فصلنامه اعتیاد پژوهی
پیاپی 47 (پاییز 1397)

: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of family-based training on attitude to drugs and irrational beliefs of female high school students with addicted parents in Sabzevar in 2016.

This research employed a quasi-experimental research design along with pretest-posttest and control group. The statistical population of this study included female high school students from Sabzevar with a parent with substance use disorder where 36 ones were selected through random cluster sampling method and were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group received family-based training program for nine sessions and the control group received no training. The required data were collected through Attitude toward Drugs Questionnaire and Irrational Beliefs scale.

The results of covariance analysis showed that family-based training had a significant positive effect on attitude to drugs components of female students with addicted parent (p<0.05); however, this educational plan only had a significant positive impact on demand for approval, blame proneness, and dependency (p<0.05) and there was no effect on other components of irrational beliefs (p>0.05).

Since family-based training produced negative attitudes toward drugs and changes in some components of irrational beliefs among the students, it seems necessary that these training programs should receive the attention of high schools and universities.

No significant attention has been paid to the sociological dimensions of the functions of nongovernmental organizations as a civil institution, and the present study has investigated this issue.

For this purpose, the qualitative method of grounded theory was used to conduct deep interviews with the managers of NGOs active at the national level as well as addiction treatment specialists.

Following the coding process of the interview results and using Strauss & Corbin theoretical model, the researcher could present the model and, finally, the organizations under study were categorized by means of the obtained model.

The results of the analyses showed that assigning the responsibility of social affairs, including addiction treatment to NGOs have many advantages, such as the deepening of the recognition of civil institutions in relation to social issues, the increase of financial and voluntary support for people in the field of social issues, the increased concern for providing quality services, and the increase of public demand for the conduct of fruitful interventions and public demand from the civil institutions

Due to various factors, such as the ease of production of narcotics, this issue has become more prevalent in all human societies, including Islamic Iran. Therefore, the present paper examines the jurisprudence principles of the prohibition of drug use. From the public and certain Quranic verses, one can explicitly and clearly discover the religious prohibition of drug use. For example, the reasons pertaining to the prohibition of ego-murder and ego-murder, the prohibition of removing wisdom, the necessity of avoiding filth and acts of evil, on top of which drug use lies. In addition, certain hadiths also imply the prohibition of this act, and the thinkers' rationale confirms the prohibition of this practice. The provision of the principles of the prohibition of narcotics can help the authorities to do their bests to eradicate this phenomenon with ease because of the availability of the religious law and religious prohibition on the use of narcotic drugs. Preachers and scholars are also given religious motives to avoid this act

Drug trafficking is one of the most significant social damage that can easily undermine the cultural and social base of a country and its human dynamism. The confluence of the psychological, social, economic, political and cultural factors has made this one of the most complex social damages of recent decades in the country. Accordingly, the adoption of programs with the prevention and empowerment approach to addiction has always been the focus of attention. However, preventive programs have not been successful at many levels. In this regard, the aim of this study was to analyze the inefficiency of prevention programs. The present study was carried out with a qualitative approach and through grounded theory. The data were collected through a deep interview with 33 consumers living in Ghaleh Shour camp of Isfahan as well as managers, experts, and therapists in the area of addiction in spring of 2016. These sample units had been selected via purposive sampling and the theoretical saturation criterion. The data were then analyzed using axial coding. Axial coding led to the production of 14 categories and 66 sub-categories, which illustrate the causal and underlying conditions, strategies, and consequences of the inefficiency of prevention programs from the perspective of both groups of participants in the research. Some of these categories include non-cooperative policies, inappropriate bureaucracy, cadre-oriented and actor-oriented cultural constraints, customization, and obdurate anarchy. From the perspective of both groups of participants, there is a dual typology of weaknesses and deficiencies in the preparation, development, and implementation of prevention plans, which, in turn, shows the content and formal denial of plans. In the first type of the strategy, obdurate anarchy is adopted by interviewees and, in the second type of the strategy, customization and acceptance of failure in dealing with this phenomenon are adopted by the interviewees where such consequences as empiricism, friendship, and escape and insignificant access to plans come into existence

Drug addiction is one of the most important health issues due to the difficulty of achieving sustainable treatment and high rates of relapse despite the need for detoxification and medical and psychological interventions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the degree of substance use craving and cognitive self-control in substance abusers. This research was indeed a pilot study with randomized assignment in experimental and control groups with pre-test and post-test. The number of 40 opiate dependent patients presenting to methadone treatment centers were selected by random sampling. After responding to questionnaires of craving and cognitive self-control, they were randomly divided into experimental (n=20) and control (n=20) groups. The measurement tools used in this study were Franklin's Craving Questionnaire (2002) and Grasmick's Cognitive Self-Control Inventory. Therapeutic sessions of tDCS included 20 minutes of F3 anodic stimulation and F4 cathodic stimulation with a flow rate of 2 mA. The results of multivariate covariance showed that the mean scores of groups in the degree of craving and cognitive self-control were different in the post-test phase. It is hereby concluded that tDCS can reduce depression and increase cognitive self-control in substance abusers. Therefore, therapists can use this treatment as an addiction treatment method

Addiction among women has extra negative damages because of its essential role in family and parenting. The present study aimed to explore the factors effective in women and girls’ tendency to drug use and to develop a theoretical model in this sphere. Grounded theory, along with a qualitative research method was used in this study. The addicted women presenting to Chitgar Women's Addiction Withdrawal Camp in Tehran from 2014 to 2016 constituted the statistical population of this study and 30 women were selected via theoretical sampling. Three major themes, including damaging family (containing five categories of inappropriate parenting, drug use in family, family conflict, disconnection with family, and establishment of destructive relations), vulnerable individual conditions (containing four categories of vulnerable individual characteristics, high mental pressure, self-cure, and establishment of destructive relations), and unsuccessful marriage (containing five categories of unsuccessful marriage, high mental pressure, helplessness feeling, self-cure, and establishment of destructive relations) were recognized as effective factors in tendency to drug abuse. Also, two main types, namely resisting women (consisting of categories of resistance against drug abuse and long-term withdrawals along with slip) and submissive woman (consisting of categories of submission to drug abuse and numerous short-term withdrawals along with consecutive slips) were extracted. Finally, a theoretical model was proposed. According to the findings of this study, it is possible to identify the women and girls vulnerable to drug abuse and set preventive planning for them

The aim of this study was to model the structural relationships between spiritual intelligence and addiction potential with mediating role of meta-cognitive beliefs and educational hardiness through in Azad University students of Tehran. A descriptive-correlational research method with a causal nature was used in this study. The statistical population of this study consisted of all students of Azad University of Tehran in the academic year of 2016-17. From among this population, 361 students were chosen via random cluster sampling method and responded to Zargar's Addiction Potential Scale, Halton & Wells's Metacognition Questionnaire, King's Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory, and Benishek & Lopez's Academic Hardiness Scale. Using structural equation modeling and path analysis, spiritual intelligence, with mediating roles of metacognitive beliefs and educational hardiness could explain 10% of addiction potential among students of Azad University of Tehran. Additionally, spiritual intelligence had a direct effect on addiction potential. Considering the predictive power of the mentioned variables, one can use the findings of this study for developing addiction prevention programs and formulating educational interventions in addiction withdrawal clinics

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of subliminal presentation of smoking pictures on addiction potential, addiction acknowledgement, and addiction craving. A quasi-experimental research method along with pretest-posttest/ control group design was employed in this study. The statistical population of this research included the male smokers who had presented to Rasht addiction treatment clinics (District one) in 2017. From among them, 40 men were selected through convenience sampling method and were randomly assign to one experimental group (n=20) and one control group (n=20). The Iranian Addiction Potential Scale (Zargar, 2006), Addiction Acknowledgement Scale (Weed et al., 1992), and Drug Craving Scale (Somoza et al., 1995) constituted the data collection instruments. Following the administration of the pretest, smoking pictures were subliminally presented to the experimental group, while the control group was exposed to subliminal neutral color pictures. After completing the task, both groups were subjected to the post-test. The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between the mean ranks of addiction craving scores in the experimental group, which means that the rate of craving increased in the experimental group in comparison with the control group. However, there was no significant difference in variables of addiction potential and addiction acknowledgement (P> 0.05). Considering the significant effect of subliminal presentation of smoking pictures on addiction craving, the subliminal presentation can be used in clinical settings as a therapeutic and preventive method for reducing addiction craving

The present study aimed at predicting retaining and resigning addiction treatment interventions based on personality disorders. A descriptive-correlational research design was employed for the conduct of this study. The statistical population of this study consisted of all addicts in Ardabil city who presented to one of the addiction treatment centers. From among this population, 349 participants were selected based on through multi-stage cluster sampling. Data was collected using Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III). The results of discriminant function analysis showed that Schizoid, Avoidant, Depressive, Dependent, Histrionic, Narcissistic, Antisocial, Sadistic, Compulsive, Negativistic, Self-Defeating and Schizotypal personality disorders enjoy the power of addicts' retaining and resigning addiction treatment interventions; however, Borderline and Paranoid personality disorders could not predict it. Therefore, it can be concluded that personality disorders predict addicts' retaining and resigning addiction treatment interventions. These findings have important implications for camps and addiction treatment centers

The aim of this study was to predict addiction potential based on the quality of working life and academic burnout among university students. All the employed students both in Azad and State universities of Tehran in the academic year 2017-18constituted the statistical population of this study. Using Cochran formula, 384 people were required to be selected as the sample units. The scales pertaining to Addiction Potential, Quality of Working Life, and Academic Burn-out were employed for data collection. The results showed that addiction potential had a negative relationship with the quality of working life but had a positive relationship with academic burn-out. The results also indicated that active addiction potential is the best predictor of students' quality of life and academic burn-out. However, passive addition potential did not contribute to the prediction of students' quality of working life dimensions. The dimensions of students' quality of working life and academic burn-out have a decisive role in explaining the components of their addiction potential

The aim of this study was to assess the structural equation modeling of the relationship of emotion seeking with addiction potential with the mediation of self-differentiation and cognitive emotion regulation among male addicts under treatment in Sari.

A correlational research design based on Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method was used for the conduct of this study. The statistical population of this research included all male addicts in the city of Sari that amounted to a number of 500 addicts and a total of 350 sample units were obtained via purposive sampling method. To measure the variables, Differentiation of Self Inventory (DSI), Emotion Cognitive Regulation Questionnaire, Addiction Potential Scale, and Emotion Seeking Scale were used.

In general, significant correlations were found between the research variables and the research model was approved were the total of 17% of addiction potential variable was explained by the research variables.

The current findings have positive implications in the intervention centers of addiction

The present study aimed at comparing the learning and memory ability between methamphetamine- ant opiate-dependent patients and healthy people. A causal-comparative research method was employed in this study. The statistical population of the study included the men with methamphetamine and opioid dependence and healthy men in Tehran. The sample consisted of 20 men with methamphetamine, 17 opioid dependent men, and 20 healthy men who were selected via convenience sampling method. In this research, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) were used for data collection. The results of this study showed that drug dependent persons had lower scores in learning ability and memory than the healthy group. The opioid group was weaker in the recall ability and recognition of information. The methamphetamine group showed more repetition in the recall and interference in the recognition of the words. The drug-dependent group undergone a higher degree of harm to learning and memory ability. Further study of the vulnerability of these groups provides constructive tips for the arrangement of appropriate interventions in the realm of rehabilitation.

The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of emotional self-regulation and behavioral activation/inhibition systems in addicted patients' psychological well-being under the mediating role of thinking styles. The current research employed a descriptive correlational method. Hofmann & Kashdan's Affective Styles Questionnaire, Behavioral Inhibition Activation Inventory, Sternberg & Wagner's Thinking Styles Inventory, and Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire were used for data collection. A sample of 100 addicts in Nazarbad was selected by random sampling. The collected data were analyzed using PLS Software. The results showed that self-regulation has a positive effect on thinking styles and well-being; and thinking styles have a positive impact on psychological well-being. Moreover, behavioral activation/ inhibition systems have a positive effect on thinking styles and on psychological well-being. The role of emotional self-regulation and behavioral/inhibition activation systems with the mediation of thinking styles is predictable in addicted patients' psychological well-being

The present study aimed at investigating the effect of eight weeks of combined exercise with and without the supplementation of cinnamon on hematological factors of liver enzymes in female amphetamine addicts.

In this quasi-experimental study, 48 women addicted to amphetamine were divided into four groups. The exercise program was performed for eight weeks (three days a week). Cinnamon supplement was taken as a 500-mg capsule twice a day after breakfast and lunch. Blood samples were taken to measure hematological factors and liver enzymes. To compare the groups, MANOVA test was used and paired t-tests were run for measuring intra-group changes.

The results of this study showed no significant difference in hematological variables and liver enzymes between the groups (P≥0.05). However, t-test showed a significant reduction of white blood cells in all groups, while the reduction of hematocrit and red blood cells was observed only in the supplement group (P <0.05).

The combined exercise along with the supplementation of cinnamon can be effective in the hematologic factors of addicts

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of behavioral activation therapy in action resilience and meta-cognitive beliefs among opiate dependent patients. A quasi-experimental research design along with pretest-posttest-follow-up and control group was employed for the conduct of this study. The statistical population of this study consisted of all outpatient men who were on the verge of addiction withdrawal in Ahvaz city in 2016. From among them, 30 subjects were selected through convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to two experimental (15 subjects) and control (15 People) groups. Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and Wells Metacognitions Questionnaire were the data collection tools in this study. The experimental group received eight 90-minute sessions of group behavioral activation therapy. After the end of the treatment program, both groups took post-test; and the follow-up stage was also conducted after one month. For data analysis, multivariate analysis of covariance was used. The results showed that group behavioral activation therapy enhanced action resilience and decreased metacognitive beliefs of uncontrollability, positive beliefs about cognition, low cognitive confidence, /need to control thoughts, and self-consciousness in opiate dependent patients of the experimental group compared to the control group. The results remained constant after one month. Behavioral activation therapy intervention can be a suitable treatment for reducing the cognitive problems of opiate dependent people