهروندی بر بروز رفتارهای شهروندی و با تاکید بر نقش میانجی ادراک عدالت در سازمان می باشد. این پژوهش از حیث هدف، کاربردی و از حیث نحوه گردآوری داده ها، جزء پژوهش های توصیفی-پیمایشی می باشد. جامعه آماری این پژوهش را کلیه کارکنان و مدیران (890 نفر) شاغل در یکی از وزارتخانه های دولتی در سال 96 تشکیل می دهد؛ و از روش نمونه گیری تصادفی ساده و جدول کرجسی و مورگان (با حجم نمونه 269 نفر) جهت نمونه گیری؛ و از پرسش نامه های استاندارد به منظور جمع آوری داده های موردنیاز استفاده شده است. تحلیل داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزارهای SPSS و LISREL انجام شده است. شایان ذکر است که آگاهی از حقوق شهروندی تاثیر مستقیم و معناداری بر بروز رفتارهای شهروندی ندارد (ضریب تاثیر: 0.08)؛ ولی آگاهی از حقوق شهروندی از طریق ادراک عدالت (به عنوان متغیر میانجی) منجر به بروز رفتارهای شهروندی می شود (ضریب تاثیر: 0.22). علاوه بر این، نتایج پژوهش حاکی از آن است که آگاهی از حقوق شهروندی تاثیر مثبت و معناداری بر ادراک عدالت دارد (ضریب تاثیر: 0.24)؛ ضمنا، ادراک عدالت تاثیر مثبت و معناداری بر بروز رفتارهای شهروندی دارد (ضریب تاثیر: 0.90).
    کلیدواژگان: حقوق شهروندی، عدالت، رفتار شهروندی
  • حامد آرامش*، سهیلا کشاورز صفحات 155-177
    پژوهش حاضر باهدف شناسایی عوامل کلیدی موفقیت شرکت های مستقر در مرکز رشد دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان انجام شد. روش این پژوهش برحسب هدف کاربردی و برحسب نوع داده ها آمیخته است؛ ارائه الگو در این پژوهش به روش کیفی فراترکیب انجام شده بدین صورت که با استفاده از روش فراترکیب 112 مقاله حوزه مرتبط با پژوهش موردبررسی و با کمک تحلیل محتوا، ابعاد و کدهای مربوطه استخراج و میزان اهمیت و اولویت هر یک به کمک روش کمی آنتروپی شانون تعیین شد. جامعه آماری این پژوهش، مدیران و متخصصان شرکت های مستقر در مرکز رشد دانشگاه سیستان  و بلوچستان هستند که تعدادشان 120 نفر در 31 شرکت برآورد شد. برای همه شرکت های جامعه پرسشنامه ارسال شد ولی درنهایت 25 شرکت پاسخ دادند. لذا این تعداد به عنوان حجم نمونه در نظر گرفته شد و به منظور تجزیه وتحلیل داده ها از روش تحلیل عاملی تاییدی با کمک نرم افزار  SMART PLS نسخه دو استفاده گردید. طبق یافته های تحقیق پیشران های شناسایی شده در این الگو در دو بعد درون سازمانی (نیروی انسانی، خط مشی سازمانی)، برون سازمانی (عوامل حمایت کننده و زیرساخت ها) دسته بندی شده اند؛ در این میان ابعاد دو گانه درون سازمانی و برون سازمانی به ترتیب83% ، 77%  از تغییرات الگوی موفقیت شرکت های مستقر در مرکز رشد را تبیین می کنند.
    کلیدواژگان: واحدهای فناور، مرکز رشد، مرکز رشد دانشگاهی، ابعاد موفقیت
  • نرگس آهنگر، رضا رسولی* صفحات 179-199
    در دنیای امروز واژه شهروند یکی از مبانی فکری مردم سالاری و زندگی مردم سالارانه به شمار می آید. از آنجا که تحقیق حاضر، به دنبال شناسایی شاخص های شهروندی با تاکید بر ارتقای مردم سالاری در سازمان های دولتی است، بدین منظور ابتدا، نظر 15 نفر از نخبگان مدیریت دولتی از طریق فن دلفی، در خصوص شاخص های تاثیرگذار بر مولفه های شهروندی، سازمان های دولتی و شهروند محوری مردم سالار اخذ گردیده و پس از جمع بندی و طراحی مدل پیشنهادی، برازش آن با تدوین پرسشنامه و توزیع آن در بین 385 تن از کارکنان سازمان تامین اجتماعی و وزارت علوم، تحقیقات و فناوری در شهر تهران مورد پیمایش قرار گرفته است. تجزیه و تحلیل آماری داده های تحقیق در بخش کیفی با کمک فن دلفی و در بخش استنباطی با کمک نرم افزار SPSS صورت پذیرفته است. پس از سنجش روایی و پایایی سوالات، به کمک تحلیل عاملی تاییدی، مدل ترسیمی با 3 مولفه و 13 شاخص، تایید گردید. یافته ها منجر به طراحی مدل شهروند محوری مردم سالار در سازمان های دولتی شد که داده های فاز کمی نیز همبستگی بالای گویه های شاخص ها را مورد تایید قرار می دهد.
    کلیدواژگان: شهروند، شهروندی، مردم سالاری، سازمان های دولتی
  • حمید تابلی*، مسلم مرادزاده، مسعود کاشی، زهره دروهی، وحید حسینی طباطبایی صفحات 201-227
    هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی تاثیر کیفیت افشا و افشای داوطلبانه اطلاعات بر عدم تقارن اطلاعاتی شرکت‏های پذیرفته شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران می باشد. به منظور دستیابی به این هدف، با در نظر گرفتن شرایطی، 84 شرکت در بازه زمانی 1385 تا 1395، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و 6 فرضیه فرعی طراحی و آزمون شد. در این پژوهش جهت محاسبه عدم تقارن به طور هم زمان از سه معیار دامنه تفاوت قیمت پیشنهادی خرید و فروش، نقدشوندگی سهام و خطای پیش بینی استفاده گردید. یافته های پژوهش حاکی از وجود رابطه معنادار بین کیفیت افشا و افشای داوطلبانه اطلاعات با نقدشوندگی سهام می باشد، اما بین کیفیت افشا و افشای داوطلبانه اطلاعات با دو معیار دیگر رابطه معناداری مشاهده نگردید. با توجه به نتایج حاصله پیشنهاد می گردد که اطلاعات منتشره از طرف شرکت ها به صورت شفافی ارائه گردند تا از این طریق سرمایه گذاران میل بیشتری به سرمایه گذاری در اوراق بهادار داشته باشند. بدین جهت نقش سازمان بورس در ملزم کردن شرکت ها برای ارائه اطلاعات شفاف بیش از پیش اهمیت پیدا می کند.
    کلیدواژگان: کیفیت افشا، افشای داوطلبانه، عدم تقارن اطلاعاتی، بورس اوراق بهادار تهران
  • احمد قائم مقامی تبریزی، امین رضا کمالیان*، حبیب ا... رودساز، مقصود امیری صفحات 229-246
    با ورود فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات به عرصه دانشگاه ها و مراکز آموزشی و تلفیق آن با برنامه های درسی و آموزشی، نظام جدید و با اهمیتی تحت عنوان آموزش های الکترونیکی شکل گرفته و در حال گسترش است که توجه بسیاری از دانشگاه ها را به خود جلب کرده است. هدف اصلی مقاله حاضر، شناسایی عوامل زمینه ای موثر بر آموزش های مجازی دانشگاهی در ایران به منظور ارائه مدل مناسب بود. نمونه گیری به صورت هدفمند و به روش گلوله برفی انجام شد و 22 مصاحبه عمیق و کیفی صورت گرفت. تحلیل داده ها براساس نظریه داده بنیاد پس از انجام کدگذاری در سه مرحله باز، محوری و انتخابی، مبین 30 نشان موثر برای الگوی آموزش های مجازی دانشگاهی در ایران بود. این نشان ها در 7 مفهوم ارتباطات، اعتماد سازی، بومی سازی دانش، بینش، تعهد منابع انسانی، فرهنگ، فناوری شناسایی و سطح بندی شدند که می توانند در طراحی و توسعه مراکز آموزش مجازی و همچنین اجرای برنامه های آن موثر باشند.
    کلیدواژگان: آموزش الکترونیکی، الگوی آموزش های مجازی دانشگاهی در ایران، الگوی پارادایمی دانشگاه مجازی
  • امین اکبرزاده، مصیب پهلوانی*، سید حسین میرجلیلی صفحات 247-270
    دستیابی به نرخ رشد اقتصادی بالا یکی از اهداف مهم هر نظام اقتصادی به شمار می رود که تحقق آن متضمن به کارگیری سیاست های مناسب اقتصادی در جهت بالا بردن رشد است. اما قبل از هر سیاست گذاری جدیدی باید محدودیت ها و تنگناهایی که در مسیر وجود دارند شناسایی و رفع شوند تا مانع اثرگذاری سیاست های جدید نشوند. در این تحقیق با استفاده از رویکرد HRV و بر اساس درخت تصمیم آسیب شناسی رشد، به بررسی محدودیت های رشد اقتصادی ایران طی سال های 1380 تا 1395 پرداخته شده است. روش تحقیق رویکرد مدیریتی داده بنیاد بوده و از مصاحبه باز استفاده شده است. بر اساس یافته های این تحقیق، ضعف در تامین مالی، محدودیت اصلی سرمایه گذاری بخش خصوصی و کارآفرینی کشور و تعیین کننده رشد اقتصادی کشور است. ضعف در تامین مالی ناشی از ضعف در نظام بانکی کشور است که برای از بین بردن آن باید در ساختار، قوانین و سیاست های بانک ها اصلاحات اساسی صورت بگیرد. همچنین ضعف در ساختار و عملکرد دولت عامل دیگر به وجود آمدن این تنگنا است که تقویت روابط خارجی، کم کردن ریسک سرمایه گذاری و توسعه نهادهای پیشرفته تامین مالی می تواند در رفع آن بسیار موثر واقع شود. عامل سوم ضعف در تامین مالی نیز اشکالات نظام قضایی است که برای حل آن باید توسط یک نهاد بالاتری باید مورد نظارت قرار بگیرد.
    کلیدواژگان: رشد اقتصادی، تنگناهای رشد، اقتصاد ایران، روش داده بنیاد، آسیب شناسی رشد
  • عادله دقتی* صفحات 271-294
    دنیای امروز دنیای سازمان هاست و نیروی انسانی به عنوان یک مزیت رقابتی در بین سازمان ها به شمار می آید. به همین منظور، نگهداری از این منبع مهم از وظایف هر سازمانی می باشد. لذا، هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی پیشران های نگهداشت نیروی انسانی در دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بیرجند و همچنین، بررسی تاثیر هر یک از این پیشران ها بر نگهداشت نیروی انسانی در این دانشگاه است. این مطالعه از نظر هدف کاربردی است که به شیوه توصیفی-پیمایشی انجام شده است. جامعه آماری این پژهش شامل کارکنان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بیرجند می باشد که از این میان، تعداد 143 نفر با استفاده از نمونه گیری قضاوتی به عنوان اعضای نمونه انتخاب شدند. ابزار گردآوری داده ها شامل دو پرسشنامه محقق ساخت بوده است. روایی پرسشنامه ها با استفاده از روایی محتوا مورد تایید قرار گرفت و پایایی آنها نیز با کمک آلفای کرونباخ 98/0 و 95/0 به دست آمد. تحلیل داده ها در محیط نرم افزاری SPSS 23 و Smart PLS 3 و با استفاده از روش الگویابی معادلات ساختاری، آزمون تی تک متغیره، و آزمون فریدمن انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد؛ پیشران های سازمانی، محیطی و فردی بر نگهداشت نیروی انسانی در دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بیرجند تاثیرگذارند و از بین 18 عامل نگهداشت نیروی انسانی، سبک مدیریت و رهبری در رتبه اول و به عنوان مهم ترین عامل و فرصت های محیطی در رتبه آخر و به عنوان کم اهمیت ترین عامل شناخته شده در نگهداشت نیروی انسانی در این دانشگاه می باشند.
    کلیدواژگان: نظام نگهداشت، نیروی انسانی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بیرجند
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  • Abolhasan Faghihi, Aryan Gholipour *, Mohammad Abooyee Ardakan, Hasan Ghalibaf Asl, Asghar Asadi Pages 5-31
    Abstract
    Risk culture is a new issue that has entered the risk management literature after financial crises.While several studies have been conducted on quantitative risk management models, but behavioral aspects focusing on the concept of risk culture requires intellectual endeavors, the development of theories, and further researches. Recognizing the dimensions and components of risk culture in order to achieve a tools for the recognition and assessment of risk culture is the main objective of this research. On the other hand, a significant step in each research is the decision making regarding the appropriate component relevant to each construct. Maintaining inappropriate component an eliminating important component might mislead studies directions. In this research, the Fuzzy Delphi method is considered as a techniques of scientific analysis to accomplish agreement amongst panel members to determine the components and dimensions of risk culture. This method diminishes ambiguity, variety and discrepancies in viewpoint; furthermore, guaranteeing the fact that whether or not the gathered data is valid enough, increases the quality of selected component.
    Introduction
    Although the need for risk management has been widely accepted, organizations often consider the impact of their cultural aspects insignificantly, and little evidence of risk culture, especially in the banking sector (Binti Hamzah, 2014; Ariffin and Kassim, 2011). Creating and maintaining a suitable risk culture is still one of the major challenges in risk management. Considering the importance of risk culture in risk management, it is necessary to develop a scale for measuring it. By measuring the risk culture, it will be possible to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of efforts to shape and manage it. While quantitative models and governance frameworks for risk management are well established at the moment, the behavioral aspects, which focus on risk culture, are often unclear and under development and theorizing (Banks, 2012).
    In this regard, efforts have been made by international institutes and researchers to provide frameworks for risk culture in general (McConnell, 2013; Levy, Lamarre, & Twining, 2010; PWC, 2009; IRM, 2012; Tower Watson, 2011; EY, 2014; Deloitte, 2015; FSB, 2014; IIF, 2012; RMA, 2014; VMIA, 2016; Banks, 2012; Kells, 2014; Schoenfeld, 2013), which show that the dimensions and components of risk culture vary greatly in different fields and domains, therefore, According
    that there is no research background in Iran and, given the determinant effect of context , it is necessary to recognize the dimensions and components of risk culture in the banking industry of Iran.
    In this research has been attempted, by using the Fuzzy Delphi method as a scientific method for validating the dimensions and components of risk culture in the banking industry, by achieving a scale for identifying and measuring the risk culture, while responding to the gap in the academic literature, improve Indicators of risk culture
    Case study
    The statistical population of this study is risk managers of the banking industry. In this regard, the questionnaire was sent to all bank risk managers through official envelop. Finally, 28 questionnaires were received in the first round and 27 questionnaires in the second round.
    Materials and Methods
    In this research, Fuzzy Delphi method is used as one of the scientific analysis techniques for reaching consensus among panel members to determine the components and dimensions of risk culture. In this regard, a questionnaire was used to collect data. In order to prepare a questionnaire to start the Fuzzy Delphi process, also the results of previous studies and models presented in this field were used.
    Discussion and
    Results
    The Fuzzy Delphi method was performed in two rounds. Panel members totally realized 56 component, 13 sub-dimensions and 4 main dimensions as component and dimensions of risk culture in banking industry. 2 component were also realized as explicit results of risk culture. The results of the rounds showed that for the following reasons (Manakandan, et al. 2017, 228; Mohammad, Embi and Nordin, 2015; Kamarulzaman etal., 2015), the members of the panel had come to an agreement, and it was possible to stop the rounds:percentage of agreement between all components in both rounds is above 75%, indicating that there is a consensus among the members. Percentage of panel members agreement on the dimensions and components of risk culture for the first and second round respectively are 85% and 87%. Therefore, it can be said that due to the small differences in the results in the first and second rounds (less than 0.2 difference), it is not necessary to continue the process and do a new round.
    Conclusion
    This research showed that the Fuzzy Delphi method can be used as a tool for obtaining expert opinions and reaching consensus in group decision making process. This can be used as a structural validation tool to select the appropriate components and items. In addition, it provides a suitable quantitative approach to group discussions and meetings that are qualitative. This research, as the first research in the field of risk culture in general and risk culture in the banking industry in particular in Iran, needs to be completed and continued. The findings of this study can be considered as the first step in the construction of the theory, although at a low level, for risk culture in Iran's banking industry.
    Keywords: Risk, risk management, risk culture, Fuzzy, Fuzzy Delphi
  • Mohammadjavad Dehghan Ashkezari *, Tahereh Miremadi, Seyedsepehr Ghazinoori, Ghasem Ramezanpournargesi Pages 33-60
    Abstract
    This paper analyzes the part of innovations systems studies that focus on cognition of international dimension of such systems. The theoretical and practical studies on innovation system internationalization have increased from last of first decade of 21 century. In this paper 39 scientific articles, published from 1991 to 2017 have investigated, by using qualitative content analysis method. The approach of content analysis was deductive and for structured categorization we use quadruple notions of innovation systems (national, sectoral, sectoral and technological) beside internationalization approaches. After organizing analyzing of collected data we conclude that literature of innovation systems internationalization can divide to 8 different types. Also in recent years, we can see a conversion between different types of internationalization and a prominent example of this conversion is the notion of "global innovation system". The investigated literature about new industrialized countries, as successful samples, indicate this countries for the fulfillment of catchup process, have applied innovation systems attitude along with international involvement and attendance in global innovation networks and global value chains.
    Introduction
    The concept of innovation systems was introduced by Freeman and Lundvall in the 1980s with emphasis on the need for attention to institutions. This concept was quickly addressed by other researchers and many theoretical and experimental works were done on this subject.
    In recent years, due to the development of globalization processes on the one hand and the expansion of innovation systems in developing countries, on the other hand, the internationalization of innovation systems has attracted the attention of many researchers and there is many critiques for not paying attention to it in the past. So far, various proposals have been presented by researchers to consider the international dimension in studies of innovation systems.
    Since each scholar has different background and motivations, various types of internationalization of innovation systems have been created. In this paper, we try to present a typology of this emerging literature using the qualitative content analysis method.
    Research
    Method
    The present study was conducted on the basis of qualitative content analysis with a structuring approach, using a deductive method. The unit of analysis is manuscript. First we identify the works in the field of internationalization of innovation systems. Then two groups of theories were chosen as the basis for drawing up structured categorization matrix. First group of theories was the approaches to the innovation system (national, sectoral, technological and regional) and, second group of theories was the approaches to internationalization of the innovation system that we can distinguish between two approaches. In the first approach, named transnational bonds, innovation systems are created within the national boundaries, but as open systems, they have inputs (scientific, technological, financial, and ...) from outside the country. In the second approach, we have transnational (international or global) innovation systems consist of at least two or more countries.
    By combining two internationalization approaches and four innovation systems approaches, we can reach to the structured categorization matrix.
    Findings
    We evaluated 39 studies carried out in the field of internationalization of innovation systems (theoretical and empirical), and then organized them based on the categorization matrix: 1. National innovation system by transnational links; 2. Transnational innovation system; 3. Sectoral innovation system by transnational links; 4. Transnational sectoral innovation system; 5. Regional system by transnational links; 6. Transnational regional innovation system; 7. Technological system by transnational links; 8. Transnational technological innovation system.
    In addition to the predicted 8 type of studies, the concept of "global innovation systems" was a completely new conceptualization in innovation systems studies that introduced by Binz and Truffer in order to combining and converging various approaches to the innovations systems internationalization.
    Results
    Innovation systems perspective, is one of the most popular approaches in the past two decades for analyze the status of countries and suggest policy intervention for development. In recent years, various scholars with the help of other approaches and concepts in the literature, such as global production network, global value chain, and etc. develop the concept of innovation systems and considered the international dimension for it.
    Literature review shows that in recent years there is a convergence between different types of internationalization, and the obvious example is the concept of the "global innovation system". Theoretical and empirical studies have shown that newly industrialized countries like Korea and Taiwan have applied the attitude of innovation systems with international participation in global production networks and global value chains. Instead of producing purely indigenous knowledge, these countries have gained knowledge through international partnerships and increased their capacity for innovation.
    International participation is possible in various functions of innovation systems (knowledge production, knowledge diffusion, guidance of research, resource mobilization, entrepreneurial experiments, market formation and legitimacy). The creation of diverse international links accelerates the development of innovation systems. Targeted use of international links alongside the national innovation system will lead to the promotion of industries towards more value-added activities.
    Keywords: Innovation System, Globalization, Internationalization, Typology
  • Fatemeh Kabiri, Ali Reza Mooghali * Pages 61-81
    Abstract
    The purpose of this study is to compare the incremental skills of entrepreneurial orientation in the higher education system. This study is application oriented in terms of target and the method of this research was descriptive-survey. The survey tools in this study included questionnaire which was designed based on a detailed and comprehensive study of the fundamental theories related to the field of entrepreneurship and higher education and then consulting with a number of experts and integrating with the standardized questionnaire. The technical characteristics of the questionnaire in terms of reliability and validity were evaluated by using different criteria and the validity and the reliability of the research was confirmed. The samples of this study consisted of 1367 university professors and senior students of various fields of study and from various universities of Shiraz which were determined by using Cochran formula. The number of samples for each educational group was determined by using the ratio law and the questionnaires were randomly distributed among them. Finally, different software and statistics were used to analyze the collected data.
    Introduction
    The climate of these days of Iran's economic and business systems is dire. While on the same day, the staggering inflation brings people's lives harder, on the other day, the economic downturn will endanger all activities. One of the main pains of the country is youth unemployment, especially unemployment of graduates who do not have the necessary abilities and skills to start a business (Ansari and Fakoor, 2014). However, related authorities always claim to have plans to reduce unemployment. Nevertheless, recent reports from the Iranian Parliament Research Center on the prediction of employment status up to the horizon have created a worrying outlook from the labor market. On the other hand, it can be said that the majority of inefficiencies and lack of work in this field in the society are due to the management of the managers and officials of the organizations because the decline in unemployment increase will require more control. All of this means that we do not have the productivity of human resources as much as the investment made in higher education (Tabatabaee, 2013). However, today labor market’s expectation about the outcome of higher education system is different from that in the past. Higher education is required to be accountable for graduates’ future employment and considerable expenditure on student education each year. It has to be made clear what encouraging results higher education courses yield for the society (Bigdeli et al, 2013). UNESCO, in the global perspective, sees the new universities as the place where entrepreneurial skills in higher education are developed to facilitate graduates' capabilities and become job-developers (Paykarifar, 2012). Therefore, considering the importance and role of entrepreneurship and considering the problems of society, the promotion of entrepreneurship, the establishment of a culture supporting entrepreneurship, and entrepreneurship education is necessary for all societies, especially developing societies like ours, which is one of the tasks and prospects of higher education (Sharif et al, 2011). Therefore, this research first measures the degree of entrepreneurial orientation among students and in the next step, the current status of the university about skills affecting the increase of entrepreneurial orientation and then the actions and performance of the university to improve it are studied.
    Case Study
    The statistical sampling community of 27969 populations from faculties teaching staff and final year students of various fields of study from different universities of Shiraz city, Iran, including government, private, azad, payame noor and applied science universities during academic year 2016 was chosen. Shiraz city is selected for area of research because it is recognized as a large city with significant number of qualified and credited universities and educational centers since year 2011.
    Materials and Methods
    This study is application oriented in terms of target and the method of this research was descriptive-survey. The sampling numbers was identified on the basis of Cochran’s formula calculations. Identification of sampling numbers was done on the basis of number of students and teaching staff in different fields of study at first and then on the basis of types of universities and educational center (4787), Then, the number of samples for each educational group was determined by using the ratio law (1367) and the questionnaires were randomly distributed among them (4787). The considering the probability of the loss of the sample, due to the lack of complete responses to the items, or failure to return the questionnaires by students and professors, an approximate volume of 1367 samples was considered; of which 27 sample in the pretest stage, and 1340 samples in the final stage, after several visits, were completed and collected. The survey tools in this study included questionnaire which were designed based on the integration of standardized questionnaire and the questionnaire made by the author.                           
    Discussion and
    Results
    The finding shows that, the level of entrepreneurial orientation in the students was very low and not satisfactory and the universities professors and senior students believe that an improvement in specific skills can greatly increase the level of entrepreneurial orientation. The findings also suggested that the current state of the universities with respect to the skills increasing entrepreneurial orientation as well as their performance and the activities of the universities in improving these skills have been very week. The comparison of the respondent’s ideas about the skills increasing entrepreneurial orientation with the current state of the universities in terms of the above mentioned skills and also the performance and the activities of universities in improving these skills showed significant difference. 
    Conclusion
    The country’s planners of higher education system should help to employ logical strategies for climbing out of the unemployment crisis and bringing their practical mission, i.e. preparing graduates for self-employment, into action, by providing the grounds for strengthening positive mental beliefs and formal and informal education during education. In general, it is recommended that educational planners at ministry level pay attention to labor market and real needs of the society, and university capacity should not grow simply for being accountable to unsteady social demands. Likewise, the policies of Iran’s Higher Education Organization should be built on institutionalizing quality assessment and supporting structures should be reinforced and advocated. Ultimately, the most important issue is the establishment of an effective evaluation system in order to continuously evaluate the performance of the higher education system at any time so as to find out the strengths and weaknesses of the system, thereby examining practical solutions for addressing weaknesses and conserving strengths.
    Keywords: Higher Education, Entrepreneurial Orientations, Skills, Universities
  • Ali Asghar Tabavar * Pages 83-102
    The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors affecting integrated marketing communication and provide solutions for improving the customer experience in Chabahar coastal tourism industry. This research is applied in terms of its purpose and is a survey research in terms of its implementation. The statistical population of the study includes all tourists who have traveled to Chabahar during November 2017 to September 2018. The number of samples selected by random cluster sampling method was 385 for tourists. A total of 400 questionnaires were distributed in which 385 questionnaires were returned. In order to collect data, a questionnaire was used. For this purpose, two researcher-made questionnaires of integrated marketing communication and customer experience were used. Statistical analysis (regression and Friedman test) was used to analyze the data. According to the findings of this study, the independent variable of integrated marketing communications has a positive and significant effect on the dependent variable of improving customer experience. In the order of the components of direct sales and marketing, there is a positive and significant impact on the improvement of customer experience. Considering the positive impact of the double sale of direct sales and marketing, the need to pay more attention to them is a must. Introduction Chabahar is in the free zones this will lead to foreign investment attraction, export promotion, increased revenues from foreign investment, and the creation of suitable employment opportunities for the labor force and attracting tourists to the region. The necessity of such a research can be arranged in a way that the development of organizational units such as market development, public relations and etc. in the Chabahar coastal area for ​​tourism problems such as inconsistency between them, conflicting and conflicting goals, as well as the absence of harmony in the message It has attracted customers and stakeholders. The huge volume of TV advertising, the heavy budget of the Public Relations Unit and their various promotional programs has become a serious issue for top executives in the region, with the effectiveness of the costs being spent only through an integrated approach. Case study   The overall aim of this study is to examine the factors affecting integrated marketing communication and provide solutions for improving customer experience. With the passage from traditional economics and the intensification of competition in new dimensions, the customer has become the core of all the activities of organizations, so that from a competitive perspective, the survival of organizations depends on identifying and attracting new customers and maintaining the available Customers. Studies show that tourism, along with advanced industries, has a good future. Tourism is the main industry in many countries and plays a major role in the development of the global economy. As the importance of service modalities in advanced economies has increased, special issues in service marketing have attracted increasing attention. Provision of appropriate services to customers is one of the most important factors in creating a distinction between tourism industries in a competitive environment. Materials and methods The present study is applied research because its purpose is to develop knowledge. And descriptive research based on survey type. The instrument used in this research is a researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity was confirmed by the experts. Reliability of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach's alpha. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. The statistical population of this study includes all tourists who travel to the coastal area of ​​Chabahar and are unlimited. A sample of 385 people was selected using Morgan table. They were selected using randomized cluster sampling. To each of the elements of the community to select the equal chance to choose.
    Discussion and Results
    Indicators of central tendency and dispersion tendencies of direct sales and marketing are respectively 3.84 and 3.79 respectively. The first subset of the research showed that promotion of sales has a positive and significant effect on improving customer experience. The second sub hypothesis shows that direct marketing has a positive and significant impact on improving customer experience. According to two sub-hypotheses, the main hypothesis was proved; the results showed that integrated marketing communications have a positive and significant effect on improving customer experience. Conclusions In line with the objectives of this research, a major hypothesis and two sub-hypotheses were introduced. Which was confirmed after analyzing the data and the results of the regression test. The research findings showed that sales promotion was effect in improving customer experience. Therefore, it is suggested that managers, decision makers and planners should hold coastal competitions along with the awarding of seasonal and concessional awards (cash and non-cash) to enhance and improve the customer experience, in seasons where the climate of the Chabahar coastal tourism zone is more suitable. The findings of the research indicate that direct marketing has a direct impact on improving customer experience. And it is recommended to create national markets, handicrafts centers and create booths on the coast In order to preserve and revitalize traditional arts and crafts, including the special needlework for women of the Baloch artist, to improve this goal.
    Keywords: Integrated Marketing Communication, Promotion of Sales, Direct Marketing, Chabahar Coastal Tourism
  • Ali Ghorbani, Jahan Abdi * Pages 103-125
    In recent decades, the daily routine of people has suffered a lot. Some of these behaviors have been driven towards profitable, individualistic, and futuristic behaviors. Each person's conduct is aimed at achieving a goal that is wholly profitable on the basis of believable, good or bad. Some social activists deliberately, consciously and on the basis of a predetermined plan, behave like flattering, sycophancy, excessive desires, seeing and observing more than the custom, and others commit such behaviors in situations Future of this Saving Action will be used to gain power and economic benefits. These actions are caused by micro and macro factors that, in addition to the health and effectiveness of the organization, make institutionalization of non-standard behaviors organized.
    Introduction
    According to the "Saving Action Theory", individual organizational interactions with other institutional stakeholders are considered as coins that are saved in the capital of communication capital, to be exploited when needed .This benefit can be achieved through the promotion of target audiences at organizational posts or even using their social capital to acquire organizational interests.  
    Case study

    The purpose of this paper is to identify the causes and consequences of the Saving Action theory of among employees of governmental organizations based on data theory.
    Materials and MethodsSince the purpose of this study is to use the knowledge and experiences of individuals and their interpretations of the cause of post-operative action In organizations and management, in order to achieve a theory in this field, the use of the theory method The emergence of the data seemed to be justifiable. The present research has been conducted in terms of purpose, fundamental and in terms of method, survey and using the Corbin and Strauss pattern.
    The research is carried out in a qualitative way, and the practice of experts and experienced people in this field. The number of students is 20 in the number of university administrators. After coding, the conceptualization and categorization of the model was formed. The non-intestinal sampling method was applied purposefully and theoretically. After deliberate and intentional referral to managers who either had experience in post-traumatism or rescue workers, they first described the postponement action, then with them An interview was conducted, eventually asking them to provide other users with such an analysis. The process of data collection and interviewing continued until the rest of the collected data was repeated, and this was the same stage of theoretical saturation of the research. To test the conceptual model and to evaluate its quality, factor analysis, and the validity and validity of the material have been abused. The use of multiple evaluators and different resources in research evaluation (the relevant faculty members who have knowledge of knowledge, organizational managers, and people who have worked in the same field) have the reliability of the research. It makes the efficiency and effectiveness of floor saturation, along with the optimization of data quality Guaranteed. In the statistics section, structural equation modeling using PLS method was used to estimate path coefficients (Beta). Also, for calculating the path coefficients and obtaining the T-statistic, the boot strab test (open sampling method via placement) was used.
    Discussion and Results
    Based on the results obtained from the model, it can be seen that a total of 15 factors cause a Saving Action, all of which can be achieved using strategies that prevent employees from postponing operations.
    The results of the analysis showed that, while identifying strategies for action and Saving Action (cultivating meritocracy culture, silencing, evaluating performance based on objective criteria, participatory management, teaching how to identify and combat with behavioral behaviors Post-hoc, the growth of non-activating post-thawing )7 causative agents, 4 causative agents, and 4 interventional agents lead to postponement.
    Conclusion
    The Saving Action is the art of people who are unable to achieve their desired success by employing normal and normal methods of society or work environment and by resorting to various ways of flattery, language of play, informing, spying, duplicity, Adult guards, and excessive people, try to compensate for the vacuum created by their personal and professional weaknesses in their community or work environment. It has been determined that post-exercise action leads to a lack of attention to meritocracy, the rule of dual behaviors, and unfair valuations. Saving Action is a series of self-conscious behaviors that individuals use to satisfy individuals with the control
    of rewards and resources needed so that they can achieve their goals in the future. Saving Action is seen among people who do not have enough expertise and are trying to maintain or enhance themselves. In a society where there is no place for free expression and criticism. Both the community and the family are affected by this behavior

    Keywords: action, Rescue action, purposefulness, structural equation modeling
  • Akbar Bahmani Choubbasti, Seyed Mehdi Mousavi Davoudi *, Abbasali Rastgar Pages 127-154

    Nowadays, managers of organizations try to improve the productivity of their organizations utilizing the resources that they belong. Human resources are one of the most important resources among all. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the factors that increase the satisfaction, performance and productivity of human resources. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of citizenship rights awareness on accession of citizenship behaviors with the mediating role of perception of justice in organization.
    Introduction
    Organizational jusctice is an important factor leads to many positive consequences for organizations. Perception of justice can increase satisfaction, commitment and specially, organizational citizenship behaviors. Further, citizenship right is an important factor can be considered in organizational studies. The authors of the current study found no relevant study investigating the above mentioned variables. Therefore, the present study investigates the relationship between citizenship rights, perception of justice, and citizenship behaviors.
    Case Study
    Statistical population of this study includes 890 personnel (including the managers and employees) of one of the governmental ministries in 2017. According to Krejcie and Morgan table, the minimum numbr of sample size was determined as 269 people. Therefore, we distributed 300 questionaires with simple random samplying among respondent and 274 usable questinnaires were gathered.
    Materials and Methods
    The current study is an applied research and included among the description-survey research. Further, standard questionnaires have been utilized to gather necessary data and the data were analyzed by LISREL and SPSS software. For reliability evaluation we utilized Cronbach's alpha. For evaluating the validity of the questionnaires, we used content validity and construct validity. In order to test the content validity after devising a framework for the questionnaire, we asked 10 experts to modify it if needed. These experts evaluated all the implemented criteria in the questionnaire and confirmed it. In this research we used factor analysis for considering the structure of research. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to investigate the construction of the questionnaire.
    Discussion and
    Results
    The findings of this study show that citizenship rights awareness have positive and significant effect on perception of justice; Further, perception of justice has positive and significant effect on citizenship behaviors; Furthermore, citizenship rights awareness have no significant effect on citizenship behaviors; but citizenship rights awareness effect citizenship behaviors significantly, through perception of justice acting as mediating variable.
    Conclusion
    In order to achieve competitive advantages through employees, managers can improve the citizenship behaviors in organizations. The results of the current study show that perception of justice is an important factor in this regards and has mediating role between citizenship rights and citizenship behaviors.
    Keywords: Citizenship Rights, Justice, Cetizenship Behavior
  • Hamed Aramesh *, Soheila Keshavarz Pages 155-177

    The present research was conducted with the aim of identifying the key factors of success the companies based in the growth center of Sistan and Baluchestan University. The method of this research is based on the purpose of the application and is based on the type of data ؛The presentation of the model in this study was carried out in a qualitative way. Thus, using the method of overview, 112 articles related to the research field were examined and with the help of content analysis The relevant dimensions and codes were extracted and the importance and priority of each were determined by the Shannon entropy quantitative method .The statistical population of this study is all managers and specialists of companies based in the center of growth of Sistan and Baluchestan University  that are 120 people in 31 company. At last 25 coompanies answerd the questionnaires as sample size.                                                                                                             To analyze the data, the confirmatory factor analysis method was used with the help of SMART PLS version 2 software. According to research findings, the propagators identified in this model have been categorized in two dimensions: internal organization (human resources, organizational policy), outsourcing (supporting factors and infrastructure); In the meantime, internal and external dimensions within the organization and outsourcing account for 83%, 77% of the change in the pattern of success of the companies located in the center of growth.                              
    Introduction  
                                                                                                                       
    Statement of the problem                                                                                                
    In recent decades, and in line with the entrepreneurial revolution, knowledge economy has replaced the physical economy reliant on labor and capital, and entrepreneurship is the focus of economic development, Under such conditions, knowledge and technology play a key role in the economic growth of companies and countries.In this regard, small and medium companies to approach science and technology can boost the economy and improve production was effective (Abor & Quartey, 2010), and as an engine for economic growth around the world, especially developing countries consider that units in Incubators, Some of these companies are considered. Although traditional centers of growth and science and technology parks are currently active in the country, But there are weaknesses such as: the lack of post-growth services in them, the existence of spatial constraints, time constraints and governing bureaucracies in them, the growth and diversity of technological ideas in the field of information and communication technology business and their lack of support due to resource constraints and space Physically unprotected, the lack of fast and fair access of entrepreneurs to resources from everywhere throughout the country has led to the failure to achieve the desired achievements in the field of launching and developing new businesses (Mohammadian et al., 2015: 125). Considering the importance of growth centers, the researcher sought to study the key factors behind the success and failure of companies based in growth centers.                                                                                                                                
    Research method 
                                                                                                               
    In this research To investigate past research and interpret them, the meta-synthesis method has been used. In addition to the meta-analysis, there are several studies to integrate into comprehensive and interpretive findings. In this study, the Seven-step method of Sandlowski and Barroso 2007 was used. The statistical population of this study is all managers and specialists of companies based in the center of growth of Sistan and Baluchestan University. The research sample was selected by census method. To analyze the data, the confirmatory factor analysis method was used with the help of SMART PLS version 2 software. In this research, in the first stage, data collection was performed through a search of articles from the relevant electronic databases. A management specialist was used to search terms.  After careful consideration and some initial  searches of the electronic databases were selected as follows: JCR, Emerald, Science Direct, Springer, and Specialty Light Noor Mag Iran, Iran Dak, Comprehensive Human Sciences Portal, Scientific Information Database of Jahad University. Articles and books reviewed for years (2008-2018). In the second step, the field method is used to collect information for accountability and validation of the suggested model of research.                                                                                        
    Discussion 
                                                                                                                          
    Initially, the Meta- Synthesis method was used to identify the factors of success of companies based on growth centers. The results of the study were illustrated as a pattern in which the success factors were classified into both interoffice and outsourcing dimensions. The internal dimension is the factors that are related to the organization and the place where the individual is engaged, in other words, within the organization, the space that governs the companies located in the growth centers, the facilities and facilities available to them. In this dimension, based on the study of previous researches and extracted codes, the components of human resources and organizational policy were identified. The human resources component is: the existence of a strong management team, the presence of specialized staff, the existence of experienced consulting teams. The organizational policy component is: marketing and sales capabilities, collaboration between companies based in growth centers and companies outside growth centers, customer orientation, research and development, knowledge management, communication with competitors, the formation of cultural platforms for the creation of companies Creative and innovative in growth centers. The outsourcing dimension is the factor that companies based in growth centers do not have a role to play. In this dimension, based on the study of previous researches and extracted codes, the components of supporting factors and infrastructure were identified. Supporting elements include: government support policies, university support and research centers from companies based in growth centers, industry support from companies based in growth centers, financial support of investors, services centers for growth to companies based in these centers. The infrastructure component is: IT-related infrastructure (software, hardware, network and hardware), physical infrastructure, patents and intellectual property. In order to validate the research model, a confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling using SMART PLS software, a two-part version were used. Initially, the factor loads of the model were evaluated in the software; since all factor loads greater than or equal to 0.4 were the model's reliability, and no index of the research model was eliminated. In the next step, in order to confirm confirmatory factor, the coefficient of each index with its structure should be higher than 1. 96 at a significant level of 95% and higher than 2. 56 at a significant level of 99%. In this case the index of precision for measuring the structure is latent trait (Nunnally and Bernstein, 1994). Given that the desirability of the indicators has been carried out at a 99% confidence level, there will be significant numbers between 2/56 and 2/56. Indicators considered for the components of the external and internal dimensions of the dimensions of the success of the companies based on the growth center have had a significant explanatory effect because the meaningful number obtained for them is outside the  scope of absolute magnitude of 2.56. The results of the pattern test in the standard state show that the human and organizational policy are respectively 81% and 96% of the internal organizational dimension of the model respectively. The results also show that the components of supporting factors and infrastructure are 93% and 83% of the outsourcing dimension of the model, respectively. The results of second-order factor confirmation show that internal and external dimensions of 83% and 77% of the changes in the pattern of success of the companies based on the growth center are explained, respectively.                                                                                                                       
    Result  
                                                                                                                                  
    The main objective of this study is to study the key factors of success the companies based in the center of growth of the University of Sistan and Baluchestan. Using the method of furthering the dimensions and components of the success of the companies located in the center of growth was explained. The proposed research pattern consists of 2 dimensions, 4 components and 18 indicators. In order to validate the theoretical model of the research, a questionnaire was designed and distributed among the staff of the organization. The reliability of this questionnaire was assessed through formal and factor analysis. To assess the reliability of this questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha was used. In order to analyze the data in the inferential statistics section, using structural equations and confirmatory factor analysis, the validity of the proposed model of the research was investigated and the fittest of the model was examined. Finally, the model of success factors of the companies based in growth centers was presented using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling.
    Keywords: Technology units, center of growth, academic growth center, dimensions of success
  • Nargess Ahangar, Reza Rasouli * Pages 179-199
    In today's world, the word citizen is one of the foundations of democracy and democratic life. Since the present study seeks to identify citizenship indicators emphasizing the promotion of democracy in public organizations, at first, the views of 15 public administration elites through Delphi technic have been taken into consideration regarding the indicators affecting citizenship, public organizations and democratic citizenship. After collecting and designing the proposed model, its fitness has been scrutinized by compiling a questionnaire and distributing it among 385 employees of the social security organization and ministry of science research and technology in Tehran. Statistical analysis was done in the qualitative section. The validity and reliability of the research questionnaires were tested at first and after proving the normal distribution of the data, the model was designed. Result expresses the proper fit of the model of a democratic Citizenship in Public Organization, which also confirms the high correlation between the two elements of the quantitative phase data.
    Introduction
    The word “citizen” is not literally defined in public dictionary such as Moeen, Amid,…. However in bilingual dictionary such as Hayyem and Arianpoor, citizen is defined as heritage, native, townsman, which is free from military service. In one volume Persian contemporary dictionary, citizen is a person from a city or country and holds the rights it holds (Esmaeeli, 2001). In political dictionary, citizen is defined as “who has civil rights or privileges under the constitutional laws of a country” (Rezapour, 2006: 9). Different communities have different perspectives on what constitutes citizenship, the rights that citizens are given and the duties they must perform in order to achieve these rights. Citizenship rights are a combination of two words of rights and citizenship and its historical past is not transparent; citizenship rights are legal for citizens of the country in relation to public institutions such as political rights (Jafari langroodi, 2014: 1370). New texts consider governance as a way in which policymakers make decisions that make decisions possible for the realization of citizenship rights (Zahedi, & Ebrahiompour, 2012).the concept of citizenship and its rights in today's world is considered as the most important criterion of the legitimacy of democratic systems and is highly valued. So that even undemocratic governments use to justify public opinion. On the other hand, since the 1990s, managementism and citizen oriented, customer oriented are become important in public organizations. According to the philosophy and mission of the public administration is to provide the interests of the public, so all people and citizens are considered to be customer in public organizations (Hughes, 2018). The satisfaction of citizens and clients increases public confidence and loyalty, national consensus, public participation and national authority that in the current world are considered as the main indicators of measuring efficiency and development of the administrative and political system (Kazemi, 2006). Unfortunately in recent years there has been no research in our country on what to do and identify the indicators of democratic citizenship and their impact on the performance of public organizations. Moreover, the lack of a course on the rights and duties of citizenship in our university courses has caused the poor people's awareness of their rights. As the result of present research the more and more the governmental and public organizations are introduced to this issue and the conscious participation of citizens in public organizations providing services and products to improve the performance of organizations as far as possible.
    Case Study

    The participants in the qualitative sector include 15 public administration elites and in quantitative section, a sample consisted of 385 employees of the social security organization and ministry of science research and technology in Tehran.
    Materials and Methods
    The approach of this research is both quantitative and qualitative. Various methods used through the data collection that is firstly an interview was carried out and then by using a questionnaire data were collected. In addition, a deep research carried out via universities, digital libraries and databases. Statistical analysis was done in the qualitative section using Delphi technique. Therefore, the validity and reliability of the research questionnaires were tested at first and after proving the normal distribution of the data، using correlation.
    Discussion and Results
    The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the components of democratic citizenship, public organization and Human factors. The indicators of accountability and compensation as well as the rule of law directly affect citizens by giving citizens the right to vote and democratic participation of citizens.
    Therefore, the model shows the relationship between the components of democratic citizenship and the components of public organization and Human factors
    Keywords: Citizen, Citizenship, Democracy, Public Organizations
  • Hamid Tabeli *, Moslem Moradzadeh, Masud Kashi, Zohreh Derohi, Seyed Vahid Hosseini Tabatabaei Pages 201-227
    The current study aimed at investigating the impact of disclosure quality and voluntary disclosure on Information asymmetry of the companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. Accordingly, statistical sample including 84 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange were studied in a time period of 2006 to early 2016 using Panel regression. In this study, the relationship between voluntary disclosure and Information asymmetry criteria including the domain of difference of bid and offer prices, cash stock and the error of predicting interest as well as the relationship between the rate of disclosure quality and Information asymmetry were examined. In order to examine the normality of data, Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test was used. Significance level of the test for the variables of the domain of difference of bid and offer prices, the error of predicting interest, growth, return on assets and financial leverage was normalized using Johnson Method. Finally, the model was estimated and the results of the study showed a meaningful relationship between voluntary disclosure of information and the rate of disclosure quality with cash stock, but there was not a meaningful relationship between voluntary disclosure of information and the rate of disclosure quality with two other criteria. Based on the results obtained, the released information from companies should be presented orally so that investors could have more tendencies to invest in Stock Exchange. Therefore, the role of Stock Exchange in compelling companies to present clear information gets more and more important   
    Introduction
    The availability of appropriate information is one of the factors influencing the decision making process. The distribution of required information asymmetrically among individuals can produce different results. Therefore, although information can be important to the decision maker, however, we need to carefully assess the quality of information distribution (Diamond and Verechia, 1991). Hence, the information asymmetry leads to various adverse consequences such as increased transaction costs, market weakness, low liquidity, and, in general, a reduction in the profits from transactions in the capital market. These undesirable outcomes can be modulated by disclosing and clarifying the financial information to reduce the information asymmetry. With regard to the information disclosure process, investors (traders) face the problem of information asymmetry. This problem arises when one of the parties to the transaction has more information than the other party (Davani and Moini, 2007). The improper information issues result from information asymmetry and conflicting incentives for the investors and managers. This will bring about chaos to the capital market performance. Some of the measures taken to reduce these issues are as follows: First, optimal contracts between companies and investors increase the incentive for managers to fully disclose information and leads to a reduction in the misleading evaluations. Secondly, establishing the regulations to bind the managers to fully disclose information will reduce the problem of information asymmetry. Thirdly, these unfavorable issues may be diminished through effective intermediary information such as the views of analysts and the institutions determining the credit rating of the companies (Izadinia and Soroush Yar, 2009). Case study The study statistical population included all the companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange.
    Materials & Methods
    This research was an applied and correlational study. The research project was a quasi-experimental one, which was conducted by using a retrospective approach (through previous information). In this research, we used Tehran Stock Exchange databases, audited financial statements and Rahavard Novin software to collect data and information. Data analysis and testing the research hypotheses along with their results were done according to the outputs obtained from the Eviews software Ver. 9. Discussion and Results This research was aimed to answer the following question: What is the effect the quality of information disclosed by companies on the information asymmetry in Tehran Stock Exchange Companies? In this regard, six sub-hypotheses were developed by using the voluntary disclosure criterion and the quality rating of information disclosure to answer the research questions. The summary of the results is as follows: The first sub-hypothesis of this study examined the relationship between the score of voluntary disclosure of information and the range of the proposed price difference for the purchase and sale of shares. According to the regression results, the significance of the coefficient related to the independent variable of information disclosure was 0.7877, suggesting a lack of significant relationship between these two variables. As a result, the first sub-hypothesis is not verified, which is consistent with the results of Khajavi and Alizadeh Talatapeh research (2014) and contradicts the results of Gao and Zhou (2015) study. The second sub-hypothesis evaluated the relationship between the score of voluntary disclosure of information and the liquidity of the stock shares with the criterion of frequency of transactions. The coefficient of the independent variable of disclosure rating in this test was negative and significant (equal to 0.000). As a result, the second sub-hypothesis was accepted. It should be noted that the initial assumption about the relationship between the disclosure of information and liquidity of shares was the presence of a positive relationship between these two variables, while the test results proved the opposite. One of the possible reasons for this issue may be the inefficiency even at a weak level of the Tehran Stock Exchange. The studies conducted in relation to the efficiency of the Tehran Stock Exchange market confirm its ineffectiveness. The third sub-hypothesis of the study was to investigate the relationship between the score of voluntary information disclosure and the earnings forecast error. Regarding the regression test and the significance of the coefficients, this hypothesis was not accepted and no significant relationship was found between the score of voluntary information disclosure and the earnings forecast error. The fourth sub-hypothesis of this study examined the relationship between the score of voluntary information disclosure and the range of the proposed price difference for the purchase and sale of shares. Based on the results of regression, the significance of the coefficient of the independent variable of disclosure of information was equal to 0.003, suggesting the lack of significant relationship between these two variables. As a result, the fourth sub-hypothesis was not confirmed. The fifth sub-hypothesis of the study was to investigate the relationship between the score of voluntary information disclosure and the stock liquidity. The independent variable coefficient of disclosure rank in this test was negative and significant (equal to 0.000). Accordingly, the fourth sub-hypothesis was accepted. This result was similar to that of the second sub-hypothesis. Finally, the sixth sub-hypothesis of the research investigated the relationship between the score of voluntary information disclosure and the earnings forecast error. Due to the regression test and the significance of the coefficients, this hypothesis was not also accepted and no significant relationship was seen between the information disclosure rate and the earnings forecast error. Since no similar studies have been done on the relationship between disclosure quality and information asymmetry by the above computational approach, consequently, no comparison can be made with other studies. Comparing the results of the two variables of voluntary disclosure score and the rating of information disclosure quality revealed that these two variables have had the same effects on the three dependent variables in this study. The effect of both variables on the stock liquidity is inverse and significant, while their effect on the earnings forecast error is positive and insignificant. The effect of these two variables on the difference range of the proposed price is positive but not significant. According to the obtained results, the information provided by the companies should be presented in a transparent manner so that the investors will be more willing to invest in the securities. Hence, the role of the Stock Exchange Organization becomes increasingly important in requiring the companies to provide transparent information. In addition, more serious laws should be established by the government to bind the companies for providing early and more accurate information. Along with regarding the financial statements and internal information of the companies, the investors should also pay further attention to the outsourcing information and consider such information in their analyses.
    Keywords: voluntary disclosure, disclosure quality, Information asymmetry, Tehran Stock Exchange
  • Ahmad Ghaemmaghami Tabrizi, Aminreza Kamaliyan *, Habibollah Roodsaz, Maghsud Amiri Pages 229-246
    With the introduction of information and communication technology in the field of universities and educational centers and its integration with curricula, a new and important system of electronic education is formed and expanding that attracted the attention of many universities. Is. The main objective of this paper is to identify the factors that influence the virtual university education in Iran in order to provide a suitable model. Sampling was conducted purposefully using snowball method and 22 deep and qualitative interviews were conducted. Data analysis based on the data theory of the foundation, after encoding in three stages of open, pivotal and selective, illustrates 30 effective indications for the virtual university education model in Iran. These labels are identified in seven concepts that include: communication, trust building, knowledge localization, insight, human resource commitment, culture, technology, and leveling that can be used to design and develop virtual education centers as well as implement programs It will be effective.
    Introduction
    The most fundamental change that has taken place today in higher education in the world is that the definition of "higher education" has changed, since education, which is tasked with educating people only knowingly, is the higher education whose task it is to train entrepreneurship forces (Sediq, 2009). In order to improve the performance of the virtual university, we need a systematic management approach that, while coordinating and effectively communicating between elements and components of the virtual organization, can combine the activities of each component with the technological capabilities to increase learning. Therefore, the importance of paying attention to virtual education in order to develop the universities of the country with regard to native culture is obvious and its necessity in formulating content proportional to these values ​​in the form of a comprehensive model of virtual education in Iranian universities and identifying Facilitating factors, this move is important. The main topic is not the necessity of virtual education in the country but the quality and quantity of these training, how it is organized and expanded, which has focused on many issues and has led to wider discussion and discussion. Case study Main aim of this study was identifying the factors of the underlying E-learning under a model in Iranian University. Present study was conducted in-depth interviews with experts in the subject area. Snowball sampling method and 22 qualitative interviews were conducted inorder to test findings of research. The results of encryption in were analyzed in three ways: open, axial and selective. The findings indicate that 30 effective marks in virtual academic educational model and theses marks categorized in 7 concept which in cludes: Communication, building trust, indigenous knowledge, insight, commitment, human resources, culture, technology. Materials and Methods The research method was qualitative in this research. The first phase of the study was conducted as a library and described and analyzed research related to the model of virtual university education. In the second stage, semi-structured deep interviews with knowledgeable elites were used to find the factors and challenges of universities and virtual centers. Inorder to record the data from the interviews, the researcher, in addition to the outline note, proceeded to record the interview using tape recorder. In view of the theoretical foundations of qualitative research, simultaneous analysis and coding of interviews were carried out. Then, in order to diagnose, deliver and conclude the findings, they led to the identification of the final list of virtual education in Iranian universities.
    Discussion and Results
    According to the findings of the research, there are some executive strategies that can provide virtual education managers with a sense of successful implementation of this kind of training and its consequences. Conclusion This research uses theoretical foundations and a look at organizational concepts, management and leadership patterns in virtual organizations, with a qualitative approach and using the foundation data method to identify the underlying factors affecting the virtual university education model. By creating a new perspective based on the experts' opinions, they try to converge and concentrate these comments on the real conditions and requirements of the country, emphasizing the localization of this has been training and trying to maximize the speed with which this new training is to be completed. Considering the fact that the underlying conditions are factors that are effective in influencing the occurrence of the phenomenon, therefore, according to the findings of the study, communication, trust building, knowledge localization, insight, human resource commitment, culture, technology, and leveling were identified. The result is that if policy-makers and custodians of e-learning in formulating policies and programs for the creation or development of these centers pay enough attention to the levels and components mentioned, there is no doubt an effective step in the successful implementation of this Type of training in the country will be in line with international universities.
    Keywords: E-learning-learning academic model in Iran, paradigmatic model of virtual university
  • Amin Akbarzadeh, Mosayeb Pahlavani *, Seyed Hossein Mirjalili Pages 247-270
    In this research, using the HRV approach and based on the growth diagnostics decision tree, we examined the limitations of Iran's economic growth during 1380 to 1395. The research methodology is grounded theory approach and benefited from open interview. According to the findings of this study, the weakness in financing is the main constraint for private sector investment and entrepreneurship in the country and determines the country's economic growth. The weakness in financing is due to a weakness in the banking system in Iran, which requires major reforms in the structure, laws and policies of the banks. Another weakness in the structure and functioning of the government which created this bottleneck. Strengthening foreign relations, reducing the risk of investment and developing advanced financing institutions can be very effective in this regard. The third factor of weakness in financing is also the flaws in the judicial system that should be monitored by a higher authority to resolve it.
    Introduction
    In 1355, Iran's economy experienced a high economic growth rate (16.2%). With the advent of revolutionary conditions in 1356 and after the outbreak of the war, the rate of economic growth declined sharply. Except for 1961-63, the economic growth rate was negative until the end of the war. During the post-war period, the rate of economic growth has been very fluctuating, from -9.6% to 14.3%. The most stable growth rate during the forty-year period of 1384 - 1386 was about 7%, and Iran's average economic growth for the forty years (1355-1375) was 2.9%. As long as the binding constraints for investment and production are not overcome, achieving economic stability and sustained growth of 8%, which is the target growth rate of the sixth plan, is not possible.
    Case Study

    Achieving a high economic growth rate is one of the most important goals of any economic system, which first needs to identify and resolve its binding constraint. This study examined the constraints of economic growth in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
    Materials and methods
    The research method is grounded theory. This method is carried out by deep interviews. According to the research question, first, the key points are collected and each point allocated a specific code. Then by comparing the codes, the codes which refer to a common aspect of the phenomenon take the title of a "concept". Then, few concepts establish a "category" and several categories are expressed in the form of a theory. In order to facilitate the movement in the evolutionary path of the researcher's theory, the data collection should move to the most relevant sources, in which case the data will be almost near the goal of the research. The result of the aggregation of coding is a general theory that could be generalized.
    Discussion and
    results
    According to the interviews, the most consensus is on funding constraints, which account for 46 % of interviews' votes. It means that this binding constraint has to be removed in order to speed up the country's economic growth. After funding 23 percent of marketers interviewed people as a country's binding constraints, 15 percent mentioned government failure, 8 percent pointed out human capital weakness, and 8 percent mentioned weak infrastructure. Meanwhile, none of the interviewed people considered the poor geography as the binding constraint to growth.
    Looking at the studies that have been mentioned in the background, it is observed that Vietnam and Pakistan are similar to Iran in funding constraints. Peru and Mongolia’s binding constraints are market failure, Georgia face government failure, Tunisia suffer from poor human capital, and Sri Lanka and Tajikistan, has weak Infrastructure like Iran.
    Conclusion
    According to the interviews, weakness in financing is due to weaknesses in the banking system of Iran, which requires major reforms in the structure, laws and policies of the banking system. Also, weakness in the structure and functioning of the government is another determinant of the bottleneck. Strengthening foreign relations, reducing the risk of investment and developing
    advanced financing institutions can be effective in removing it. The third factor of weakness in financing is also the flaws in the judicial system that should be monitored by a higher authority
    Keywords: Economic Growth, Growth Constraints, Iran's Economy, Grounded Theory, Growth diagnostics
  • Adele Deghati * Pages 271-294
    In this research, using the HRV approach and based on the growth diagnostics decision tree, we examined the limitations of Iran's economic growth during 1380 to 1395. The research methodology is grounded theory approach and benefited from open interview. According to the findings of this study, the weakness in financing is the main constraint for private sector investment and entrepreneurship in the country and determines the country's economic growth. The weakness in financing is due to a weakness in the banking system in Iran, which requires major reforms in the structure, laws and policies of the banks. Another weakness in the structure and functioning of the government which created this bottleneck. Strengthening foreign relations, reducing the risk of investment and developing advanced financing institutions can be very effective in this regard. The third factor of weakness in financing is also the flaws in the judicial system that should be monitored by a higher authority to resolve it.
    Introduction
    In 1355, Iran's economy experienced a high economic growth rate (16.2%). With the advent of revolutionary conditions in 1356 and after the outbreak of the war, the rate of economic growth declined sharply. Except for 1961-63, the economic growth rate was negative until the end of the war. During the post-war period, the rate of economic growth has been very fluctuating, from -9.6% to 14.3%. The most stable growth rate during the forty-year period of 1384 - 1386 was about 7%, and Iran's average economic growth for the forty years (1355-1375) was 2.9%. As long as the binding constraints for investment and production are not overcome, achieving economic stability and sustained growth of 8%, which is the target growth rate of the sixth plan, is not possible.
    Case Study

    Achieving a high economic growth rate is one of the most important goals of any economic system, which first needs to identify and resolve its binding constraint. This study examined the constraints of economic growth in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
    Materials and methods
    The research method is grounded theory. This method is carried out by deep interviews. According to the research question, first, the key points are collected and each point allocated a specific code. Then by comparing the codes, the codes which refer to a common aspect of the phenomenon take the title of a "concept". Then, few concepts establish a "category" and several categories are expressed in the form of a theory. In order to facilitate the movement in the evolutionary path of the researcher's theory, the data collection should move to the most relevant sources, in which case the data will be almost near the goal of the research. The result of the aggregation of coding is a general theory that could be generalized.
    Discussion and
    results
    According to the interviews, the most consensus is on funding constraints, which account for 46 % of interviews' votes. It means that this binding constraint has to be removed in order to speed up the country's economic growth. After funding 23 percent of marketers interviewed people as a country's binding constraints, 15 percent mentioned government failure, 8 percent pointed out human capital weakness, and 8 percent mentioned weak infrastructure. Meanwhile, none of the interviewed people considered the poor geography as the binding constraint to growth.
    Looking at the studies that have been mentioned in the background, it is observed that Vietnam and Pakistan are similar to Iran in funding constraints. Peru and Mongolia’s binding constraints are market failure, Georgia face government failure, Tunisia suffer from poor human capital, and Sri Lanka and Tajikistan, has weak Infrastructure like Iran.
    Conclusion
    According to the interviews, weakness in financing is due to weaknesses in the banking system of Iran, which requires major reforms in the structure, laws and policies of the banking system. Also, weakness in the structure and functioning of the government is another determinant of the bottleneck. Strengthening foreign relations, reducing the risk of investment and developing
    advanced financing institutions can be effective in removing it. The third factor of weakness in financing is also the flaws in the judicial system that should be monitored by a higher authority
    Keywords: Maintenance system, manpower, Birjand University of Medical Sciences