نشریه راهبرد توسعه
سال سیزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 51، پاییز 1396)

Modernization is a short term for a variety of views that used by non- Marxists for the Third World and through it occurs the Growth of technology, industrialization, mass consumption, urbanization and suburbanization of human life, mass communication, government centralization and formal education systems development. This study was conducted to evaluate and critique of modernization approach. The method of research was descriptive - analytical and for collect data is used documentary (library) method. The results show that due to the nature of modernization approach, criticism Pose, such; Linear perspective to the development process, ignoring the role of external factors in the backwardness of the country, destroying the economic and political independence, A tool for influence West capitalism, Destruction of cultural and historical character In contrast modernization approach, Abstract studies, destruction of meaning foundations ,Tradition as Obstacle to development, Ontological insecurity and Ignoring the role of class. Despite these criticisms should be noted that most of the human societies progress After World War II Happened Based on the theoretical foundations of this approach and still the developed world, Is the industry and urban world that this cases is emphasized Indicators of modernization theory.

All societies in path of growth and development, have a unique attention on prosperity and success that with all aspects of human life been tied. One of the factors influencing the prosperity index of natural resources that with management of natural resources and control of hard currency earnings from exports of natural resources can be provide grounds prosperity people. Therefore present study intends pay to investigate the impact of management of natural resources on prosperity index in selected countries of OPEC in comparison with Norway as one of the most prosperous countries in the world over the period 2011-2014. According to statistics published of 142 countries prosperity index by the Legatum Institute, respectively United Arab Emirates (with average world rank 24) and Iraq (with average world rank 130) have the best and worst ranking prosperity index and according statistics published of WDI during the same year these two countries to have the best and worst management of natural resources between selected countries of OPEC. Also statistics analysis show average ranking 1 in prosperity index is owned by the Norway that is position proper management of natural resources. Therefore According to statistics released by the Institute Legatum and WDI selected countries of OPEC are far away from Norway. Also review correlation coefficient between ranking indicators of prosperity and management of natural resources in selected countries of OPEC is also illustrates strong and negative relationship, so that is correlation coefficient between the overall ranking prosperity index and management of natural resources for selected countries of OPEC -0/91.

This research with using descriptive method and content analysis studies this issue that” How can the experimental economics help in developing the educational system of economics by holding laboratory classes”. Also in the laboratory, the native model was designed and presented for undergraduate economics students in Teaching the concept of voluntary participation and free riding. Results showed succeeding educational experiences in advanced countries In addition to the positive impact of increasing student's understanding and learning, it will lead to the training of managers and experts in the field of economics and Students have come up with practical topics in the field before entering the labor market. This causes it the costs of in-service training in government and nongovernmental organizations are dramatically reduced. This process can be effective in developing the educational system of the economy in the country.

The main objectives of any country is having high economic growth and reaching to high development levels. Necessities to aiming these targets are the optimum use of available resources in the country and the solution is improvement of productivity. Therefore, this paper investigates and modeling the resource of labor force productivity by using time series data from 1338 to 1386. Labor force productivity is estimated with the use of information technology, real capital stock and free trade by econometric models in both short and long term periods. Experimental results show that long-run relationship between labor force productivity and these variables is positive. In other words, whatever the information technology, real capital stock and free trade being increased will lead to improved labor force productivity. The impact of information technology on labor force productivity is negligible. Estimation of long run relationship shows that every 10% increase in free trade and capital stock growth, will lead to increase in labor force productivity growth as 2.8% and 6.2% respectively.

The main goal of the article is discussion about some context of Beijing consensus development model and description of the model characteristics such as nativism in development process, attention to internal sphere, market and planning integration, respect to the other countries political rights, emphasis on innovation, cautious financial deregulation and perpending to correlation between economic growth social balances. The question that the article trying to answer it, is what is the main intellectual basis of Beijing consensus development model? The article, as a hypothesis, argues Beijing consensus has not contemporary and academicals theories and intellectual basis like Washington consensus development model. However, it has some intellectual characteristics that rooted in china ancient, middle and contemporary eras. humanism, moderation, gradualism, economist, authoritarianism and empirism are the most important of them. theoretical framework with emphasis on development model, discussion about foundations and characteristics of the Beijing consensus and evaluation of intellectual basis of the model are the main sections of the article.

The quality of education is one of the main concerns in most of the world's education systems. The role of human capital in economic development, increase productivity, and innovation is increasingly emphasized and by the way, justified allocated government subsidies for education & training. In this research, we introduce characteristics of developed and developing countries & educational challenges in this country. Also, general characteristics of education and economic indicators in Iran and selected countries were comparative. The main purpose of this study is to be discussed education as a national investment with high return among politicians and policy makers.

One of the main elements of development is tourism and encouraging the participation of local communities as the focal point for the sustainable development of the tourism industry. The conditions created in Iran after the embargo and the special attention of foreign tourists and their entry into Iran can provide a good opportunity for their use and attraction in tourist destinations. In the meantime, the points that are geographically isolated and have poor economic fabric, but have high relative benefits to attract tourists, can be prioritized. Neighborhood community development can provide a suitable container for the new development movement, or in the right way, to accompany and foster development, and provide for informed participation of villagers in processes that shape their lives, including tourism. Sistan and Baluchistan province, with its subtle attractions and varied villages, which has a special native land and can be one of the hubs of tourist attraction. But the development of tourism and rural economic growth in the province requires the establishment of appropriate infrastructure. This research was conducted using analytical-practical and direct observation method and using the evaluation matrix to study the empowerment of local communities and its impact on rural tourism development in Sistan and Baluchistan province. The results of the study showed that there is a direct relationship between the diversity of tourist attractions in rural areas and the demand and motivation of travel. Development of local communities of Sistan and Baluchistan province has a strong dependence on the tourism industry due to its environmental characteristics.

Secondary analysis of data from censuses 1986-2011 show that the share of the population employed in agriculture in rural areas from 58 percent in 1986 to 48 and 51 percent respectively in the years 2006 and 2011 declined. This significant decline, coupled with changes in sex ratio and age structure of the agricultural labor force. In this period, the share of rural women, especially elderly women to participate in the agricultural sector significantly increased, so that the sex ratio in rural agricultural labor force from 1062 in 1986 to 642 in 2011 decreased. Percentage of population aging in the same period has increased from about 7 to 16. The main reasons for these changes may include changes in immigration in rural areas and the major share of international migrants are young men, The unwillingness of rural youth to undertake agricultural activities, The hegemony of the city and urban lifestyle.

Decentralization theories in the economic literature are considered as promoting government’s productivity and efficiency and establishing regional balances.by applying special regional programs in 1351, decentralization is started in Iran. After Islamic revolution in Iran and especially after the imposed war, fiscal and economic decentralization was officially considered as a strategic policy for the developing of provinces. In this study, using Shah Model, based on analysis of Williamson's model, development plans were studied with institutional and thematic content analysis. Firstly, they founded planning committee and then planning council to step up towards decentralization .preparing the provincial development documents, creation of provincial revenue-expenditure system, decentralization of government services, relation of expenditure to provincial revenues and devolution of determining preference investment in different sector are five approach in planning and budgeting system in Iran that is founded in 3th and 4th plans. Compare pillars of fiscal decentralization on the model of the World Bank shows that the activities at the national level should largely be the same models representing and Policies, priorities and provision of local and regional nature of the work that is being done mainly by the provincial authorities but the process of Revenue assignment level is very low.

At present paper study rice economic status and also two traditional and mechanize methods and their effects. This research independent variable is credit rate and dependent variable is economic effects (produce increasing, revenue increases, yield extra decreasing, and produce cost decreasing…). Operation method including traditional, mechanize and semi- mechanize is research mediatory variable. (Each person tendency to loan for rice planting evaluated). In this research has used descriptive- analytical method and to collect data has used questionnaire for 400 rural householders. To analyze data and research final model in the main hypothesis has used 3d crossing table model by using IBM SPSS statistics 20 SPSS. Research result indicate 95% reliability about this subject that as increases credit rate increases rice planting economic effects.