فهرست مطالب

مطالعات تاریخی - پیاپی 44 (بهار 1393)

نشریه مطالعات تاریخی
پیاپی 44 (بهار 1393)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1393/02/16
  • تعداد عناوین: 9
|
|
  • Mohammad gholy Majd Page 11
    To estimate the famine’s toll, this chapter will compare Iran’s pre and post-famine population. Iran’s first population census was conducted in 1956, 35 years after the advent of Pahlavi regime. In the absence of census figures for the earlier years, one has to rely on estimates of contemporaries, foreign and Iranian, diplomatic reports, and on the very small number of scholarly articles that have attempted to estimate the population of the country during the first two decades of the twentieth century. This chapter will first review and critique these more recent studies and will point out that some of the key demographic developments described, namely, the increase in urbanization and increase in emigration to neighboring countries and beyond, are completely inconsistent with the hypothesis of a more or less stationary population, and that population of Iran in 1910 was much higher than implied by these studies. It is indeed remarkable that these results have gone unchallenged for so long. The chapter will then utilize population figures found in State Department records and American sources to estimate Iran’s loss due to famine and disease in World War I. The results indicate that conservatively 8-10 million Iranians, and possibly more, perished during the famine. The famine of 1917-1919 was probably the greatest calamity in the history of Iran and possibly the biggest holocaust of the twentieth century. That it has remained concealed for nearly a century leads one to suspect that there are other hidden calamities awaiting discovery.
  • Samane Bayrami Page 25
    In September 1941 the Allied Forces entered Iranian territory from north and south. In the north the Soviet forces entered in three columns. The first column occupied Rezaa’iyyeh and Tabriz. The second column went toward Tehran after occupying several towns in Guilan and Mazandaran Provinces. And the third column entered Iran in Bandar Shah (Bandar Turkman) and after occupying Gorgan they continued marching to Semnan. The most important outcome the entrance of Red Army in Mazandaran was shaping soviet-oriented groups and parties. After the occupation of Iran in October 12th 1941 Tudeh Party was established. After the first Tudeh Party Conference in Tehran, the branches of this party expanded in northern towns. On October 9th 1942 Tehran Provincial Conference was held in Jamshid Keshavarz’es house (brother of Fereydoon Keshavarz). In the same year Tudeh Party could establish its provincial committees in 5 provinces (Azerbaijan, Khorassan, Guilan, and Isfahan) and they also could shape local committees in 19 other small towns. Tudeh Party had local organizations in towns of Zirab and Pol-e Sefid in Mazandaran. In 1942 Tudeh Party had about 300 members in Tehran and about the same figure in counties. In 1943 this figure was about 700 in Tehran and in northern provinces become more than 1500 members.
  • Edward Posnett Page 55
    After the abdication of Reza Shah in 1941 by the British, they would behave with his son like a mulish school boy until 1978 when the whole thing changed. During the last years of Mohammad Reza Shah’s reign, the British diplomat would do any cheap action to satisfy his majesty. This policy was not only in diplomatic flattery in the Iranian court, but it was observed in all fields between 1977 till 1979: in the British Central Criminal Court, in the former BBC building, Bush House, in The Secret Intelligence Service corridors and in Whitehall. The British policy in the last years of Shah before his fall is described as: “Although Pahlavi regime is not out of mistakes, but we support it and even suggest treatments for his imperial majesty’s warts.” However, whenever it was proved that the Shah’s regime warts had given him a displeasing figure the British were not so willing to act as a dermatologist.
  • Parvin Rustamy Page 87
    The Shah’s reforms known as “White Revolution” led to a series of protests led by Imam Khomeini. The 2nd National Front which was shaped in 1960 had entered the political arena using the slogan “Yes to reforms and no to dictatorship” considering the then US policies in Iran which were doing some reforms to impede communism. So, there could be mainly no coordination between the National Front type of ideology and the clergy’s movement. The problem which is being analyzed in this paper to identify the internal situation of the 2nd National Front just before the 15th of Khordad Rise and clarify if there was any possibility for the National Front to play any role in 15th of Khordad Rise and using it to reach Front’s goals?
  • Nader Parvane Page 101
    Constitutional Movement and upcoming events afterwards were the most impressive events in Qajar era. Up to now this event has been different surveyed from several viewpoints; however, little attention has been made about Kurdish provinces in Iran. So, this paper is to analyze the role of Kurdish community in Kermanshah and Kurdistan in the events that finally led to Constitution Movement and its consequences. This paper also tries to review the main existing viewpoints about Constitution Movement in Kermanshah and Kurdistan and the share of each group and personality in it.
  • Hossein Rezanejad Page 119
    All the movements in history were based on a particular thinking structure. Identifying the mental elements forming a thought behind a rise paves the way to understand and analyze it. This paper wants to identify the main elements in the thinking structure of Sheikh Mohammad Khiyaabaani movement and identify the goals and motives of Khiyaabaani as the leader, based on different analysis and interpretations made pro or against him. In this regard, his rise is more considered as anti-despotic and anti-reactionary one that wanted to imply constitution and liberty in Iran and it was not a separatist move or seeking independence of Azerbaijan. In other words, the dominant thinking structure of Khiyaabaani is liberal and democratic, in which modernism can be followed and displace the governing oligarchy with the will of the nation.
  • Nilgoon Daryaa’i Page 133
    Seyyed Hassan Taghizadeh a pro-constitutional movement clergy who had a key role in the victory of this movement and was called “The Constitution Movement Father”, after the Majlis bombardment followed some attempts that finally resulted in being called a “Traitor”. He is so famous among the west-toxicated intellectuals. His slogan was “we should be westernized from head to toe” and in some ways he was the one who “exploded the first bomb of imitating the west in Iran” and finally he did what had said in his slogans. Taghizadeh is one of the elements who misled the constitutional movement toward the British wishes and made their political plans executed in Iran in the 5-decade period after the Constitutional Revolution. A study on documents about Seyyed Hassan Taghizadeh and his life helps greatly to know his personality and his practical and intellectual dependency to the west.
  • Page 191