مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان
سال شانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 97، اردیبهشت 1396)

Tobacco is a rich source of heavy metals that during its growth the amount of these elements increases. The use of tobacco leaves is one of the major routes of exposure to heavy metals. The aim of this study was to determine the amount of lead, chromium, and cadmium in the samples of aromatic tobacco in the Shiraz market.
This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016. First, four most consumed aromatic tobacco flavors were collected from Shiraz; then, four samples of each and generally 48 sampleswere prepared. After preparation of the samples, the amounts of heavy metals were determined by atomic absorption flame-model Rayleigh wfx- 210. Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA.
The average concentration of lead in all the tobacco flavors was 53/59 μg/g. The statistical test did not show a significant difference between the means of lead and cadmium in the four tobacco flavors (p˃0/05); but in the case of Cr showed significant differences in different flavors (p˂0/05); and grape flavor with an average of 46/91 μg /g was the most capable.
According to the results, aromatic tobacco is highly contaminated with heavy metals in the Iran market. Considering the importance of this issue and the negative effects of tobacco on healthand education, necessary preventive measures in this regard seems to be necessary.

Changes and deformities of the auricle are very important in order to understand some congenital diseases as well as beauty aspect. Lobule is one of the most important parts of the auricle which has most changes in comparison to other parts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the different types of ear lobule in a Kerman population.
In this cross-sectional study, 400 Kermanian natives (200 males, 200 females, aged 20 to 30) were selected using cluster random sampling method and anthropometric features of lobule (attached or free) in these subjects were assessed. Also, ear length and width were measured using calipers. Data were analyzed using independent t -test, paired t -test, and chi-square test.
The results showed that the frequencies of free and attached lobule in males were 80% (160 persons) and 20% (40 persons) and in females 89.5% (179 persons) and 10.5% (21 persons), respectively. The means and standard deviations of ear length in males and females were 59.86±3.06 and 60.12±3.37 mm, respectively (P=0.089). Also, the means and standard deviations of ear width in females and males were 31.36±3.61 and 30.71±3.94 mm, respectively (P=0.023).
In Kermanian population frequency of free lobule is more common than attached lobule. Also, the significant difference between males and females in the width of auricle can be used in forensic medicine investigations.

Finding a low-cost adsorbent as well as discovering a simple modification technique to increase the efficiency of adsorbent for the removal of environmental pollutants is always important. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the calcination to increase the efficiency of raw marble powder in the removal of Acid Orange 7 dye from aqueous solution.
In this laboratory study, the effects of different parameters including contact time, pH, initial dye concentration, and adsorbent dose on efficiency of dye removal were investigated. SEM, XRD, and FT-IR were used to characterize the Raw Powder Marble Waste (RPMW) and Calcined Powder Marble Waste (CPMW). The experimental data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and kinetic studies. Liner regression and R2 were used to analyze the data.
The highest dye removal efficiency was achieved in pH= 12 for RPMW and pH= 7 for CPMW. With increasing contact time from 5 to 180 minutes, the efficiency of dye removal increased for two adsorbents. The highest amounts of dye removal for RPMW and CPMW within the initial dye concentrations of 5 and 300 mg/L were 53.54% and 94.45%, respectively. By increasing the absorbents dosage, dye removal efficiency increased. The results showed that the dye adsorption using two adsorbents followed the Freundlich isotherm model (R2= 0.99%) and the adsorption kinetics of the dye followed pseudo-second-order model (R2= 0.99%).
Calcination process increased 40-fold in dye adsorption capacity and hence, CPMW could be used as a relatively efficient and low-cost adsorbent in dye removal from aqueous solution.

Nostalgia-Proneness is defined as a state of eager joy and happiness mixed with sadness. Students who are non-native to a region and are away from their families tend to experience a sense of "homesickness" that is associated with nostalgia for several reasons such as being unfamiliar with the university environment or the culture of the region. Therefore, given the role of nostalgia in the personal, interpersonal and mental health, it is essential to measure this variable among college students. The aim of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of the Nostalgia-Proneness scale in the students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.
The present study was a cross-sectional validation research effort. It was conducted in 2015 on a group of 203 of medical students in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences who were selected through convenient sampling. After investigating content validity of Nostalgia-Proneness scale, the correlations between the scores and the overall score and the subscales were used. Furthermore, exploratory factor analysis was performed to determine the factor structure of the scale. Finally, internal consistency and reliability were established via Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and test-retest, respectively.
Item-score correlations varied from 0.20 to 0.60 and were significant (p The results indicated the instrument enjoys sufficient reliability and validity among students. Therefore, the scale can be used in students of medical sciences.

Although bleaching is an effective way in creating a beautiful smile, there is a controversy about the effectiveness of bleaching agents on composite restored teeth. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of carbamide peroxide (CP) at different concentrations on shear strength (SS) of a bonded nanocomposite to enamel and dentin.
Material and In this in-vitro study, 96 premolar teeth were divided into two groups. Buccal surfaces were abraded to reach enamel or dentin surfaces. The specimens were mounted in acrylic cubs and bonding procedures were performed using Single Bond 2. A composite cylinder was formed on surfaces using Z350 nanohybrid composite and then, the specimens were divided into four subgroups: 1: the control; 2, 3, and 4 bleached with Opalescence PF 10, 15, & 20% in 8, 6, & 4 hours a day, respectively. The SS were measured and the data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey multiple comparisons test.
There was a reduction in SS in both groups after bleaching. This reduction was not statistically significant in the enamel subgroups (P=0.589), but it was statistically significant in the dentin subgroups. This significance was only between the control and fourth subgroups (P=0.005).
According to this study, if bleaching with CP is performed on a nanocomposite restoration with dentinal margins, replacing the restoration should be taken in to consideration. Increasing the CP concentration leads to more deterioration of dentinal bond. Enamel bond is less affected.

Study is a process in which information comes into mind. Learning study skills by the students can lead to their greater academic success. This study aimed to evaluate the study methods of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences students in 2015.
Material and In this cross-sectional study, 508 students were selected by stratified random sampling and completed the Palsane & Shrama Study Habit Inventory (PSSHI). The data were entered into SPSS software and were analyzed using Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. The significance level in the statistical tests was considered at 0.05.
The results showed that the minimum and maximum scores of the study habits in order are 23 & 78. The study habits of the sample under investigation were categorized as 4.7% (n=24) undesirable, 81.9% (n=416) relatively favorable, and 13.4% (n=68) desirable. There was a significant and negative correlation (P=0.040) between the average hours of sleep in a day and the ability of reading; whilst there was a significant positive correlation (P=0.004) between the age of samples and their learning motivation.
Study results showed that study habits in students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences is moderate. In this regard, attention to the improvement and promotion of the students study habits is essential.

Nurses experience moral distress to some degrees in clinical setting. Several factors can cause moral distress in nurses that can diminish their performance. Due to lack of studies in this field in Ardabil city, this research was conducted to determine the level of moral distress among special wards nurses affiliated to educational-therapeutic centers in Ardabil University of Medical Sciences.
This cross-sectional study was conducted using census methodon all of nurses (118 peoples) working in educational-therapeutic centers in Ardabil University of Medical Sciences in 2016,. Data was collected through demographic questionnaires and Corley’s Moral Distress Scale. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics including Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H tests.
The mean and standard deviation of moral distress score was 108.25±24.18. Among the demographic variables, the executive post (p=0.025), working shift (p=0.011), marital status (p=0.004),and educational level (p=0.033) showed a statistically significant relationship with level of moral distress.
In this study, moral distress of special wards nurses was reported at a medium level. According to the undesirable findings, more attention is necessary to reduce nursing experiences of moral distress.

The number of students in higher learning has increased due to the expansion of academic institutions. Many students are concerned about their study and future career. The purpose of this study was to identify students̕ perspectives and attitudes toward their public health education and future career opportunity.
In a cross-sectional study, 62 students in public health were entered the study through census method. Students answered a questionnaire developed by Minnesota University including 17 questions on demographics and students̕ perspectives and attitudes. One-way ANOVA, t-test, and chi-square test were used for data analysis.
The mean and standard deviation of age of students was 21.39±1.26 years. A high proportion of participants were female students (87.1%). The findings revealed the average scores of students perceptions on their field of study and future career opportunity rated 53.19±8.81. While over half of students (56.5%) reported positive perception towards their public health educational and training experience, most of them indicated negative perception concerning career opportunity in the future (54.8%).
According to the findings, around half of students had negative perspectives towards their field of study and future career. Assessing students̕ perspectives concerning their education and future career may help faculties and authorities to propose effective planning.