فهرست مطالب

پژوهشهای زراعی ایران - سال پانزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 48، زمستان 1396)

نشریه پژوهشهای زراعی ایران
سال پانزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 48، زمستان 1396)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1396/12/05
  • تعداد عناوین: 18
|
  • مسعود زرندی، محمد خواجه حسینی *، علی اصغر محمدآبادی صفحات 721-734
    به منظور ارزیابی اثر پرایمینگ بذور، روش های کاشت و کودهای زیستی بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد هندوانه آجیلی (Citrullus Lanatus) آزمایشی در قالب طرح اسپیلت پلات بر پایه ی بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در سال 1392 در دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد اجرا شد. فاکتور اول شامل پرایمینگ بذور در دو سطح (بذور پرایم نشده و پرایم شده)، فاکتور دوم نشاءکاری که به صورت کشت مستقیم و نشائی و فاکتور سوم محلول پاشی کود بیولوژیک در دو سطح (بدون کود بیولوژیک و با کود بیولوژیک) بود. نتایج نشان داد که پرایمینگ بذور بر روی تعداد میوه در هر بوته، عملکرد دانه و وزن خشک کل اثر معنی داری نشان داد. نشاءکاری نیز باعث بهبود صفات (تعداد میوه در هر بوته، تعداد دانه در هر میوه، وزن هزار دانه و عملکرد دانه) و کود بیولوژیک بر روی تمامی صفات مورد آزمایش اثر معنی داری نشان دادند. اثرات متقابل کود بیولوژیک با نشاءکاری نیز باعث افزایش صفات وزن هزار دانه و تعداد دانه در هر میوه شد که بیشترین وزن هزار دانه و تعداد دانه در هر میوه به ترتیب با 3/163 گرم و 7/592 عدد دانه در تیمار نشائی در حضور کود و کمترین آن به ترتیب برابر با 7/144 گرم و 7/414 عدد دانه در تیمار کشت مستقیم بدون کود مشاهده شد. با توجه به نتایج، نشاءکاری هندوانه آجیلی حاصل از پرایمینگ بذور به همراه کودبیولوژیک بیشترین عملکرد دانه (2300 کیلوگرم در هکتار) را نسبت به تیمار شاهد بذری و نشائی داشت که به عنوان بهترین تیمار قابل توصیه است.
    کلیدواژگان: ازتوباکتر، پیش تیمار بذر، سودوموناس، عملکرد دانه، کشت نشائی
  • حسین صفری *، شهاب مداح حسینی، آرمان آذری، محمد حشمتی رفسنجانی صفحات 735-746
    به منظور بررسی اثر سطوح مختلف شوری و پیش تیمار با اسید سالیسیلیک (SA) بر برخی شاخص های رشد و جذب عناصر غذایی کنجد (Sesamum indicum L.)، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل با طرح پایه کاملا تصادفی و چهار تکرار در گروه زراعت دانشگاه ولی عصر رفسنجان اجرا شد. عامل های آزمایش پیش تیمار بذر در سه سطح (آب مقطر، اسید سالیسیلیک 1 میلی مولار و اسید سالیسیلیک 5/2 میلی مولار) و شوری در سه سطح (5/2، 6 و 9 دسی زیمنس بر متر) بودند. یک تیمار بذر خشک هم برای مقایسه با دیگر سطوح پیش تیمار در آزمایش در نظر گرفته شد. نتایج نشان داد در شوری 9 دسی زیمنس بر متر پیش تیمار با هر دو غلظت SA، سبب افزایش معنی دار درصد سبز نسبت به بذر خشک و آب مقطر شد. سطح برگ بوته و شاخص سبزینگی آن نیز در اثر افزایش شوری در بذر خشک و پیش تیمار با آب مقطر کاهش یافتند اما با کاربرد 5/2 میلی مولار SAمقدار این دو صفت در شوری های 6 و 9 دسی زیمنس بر متر تفاوت معنی داری با شوری شاهد نداشت. از سوی دیگر، پیش تیمار با SA سبب کاهش محتوای سدیم و افزایش محتوای پتاسیم اندام هوایی شد. با این حال غلظت منیزیم اندام هوایی در پیش تیمار با 1 و غلظت فسفر در غلظت 5/2 میلی مولار SA بیشتر از بقیه تیمارها بود. اثر پیش تیمار با SA بر وزن خشک گیاهچه چندان روشن نبود. در تیمارهای بذر خشک، آب مقطر و 5/2 میلی مولار SA بیشترین وزن خشک اندام هوایی، ریشه و گیاهچه به سطح شاهد شوری تعلق داشت و با افزایش شوری مقدار آن کاهش یافت. تنها در غلظت 1 میلی مولار و در شوری 9 دسی زیمنس بر متر، وزن خشک نسبت به شاهد کاهش معنی داری نداشت. به طور کلی در این آزمایش اثرات مثبت پیش تیمار با SA بیشتر بر بقای گیاهچه و جذب بهتر برخی عناصر غذایی بود.
    کلیدواژگان: پرایمینگ، کلرید سدیم، هورمون
  • لیلا بذرکار خطیبانی *، براتعلی فاخری صفحات 747-760
    به منظور بررسی اثر سطوح مختلف نیتروژن و تراکم بوته بر شاخص های فیزیولوژیک شنبلیله، آزمایشی مزرعه ای در سال زراعی 91-90 در استان گیلان (شهرستان شفت) به صورت کرت های خردشده در قالب بلوک های کامل تصادفی در چهار تکرار انجام شد. کود نیتروژن در چهار سطح (شاهد، 25، 50 و 75 کیلوگرم نیتروژن خالص در هکتار) به عنوان عامل اصلی و تراکم بوته شامل (60، 80، 100 و 120 بوته در متر مربع) به عنوان عامل فرعی در نظر گرفته شد. نتایج نشان داد که شاخص های فیزیولوژیک تحت تاثیر تیمارهای مذکور قرار گرفتند. بالاترین شاخص سطح برگ با کاربرد 50 کیلوگرم کود نیتروژن در هکتار و در تراکم 120 بوته در متر مربع به دست آمد. بیشترین تجمع ماده خشک و سرعت رشد محصول مربوط به تیمار نیتروژن 75 کیلوگرم در هکتار و تراکم 120 بوته در متر مربع بود. حداکثر سرعت رشد نسبی پس از دریافت 3/294 درجه روز رشد در تیمار 50 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار با تراکم 80 بوته در متر مربع مشاهده شد.
    کلیدواژگان: تراکم بوته، شاخص های فیزیولوژیک، شنبلیله، کود نیتروژن
  • مجتبی اسدی، علیرضا یدوی، محمد عظیمی گندمانی * صفحات 761-775
    یکی از عوامل محدودکننده در تولید سیب‏ زمینی، علف های هرز می باشند. مدیریت علف‏های هرز نیازمند اطلاعات جامع و دقیقی از رفتار علف‏ های هرز و اثرات آنها در سیستم‏ های زراعی می‏ باشد. بدین منظور آزمایشی در مزرعه تحقیقاتی شهرستان بروجن استان چهارمحال و بختیاری به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با دو فاکتور و سه تکرار به اجرا درآمد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل ترکیبی از تراکم تاج خروس (پنج، 10 و 15 بوته تاج خروس در متر مربع) و زمان سبز شدن تاج‏ خروس (چهار و هشت روز قبل از سبز شدن سیب‏زمینی، همزمان با سبز شدن سیب‏زمینی و چهار روز پس از سبز شدن سیب‏ زمینی) بود. صفات مورد ارزیابی تاج‏ خروس شامل ارتفاع بوته و وزن خشک کل و همچنین صفات مورد ارزیابی سیب‏ زمینی شامل شاخص سطح برگ، وزن خشک کل، سرعت رشد محصول، سرعت رشد نسبی و عملکرد غده بود. نتایج نشان داد که اثر زمان نسبی سبز شدن و تراکم تاج‏ خروس بر ارتفاع بوته و وزن خشک تاج‏ خروس معنی‏ دار بود. هرچه تاج‏ خروس نسبت به سیب‏زمینی دیرتر سبز شد، ارتفاع بوته و وزن خشک کمتری داشت. با افزایش تراکم تاج‏ خروس ارتفاع بوته و وزن خشک تاج‏ خروس افزایش یافت. برهمکنش آنها فقط برای صفات عملکرد غده سیب ‏زمینی معنی‏ دار شد. ظهور نسبی زودتر تاج‏ خروس و افزایش تراکم تاج ‏خروس باعث کاهش عملکرد غده سیب ‏زمینی شد. بیشترین و کمترین عملکرد غده به ترتیب مربوط به تیمارهای تراکم پنج بوته تاج‏ خروس و سبز شدن چهار روز بعد از سیب‏ زمینی (39800 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و تراکم 15 بوته تاج‏ خروس و سبز شدن هشت روز قبل از سیب ‏زمینی (18400 کیلوگرم در هکتار) بودند. به طور کلی نتایج نشان داد که تاج‏ خروس به دلیل ارتفاع بالاتر نسبت به سیب‏ زمینی و همچنین C4 بودن آن در صورت ظهور نسبی زودتر حتی در تراکم کمتر نیز رقابت‏ کننده قوی برای جذب نور می ‏باشد و می‏تواند خسارت زیادی به تولید سیب‏ زمینی وارد کند.
    کلیدواژگان: رقابت، ظهور نسبی، علف هرز، عملکرد
  • پرویز رضوانی مقدم *، قربانعلی اسدی، مهسا اقحوانی شجری، فاطمه رنجبر، روشنک شهریاری صفحات 776-785
    به منظور بررسی اثرات کاربرد منفرد و تلفیقی کودهای شیمیایی، زیستی و آلی بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گیاه دارویی چای ترش، آزمایشی در سال زراعی 93-1392 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار و 11 تیمار اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی عبارت بودند از 1- کود زیستی میکوریزا، 2-کود دامی (منبع گاوی)، 3- کود شیمیایی، 4- ورمی کمپوست، 5- شیمیایی + دامی، 6- شیمیایی + ورمی کمپوست، 7- شیمیایی + میکوریزا، 8- دامی+میکوریزا، 9- ورمی کمپوست + میکوریزا، 10- دامی + ورمی کمپوست + میکوریزا، 11- شاهد. نتایج حاکی از تفاوت معنی دار بین تیمارهای آزمایشی در اغلب صفات مورد بررسی بود. حداکثر ارتفاع گیاه (138 سانتی متر) در تیمار تلفیقی کود شیمیایی + کود دامی و بیشترین عملکرد خشک کاسبرگ مربوط به تیمار کود میکوریزا (1/854 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و پس از آن کاربرد تلفیقی کود شیمیایی + کود گاوی (6/791 کیلوگرم در هکتار) بود و کمترین مقادیر عملکرد تر و خشک کاسبرگ (به ترتیب 1/3202 و 8/420 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در صورت استفاده منفرد از کود گاوی به دست آمد. علاوه بر این، کاربرد تلفیقی تیمارهای کودی در مقایسه با کاربرد منفرد آن ها، توانست تعداد شاخه های فرعی را 12 درصد افزایش دهد. استفاده از تیمار میکوریزا نیز در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد اثر مثبتی (افزایش 12 درصدی) بر تعداد کاسبرگ در شاخه اصلی داشت. به طورکلی، علاوه بر کود زیستی میکوریزا، مصرف تلفیقی کودهای آلی و شیمیایی از طریق بهبود پارامترهای رشدی، توانست عملکرد کمی گیاه چای ترش را در مقایسه با کاربرد جداگانه آن ها افزایش دهد.
    کلیدواژگان: چای ترش، شاخص برداشت، عملکرد کاسبرگ، نشاءکاری، ورمی کمپوست
  • بیژن سعادتیان، محمد کافی *، محمد بنایان اول، جعفر نباتی صفحات 786-797
    یکی از راه های افزایش تولید ریزغده های سیب زمینی استفاده از تنظیم کننده های رشد است که نقش موثری نیز بر خواب غده ها دارند. بدین منظور آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایه بلوک های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال 1393 اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل محلول پاشی پاکلوبوترازول در دو مرحله آغازش استولون و آغازش غده و شش سطح غلظت (صفر، 20، 40، 60، 80 و 100 میلی گرم در لیتر) بود. نتایج بیانگر تاثیر منفی غلظت های مختلف پاکلوبوترازول بر صفات تعداد، طول، قطر و وزن ریزغده های سیب زمینی بود. در تیمار محلول پاشی غلظت 20 میلی گرم در لیتر پاکلوبوترازول در زمان آغازش استولون، بیشترین تعداد ریزغده در بوته به دست آمد، اما در سایر سطوح تاثیر پاکلوبوترازول بر صفات یاد شده منفی بود. به طور کلی تاثیر تیمارهای محلول پاشی مرحله آغازش غده بر صفات تعداد، طول، قطر و وزن ریزغده های سیب زمینی، کمتر از آغازش استولون بود. افزایش غلظت پاکلوبوترازول خواب ریزغده های سیب زمینی را طولانی تر و سرعت جوانه زنی را کاهش داد. کاربرد پاکلوبوترازول در مرحله آغازش غده بازدارندگی بیشتری بر جوانه زنی ریزغده ها داشت. به طوری که در بالاترین غلظت پاکلوبوترازول، مدت زمان رسیدن به 5، 10، 50، 90 و 95 درصد جوانه زنی در تیمار محلول پاشی آغازش غده نسبت به آغازش استولون به ترتیب 11، 13، 17، 19 و 17 درصد افزایش نشان داد. به طورکلی محلول پاشی پاکلوبوترازول، تاثیر منفی بر تولید ریزغده های سیب زمینی و جوانه زنی آنها داشت.
    کلیدواژگان: اندازه غده، تنظیم کننده ی رشد، خواب غده، رقم اگریا
  • علیرضا کوچکی *، مهدی نصیری محلاتی، سرور خرم دل، سحر مرید احمدی صفحات 798-810
    یکی از معمول ترین روش های مورد استفاده جهت بهینه سازی عوامل مختلف و تخمین مدل رگرسیونی چندجمله ای، استفاده از طرح مرکب مرکزی است که روشی جایگزین و مناسب برای آزمایشات فاکتوریل می باشد. به منظور تعیین میزان بهینه نیتروژن و تراکم بهینه ذرت و اثر متقابل این عوامل بر عملکرد و شاخص های کارایی نیتروژن آزمایشی در قالب طرح مرکب مرکزی با 13 تیمار و دو تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال زراعی 95-1394 اجرا شد. سطوح بالا و پایین تراکم به ترتیب 7 و 10 بوته در متر مربع و سطوح بالا و پایین نیتروژن به ترتیب صفر و 300 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار در نظر گرفته شدند. عملکرد بیولوژیکی، عملکرد دانه، کارایی بهره وری نیتروژن، کارایی جذب و کارایی مصرف نیتروژن به عنوان متغیرهای وابسته مورد اندازه گیری قرار گرفتند و با استفاده از مدل رگرسیونی، تغییرات این متغیرها تحت تاثیر تیمارها بررسی شد. مقدار بهینه تراکم بوته و نیتروژن براساس سناریوهای اقتصادی، زیست محیطی و اقتصادی-زیست محیطی برای حصول مقادیر مورد انتظار عملکرد و شاخص های کارایی نیتروژن محاسبه شد. نتایج نشان داد که اثر جزء خطی بر عملکرد بیولوژیکی و دانه و شاخص های کارایی نیتروژن ذرت، اثر جزء درجه دو بر تمام صفات به جز عملکرد دانه و کارایی جذب نیتروژن و اثر متقابل درجه دو کامل بر عملکرد بیولوژیکی و کارایی جذب نیتروژن معنی دار بود. آزمون عدم برازش در مورد هیچ یک از صفات به جز کارایی مصرف نیتروژن مورد بررسی معنی دار نشد. بیشترین عملکرد دانه مشاهده شده برای تراکم 7 بوته در متر مربع و 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار (71/11 تن در هکتار) و بالاترین عملکرد برازش شده برای تراکم 10 بوته در متر مربع و 300 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار (22/12 تن در هکتار) به دست آمد. بالاترین کارایی جذب نیتروژن مشاهده شده و برازش شده به ترتیب برای تراکم 10 بوته در متر مربع و 300 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار (45/86 درصد) و تراکم 10 بوته در متر مربع و 300 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار (14/90 درصد) تعیین گردید. مقدار بهینه تراکم و نیتروژن در سناریوهای اقتصادی، زیست محیطی و اقتصادی- زیست محیطی به ترتیب 12/8 بوته در متر مربع و 27/225 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار، 7 بوته در متر مربع و 95/46 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار و 7 بوته در متر مربع و 42/69 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار محاسبه گردید.
    کلیدواژگان: عدم برازش، کارایی مصرف نیتروژن، کارایی بهره وری نیتروژن، مدل رگرسیون درجه دو کامل
  • روزبه فرهودی *، زهرا خدارحم پور صفحات 811-822
    به منظور بررسی تاثیر کود نیتروژن و تاریخ کاشت بر رشد، درصد اسانس و عملکرد اسانس بذر و اندام هوایی گیاه دارویی رازیانه (Foeniculum vulgare) آزمایشی به صورت کرت‏های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال زراعی 90-89 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد شوشتر انجام شد. تیمار تاریخ کاشت در 15 آبان و اول آذر در کرت اصلی و مصرف 100، 125 و 150 کیلوگرم کود اوره در هکتار در کرت فرعی قرار گرفت. تاریخ کاشت و نیتروژن رشد و عملکرد اسانس بذر و اندام هوایی رازیانه را تحت تاثیر قرار داد. نتایج مقایسه میانگین اثر متقابل تاریخ کاشت و کود نیتروژن نشان داد که تاریخ کاشت 15 آبان نسبت به اول آذر با مصرف 125 و 150 کیلوگرم کود اوره سبب افزایش وزن خشک اندام هوایی (به ترتیب 5/442 و 9/438 گرم در مترمربع)، درصد اسانس بذر (9/2 و 8/2 درصد)، درصد اسانس اندام هوایی (14/3 و 12/3 درصد)، عملکرد اسانس بذر (2/2 گرم در متر مربع) و عملکرد اسانس اندام هوایی (9/13 و 6/13 گرم در متر مربع) گردید. می‏توان گفت بهترین تیمار جهت افزایش عملکرد و کیفیت اسانس بذر و اندام هوایی گیاه رازیانه در شمال خوزستان تاریخ کاشت 15 آبان و مصرف 125 کیلوگرم بر هکتار کود نیتروژن می‏ باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: استراگول، آنتول، تعداد چتر، وزن خشک
  • سمانه لاله، مجید جامی الاحمدی *، سهیل پارسا صفحات 823-837
    یکی از نیازهای مهم در برنامه ریزی زراعی به منظور حصول عملکرد بالاتر گیاهان دارویی، ارزیابی سیستم های مختلف تغذیه گیاه است. جهت بررسی تاثیر سطوح مختلف کودهای دامی و شیمیایی بر گیاه دارویی شاهدانه آزمایشی در سال 1394 به صورت اسپلیت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه ی تحقیقاتی دانشکده ی کشاورزی دانشگاه بیرجند انجام گرفت. فاکتورهای مورد آزمایش شامل: کود دامی (صفر، 10، 20 و 30 تن در هکتار کود گاوی پوسیده شده) به عنوان کرت اصلی و کود نیتروژن (صفر، 50 و 100 کیلوگرم نیتروژن خالص در هکتار از منبع کود اوره) به همراه کود فسفر (صفر و 80 کیلوگرم فسفر خالص در هکتار از منبع کود سوپرفسفات تریپل) به عنوان کرت فرعی و به صورت فاکتوریل بودند. اعمال کودهای دامی، فسفر و نیمی از کود نیتروژن قبل از کاشت و نیمی دیگر از کود نیتروژن به صورت سرک انجام شد. صفات مورد مطالعه در این آزمایش شامل درصد بوته های ماده، ارتفاع و قطر ساقه، عملکردهای ساقه، برگ، دانه و بیولوژیک، وزن هزار دانه، شاخص برداشت و درصد عصاره گیاه بودند. نتایج نشان داد که نوع مدیریت حاصلخیزی خاک تاثیر معنی داری بر درصد بوته های ماده شاهدانه نداشت. با افزایش سطوح کود دامی و کودهای شیمیایی نیتروژن و فسفر، ارتفاع و قطر ساقه، عملکرد ساقه و برگ و میزان عصاره برگ افزایش یافت. فسفر وزن هزاردانه را به میزان 18/11 درصد افزایش داد. تیمار 20 تن کود دامی به همراه 100 کیلوگرم نیتروژن و 80 کیلوگرم فسفر در هکتار بالاترین عملکرد ساقه و برگ را به ترتیب به میزان 83/2541 و 6/ 7001 کیلوگرم در هکتار تولید نمود. تیمار 30 تن کود دامی به همراه 50 کیلوگرم نیتروژن و 80 کیلوگرم فسفر در هکتار نیز در افزایش عملکرد ساقه موثر بود. در این آزمایش، مقادیر 20 تن کود دامی به همراه 100 کیلوگرم نیتروژن و 80 کیلوگرم فسفر در هکتار و همچنین مقادیر 30 تن کود دامی به همراه 50 کیلوگرم نیتروژن و 80 کیلوگرم فسفر در هکتار تیمارهای مطلوب برای افزایش عملکرد شاهدانه بودند. لذا استفاده تلفیقی از کودهای دامی و شیمیایی در مقایسه با کاربرد هریک از آن ها به تنهایی، تاثیر مثبت بیشتری بر رشد و عملکرد شاهدانه دارد. همچنین در تغذیه این گیاه باید به هدف تولید از شاهدانه توجه داشت.
    کلیدواژگان: اوره، سوپرفسفات تریپل، کود گاوی
  • ملیحه شاه بیکی، حسن مکاریان *، حمید عباس دخت صفحات 838-850
    به منظور ارزیابی تاثیر دگرآسیبی بقایای گندم و جو بر کنترل علف های هرز و عملکرد گیاه لوبیا چشم بلبلی آزمایشی مزرعه ای در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود در سال 1394 انجام شد. تیمارهای مورد بررسی شامل: وجین تمام فصل، عدم وجین، علف کش خاک مصرف تریفلورالین (ترفلان 48% EC) مطابق دز توصیه شده (دو لیتر در هکتار)، محلول پاشی برگی با غلظت 50 درصد عصاره کاه و کلش گندم، محلول پاشی برگی با غلظت 100 درصد عصاره کاه و کلش گندم، کاربرد بقایای گندم به صورت مخلوط با خاک به میزان دو تن در هکتار، کاربرد بقایای گندم به صورت مخلوط با خاک به میزان چهار تن در هکتار، کاربرد بقایای گندم به صورت مخلوط با خاک به میزان هشت تن در هکتار، محلول پاشی برگی با غلظت 50 درصد عصاره کاه و کلش جو، محلول پاشی برگی با غلظت 100 درصد عصاره کاه و کلش جو بود. نتایج نشان داد که تیمارهای کاربرد چهار و هشت تن بقایای کاه و کلش گندم توانستند ضمن کاهش معنی دار تراکم علف های هرز نسبت به تیمار عدم وجین، سبب افزایش تعداد دانه در غلاف، عملکرد بیولوژیک و دانه لوبیا گردند. تیمارهای وجین وکاربرد بقایای گندم به میزان هشت تن در هکتار به ترتیب عملکرد دانه را 23/78 و 79/80 درصد نسبت به تیمار عدم وجین افزایش دادند. براساس نتایج این آزمایش اختلاط کاه وکلش گندم با خاک به عنوان یک روش مدیریت غیر شیمیایی، پتانسیل کنترل علف های هرز و افزایش صفات عملکردی لوبیا چشم بلبلی را دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: حبوبات، علف کش زیستی، کنترل غیرشیمیایی، مدیریت علف هرز
  • بهمن پاسبان اسلام * صفحات 851-860
    پژوهش با هدف بررسی امکان کاهش دوره رشد با حفظ عملکرد ازطریق تاخیر در تاریخ کاشت، ارزیابی عملکرد دانه، روغن و اجزای عملکرد ارقام بهاره گلرنگ در تاریخ های کاشت مختلف و تعیین رقم مناسب برای شرایط سرد و نیمه خشک دشت تبریز در ایستگاه خسروشاه مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی آذربایجان شرقی اجرا شد. آزمایش به صورت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار طی دو سال زراعی 1393 و 1394 انجام گردید. فاکتورهای آزمایش شامل تاریخ کاشت (10، 20، 30 فروردین و 9 اردیبهشت ماه) و رقم (گلدشت، صفه و سینا) بودند. نتایج نشان دادند تاخیر در تاریخ کاشت از 10 فروردین ماه، به طور معنی داری اجزای عملکرد، عملکرد دانه و روغن را کاهش داد. رقم صفه ارتفاع بوته بالاتری داشت و دو رقم گلدشت و سینا در رتبه بعدی بودند. ارتفاع بوته بالا در گلرنگ بهاره، شرایط برداشت مکانیزه را بهبود می بخشد. رقم گلدشت با داشتن بیشترین قطر طبق و وزن هزار دانه، عملکرد دانه بالاتری داشت. بیشترین عملکرد روغن در سال اول و دوم آزمایش با 1161 و 754 کیلوگرم در هکتار به ترتیب به صفه و گلدشت تعلق گرفت. همبستگی مثبت و معنی داری بین قطر طبق، وزن هزاردانه و عملکرد دانه دیده شد. دو رقم گلدشت و صفه با ارائه عملکرد های بالاتر، برای کشت در دشت تبریز مناسب دیده شدند و تاخیر در تاریخ کاشت باعث افت معنی دار عملکرد دانه و روغن گردیده و تاریخ 10 فروردین ماه برای کاشت گلرنگ بهاره در دشت تبریز قابل توصیه است.
    کلیدواژگان: درصد روغن دانه، صفه، عملکرد دانه، گلدشت
  • محمد کونانی، نورعلی ساجدی *، محمدرضا سبحانی صفحات 861-871
    مدیریت توزیع کود سرک اوره با توجه به نیاز گیاه در طول دوره رشد و تعدیل اثر تنش خشکی در شرایط دیم از اهمیت ویژه ای برخوردار می باشد. به منظور بررسی تاثیر سلنیوم و روش های مصرف کود سرک اوره بر خصوصیات زراعی گندم دیم رقم سرداری آزمایشی به صورت اسپلیت پلات در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با 4 تکرار در روستای آشیانه سفلی شهرستان خمین در سال زراعی 92-1391 انجام شد. عوامل آزمایشی شامل روش های مصرف کود اوره در چهار سطح (بدون مصرف، مصرف 60 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار در مرحله پنجه زنی، مصرف 30 کیلوگرم اوره در مراحل پنجه زنی توام با محلول پاشی 200 میلی گرم در لیتر در مرحله قبل از ظهور سنبله و مصرف 20 کیلوگرم اوره در مرحله پنجه زنی توام با محلول پاشی 200 میلی گرم در لیتر قبل از ظهور سنبله و 200 میلی گرم در لیتر در مرحله اواخر ظهور سنبله) و سلنیوم در سه سطح عدم مصرف، 5 و10 میلی گرم در لیتر بودند. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین عملکرد دانه (5/1207 کیلوگرم) از مصرف60 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار در مرحله اواخر پنجه زنی و بدون مصرف سلنیوم حاصل شد که با تیمار مصرف 30 کیلوگرم اوره در مرحله اواخر پنجه زنی و محلول پاشی200 میلی گرم در لیتر قبل از ظهور سنبله توام با محلول پاشی 10 میلی گرم در لیتر سلنیوم با عملکرد 5/1087 کیلوگرم اختلاف معنی دار نشان نداد. با مصرف کود اوره، غلظت سلنیوم و میزان پروتئین دانه افزایش یافت. با محلول پاشی سلنیوم در سطوح کود نیتروژن، غلظت سلنیوم دانه به طور معنی دار افزایش یافت. به طورکلی نتایج نشان داد که با مصرف30 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار به صورت سرک توام با یک مرحله محلول پاشی اوره ضمن اینکه مصرف کود اوره به میزان 50 درصد کاهش می یابد، عملکرد مطلوب نیز حاصل می شود. همچنین با محلول پاشی سلنیوم ضمن تعدیل اثرات نامطلوب خشکی و غنی سازی دانه می توان کیفیت دانه در گندم را به طور معنی دار افزایش داد.
    کلیدواژگان: سلنیت سدیم، گندم سرداری، محلول پاشی، نیتروژن
  • سیف الله انصاری، سید علی محمد میرمحمدی میبدی *، احمد ارزانی، پوراندخت گلکار صفحات 872-884
    تریتیکاله پتانسیل بالایی از نظر تولید علوفه و عملکرد دانه دارد ولی در برنامه های اصلاحی ایران خیلی کم مورد توجه بوده است. این مطالعه به منظور بررسی تنوع ژنتیکی و عملکرد 40 ژنوتیپ تریتیکاله با استفاده از صفات زراعی در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار بررسی شد. صفات ارتفاع بوته، طول آخرین میانگره، طول برگ پرچم، طول سنبله، وزن هزار دانه، تعداد سنبله در واحد سطح، عملکرد دانه، تعداد دانه در سنبله، شاخص برداشت، وزن حجمی، عملکرد بیولوژیک، درصد گلوتن تر و درصد گلوتن خشک در همه ژنوتیپ ها اندازه گیری شد. نتایج تجزیه واریانس، تفاوت معنی داری را بین ژنوتیپ ها برای کلیه صفات مورد مطالعه نشان داد. نتایج نشان داد که بالاترین ضریب تنوع فنوتیپی (9/44) و ژنوتیپی (7/41) متعلق به درصد گلوتن و کمترین ضریب تنوع فنوتیپی (7%) و ژنتیکی (%5/4) متعلق به وزن حجمی بود. تجزیه رگرسیون مرحله ای صفت عملکرد دانه با دیگر صفات نشان داد که دو صفت عملکرد بیولوژیک و شاخص برداشت، 8/98 درصد تنوع عملکرد دانه را توجیه می کنند. تجزیه خوشه ایژنوتیپ ها با استفاده از صفات زراعی و محتوای پروتئین دانه، ژنوتیپ های مورد بررسی را به 4 گروه تفکیک کرد که برخی از گروه ها با داشتن صفات مطلوب، برای اهداف به نژادی در تریتیکاله مفید می باشند.
    کلیدواژگان: پروتئین، تنوع، چند متغیره، عملکرد دانه
  • منصور احمدی، فرزاد مندنی *، محمود خرمی وفا، غلامرضا محمدی، علی شیرخانی صفحات 885-900
    کارایی مصرف تشعشع یک راه کار موثر برای کمی کردن تجمع ماده خشک است که به شدت متاثر از نوع گونه گیاهی، شرایط آب و هوایی و مدیریت زراعی است. بنابراین، پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی اثر نیتروژن بر کارایی مصرف تشعشع، شاخص‏های رشد و عملکرد برخی از ارقام رایج ذرت اجرا شد. آزمایش به صورت کرت‏های خرد شده در قالب طرح پایه بلوک های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار در سال 1393 اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل چهار سطح کود نیتروژن (138، 238، 350 و 483 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار) در کرت‏های اصلی و سه رقم ذرت 704، سیمون و 678BC در کرت‏های فرعی قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد بیشترین و کمترین شاخص سطح برگ، دوام سطح برگ، سرعت رشد محصول و عملکرد ماده خشک کل به ترتیب در ارقام 704 و 678BC مشاهده گردید. با افزایش میزان کاربرد کود نیتروژن از 138 به 238، 350 و 483 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار کارایی مصرف تشعشع به ترتیب با حدود 13، 21 و 22 درصد افزایش از 33/2 به 63/2، 81/2 و 84/2 گرم بر مگاژول تشعشع فعال فتوسنتزی بهبود یافت. با این وجود ارقام ذرت از نظر کارایی مصرف تشعشع تفاوت معنی‏داری با یکدیگر نداشتند. بررسی همبستگی بین کارایی مصرف تشعشع و صفات شاخص‏های رشد ذرت نیز نشان داد که همبستگی مثبت و معنی‏داری بین کارایی مصرف تشعشع و حداکثر شاخص سطح برگ، دوام سطح برگ، حداکثر جذب تشعشع، حداکثر سرعت رشد محصول، حداکثر سرعت رشد نسبی و حداکثر ماده خشک کل وجود داشت. بیشترین عملکرد ماده خشک کل (20450 کیلوگرم در هکتار) مربوط به رقم 704 و شرایط مصرف 483 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار بود. رقم سیمون در شرایط مصرف 483 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار نسبت به ارقام دیگر از عملکرد دانه بیشتری (10467 کیلوگرم در هکتار) برخوردار بود. علی رغم تاثیری که مصرف نیتروژن بر عملکرد ذرت داشت، استفاده نامطلوب آن منجر به آلودگی های زیست محیطی خواهد شد، بنابراین مصرف منطقی کود نیتروژن براساس نیاز گیاه، باعث افزایش کارایی استفاده از منابع، عملکرد قابل قبول و کاهش مخاطرات زیست محیطی می شود.
    کلیدواژگان: جذب تشعشع، سرعت رشد محصول، سرعت رشد نسبی، عملکرد دانه، کارایی مصرف تشعشع
  • صفورا جافرنوده، ابراهیم زینلی *، افشین سلطانی، فاطمه شیخ صفحات 901-913
    شاخص سطح برگ و ماده خشک رابطه تنگاتنگی با عملکرد دانه دارند. به منظور بررسی تاثیر اندازه بذر در تاریخ های مختلف کاشت بر روند توسعه سطح برگ، تجمع ماده خشک و پرشدن دانه باقلا، آزمایشی در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی به صورت کرت های خردشده در چهار تکرار در سال زراعی 93-1392 در مزرعه دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان به اجرا درآمد. تاریخ کاشت (18 آبان، 28 آذر، 22 بهمن و 20 اسفند) به عنوان عامل اصلی و اندازه بذر (ریز، متوسط، درشت) به عنوان عامل فرعی در نظر گرفته شد. اندازه گیری سطح برگ در طول فصل رشد با فواصل زمانی یک هفته با استفاده از دستگاه سطح برگ سنج انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که بین اندازه بذر و تاریخ کاشت برای حداکثر شاخص سطح برگ (LAImax)، عملکرد ماده خشک (BY) و عملکرد دانه (GY) اثر معنی داری وجود دارد. LAImax بین 75/0 و 3/5، BY بین 56/2 و 05/12 تن در هکتار و GY بین 43/0 و 20/5 تن در هکتار متغیر بود. کم ترین مقادیر در مورد هر سه صفت یاد شده از ترکیب تیمارهای آخرین تاریخ کاشت و بذر ریز به دست آمد. بیش ترین LAImaxدر تاریخ کاشت اول و بذر درشت، و بیش ترین BY و GY در اولین تاریخ کاشت و استفاده از بذر متوسط و درشت مشاهده شد. زمان لازم برای رسیدن به LAImax و 50 درصد تجمع ماده خشک (Wmax) و همچنین طول دوره پرشدن دانه (SFP) با تاخیر در کاشت به طور قابل توجهی کاهش یافت به طوریکه از 80 روز در تاریخ کاشت آبان به 33 روز در تاریخ کاشت اسفند رسید. همچنین، در شرایط محیطی انجام آزمایش بین اندازه بذرهای مورد استفاده برای کاشت و حداکثر شاخص سطح برگ و همچنین حداکثر ماده خشک تجمعی و حداکثر ماده خشک تجمع یافته در دانه (عملکرد دانه) در واحد سطح همبستگی مثبتی مشاهده شد. با این حال، با توجه به تاثیر شرایط محیطی بر نتایج، تکرار آزمایش به مدت سه سال پیش از توصیه نتیجه یاد شده به تولیدکنندگان ضروری می باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: حداکثر شاخص سطح برگ، سرعت پر شدن دانه، عملکرد دانه، عملکرد ماده خشک، مدت پر شدن دانه
  • رضا خانی، امیر رضا صادقی بختوری، بهمن پاسبان اسلام، وحید سرابی * صفحات 914-924
    به منظور ارزیابی پاسخ عملکرد و اجزای آن در ژنوتیپ های مختلف کلزای پاییزه نسبت به تنش خشکی، آزمایشی به صورت کرت های خرد شده در قالب طرح پایه بلوک کامل تصادفی و در سه تکرار در مزرعه ی تحقیقاتی مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان آذربایجان شرقی در سال زراعی 93-1392 انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل تنش خشکی در سه سطح: بدون تنش، قطع آبیاری در مراحل گلدهی و خورجین دهی به عنوان عامل اصلی و 18 ژنوتیپ مختلف کلزای پاییزه به ترتیب شامل HW113، RS12، Karaj1، KR18، L73، L72، HW101، L146، L210، L183، SW101، L5، L201، HW118، KR4، Karaj2، Karaj3 و KS7 به عنوان عامل فرعی بودند. نتایج نشان داد که تنش در مراحل گلدهی و خورجین دهی بر عملکرد و اجزای آن در ژنوتیپ های مختلف کلزا تاثیر زیادی داشته و مقادیر آنها را به شدت کاهش داد. در شرایط بدون تنش، ژنوتیپ های L72، L146، L183، L210 و Karaj2 توانستند عملکرد بالایی را نسبت به سایر ژنوتیپ ها تولید کنند. درحالی که، عملکرد این ژنوتیپ ها در شرایط تنش رطوبتی به شدت کاهش یافت. در مقابل، ژنوتیپ های KR18، HW101، SW101 و Karaj3 نسبت به شرایط بدون تنش افت عملکرد کمتری داشتند که می توان آنها را به عنوان ژنوتیپ های مقاوم و متحمل به تنش خشکی در نظر گرفت. از این رو، چنین ژنوتیپ هایی می توانند برای مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک ایران مناسب باشند.
    کلیدواژگان: افت عملکرد، خورجین دهی، گلدهی، گیاهان روغنی، مراحل فنولوژیکی
  • نوید رضایی نیا، محمود رمرودی *، محمد گلوی، محمد فروزنده صفحات 925-938
    به منظور بررسی تاثیر انواع کودهای زیستی بر ویژگی های فیزیولوژیک و جذب برخی عناصر غذایی در گیاه دارویی کاسنی تحت تنش خشکی، آزمایشی به صورت کرت های خرد شده در قالب طرح پایه بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی پژوهشکده کشاورزی (چاه نیمه) دانشگاه زابل انجام شد. عامل اصلی تنش خشکی شامل آبیاری پس از 90، 70 و 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی خاک و عامل فرعی انواع کودهای زیستی شامل شاهد (عدم کاربرد کود)، نیتروکسین به صورت بذر مال به میزان یک لیتر در هکتار، ریزموجودات مفید یا کود EM(Effective Microorganism) به میزان 40 لیتر در هکتار و نانوکلات پتاسیم (27 درصد) به میزان 10 کیلوگرم در هکتار به صورت محلول پاشی در نظر گرفته شدند. نتایج نشان داد که تاثیر برهمکنش تنش خشکی و کود بر محتوای رطوبت نسبی برگ، رنگدانه های فتوسنتز، کاروتنوئید، درصد پروتئین، عملکرد گل، محتوای پرولین، کربوهیدرات محلول، فلاونوئیدهای برگ، جذب فسفر و پتاسیم به جز کلروفیل b معنی دار شد. با افزایش شدت تنش محتوای رطوبت نسبی برگ، رنگدانه های فتوسنتز، کاروتنوئید، درصد پروتئین، عملکرد گل و جذب فسفر و پتاسیم کاهش، ولی محتوای پرولین، کربوهیدرات محلول و فلاونوئیدهای برگ افزایش یافت. مقایسه میانگین ها نشان داد که بیشترین محتوای رطوبت نسبی برگ، رنگدانه های فتوسنتز و عملکرد گل از تیمار آبیاری پس از 90 درصد ظرفیت زراعی خاک توام با کاربرد EM و بیشترین درصد پروتئین از تیمار آبیاری پس از 90 درصد ظرفیت زراعی خاک توام با استفاده کود نیتروکسین به دست آمد، در حالی که بیشترین محتوای پرولین و کربوهیدرات محلول از تیمار آبیاری پس از 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی خاک توام با کاربرد نانو کلات پتاسیم و بیشترین جذب پتاسیم و فسفر از تیمار آبیاری پس از 90 درصد ظرفیت زراعی خاک توام با کاربرد نانو کلات پتاسیم حاصل شد. نتایج حاکی از آن است که با افزایش سطح تنش خشکی، کاهش معنی داری در جذب عناصر غذایی و رنگدانه های فتوسنتز به وجود آمد. بیشترین میزان در این ویژگی ها از سطح تنش شدید خشکی حاصل شد. در مجموع می توان چنین استنباط کرد که استفاده از کودهای زیستی سبب کاهش خسارت ناشی از تنش خشکی در گیاه دارویی کاسنی گردید.
    کلیدواژگان: پتاسیم، پرولین، درصد پروتئین، رنگدانه های فتوسنتز، عملکرد گل
  • محمد بنایان اول *، فاطمه یعقوبی، زهرا رشیدی، سیاوش برده جی صفحات 939-956
    به منظور بررسی اثر مقادیر مختلف نیتروژن بر صفات فنولوژیک و شاخص های رشدی دو رقم عدس دیم، آزمایشی به صورت کرت های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال زراعی 95-1394 اجرا گردید. فاکتور اصلی این آزمایش سطوح مختلف کود نیتروژن از منبع اوره (صفر، 40 و 80 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و فاکتور فرعی شامل دو رقم عدس دیم (بیرجند و رباط) بود. نتایج نشان داد که مصرف 40 کیلوگرم کود اوره در هکتار منجر به افزایش معنی دار دوره رشد رویشی و زایشی نسبت به تیمار عدم مصرف کود اوره و کل دوره رشد در مقایسه با سایر سطوح کود اوره براساس تعداد روز و درجه روز رشد گردید. دوره کاشت تا سبز شدن، رشد رویشی، زایشی و کل دوره رشد رقم بیرجند براساس تعداد روز و درجه روز رشد به طور معنی داری بیشتر از رقم رباط بود. هم چنین نتایج نشان داد که حداکثر شاخص سطح برگ و تجمع ماده خشک در تیمار 40 کیلوگرم کود اوره در هکتار به دست آمد که منجر به حداکثر سرعت رشد محصول و کسب حداکثر عملکرد دانه و بیولوژیک (به ترتیب 12/294 و 17/2286 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در این تیمار گردید. رقم بیرجند شاخص سطح برگ، تجمع ماده خشک، سرعت رشد محصول، عملکرد دانه و بیولوژیک (به ترتیب 1/4274 و 96/2577 کیلوگرم در هکتار) بیشتری را نسبت به رقم رباط دارا بود. با توجه به نتایج حاصله، استفاده از رقم بیرجند با رعایت تاریخ کاشت بهینه (با توجه به دیررس بودن آن) و مصرف 40 کیلوگرم کود اوره در هکتار برای کشت عدس به صورت دیم در منطقه مورد مطالعه، مطلوب به نظر می رسد.
    کلیدواژگان: تجمع ماده خشک، رشد رویشی، رشد زایشی، شاخص سطح برگ
|
  • M. Zarandi, M. Khajeh-Hosseini *, A. Mohammadabadi Pages 721-734
    Introduction
    Watermelon (Citrullus Lanatus) is one of the most important fresh fruits in Iran particularly during summer. After China, in terms of production and cultivation area, Iran placed second in the world. Research conducted in different regions (especially in arid and semi-arid regions, like Iran) indicated that poor germination and establishment of seedlings in the field causes low yield, particularly in vegetables. Seed priming, (to increase the percentage and rate of germination) and transplanting to increase plant establishment and use of bio-fertilizers to increase food availability during the growing season are inevitable to transfer to ecological agriculture. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of seeds osmopriming, transplanting and bio-fertilizers on watermelon grain yield.
    Materials And Methods
    This experiment was conducted at split plot based on complete block design with three replications in the Laboratory, Greenhouse and the Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2013. First factor was seed priming in two levels (unprimed and primed), the second factor was transplanting in two levels (direct sowing and transplantation) and the third factor was bio-fertilizers containing pseudomonas and Azotobacter in two levels (non bio-fertilizers and bio-fertilizers). Leaf area index (LAI), number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per fruit, 1000 seed weight, grain yield and total dry matter were determined.
    Results And Discussion
    Transplants produced using osmoprimed seeds that had been sprayed with bio-fertilizers on the field (T2P2K2) had higher LAI than the other treatments (Table 3). Bio-fertilizers in both transplanting and direct sowing produced more LAI, but osmopriming of seeds with PEG 6000 had little impact on LAI (Table 3). LAI is one of the growth parameters which had a great effect to achieve maximum yield that needs to be at higher level before flowering. Izadkhah et al. (2010) and Ghiasabadi (2012) reported that onion and corn leaf area and LAI 50 days after transplanting were higher than the direct sowing According to the results, osmoprimed seeds of watermelon, transplanting and bio-fertilizers and interactions of bio-fertilizers with osmopriming treatment had significant effect on the number of fruits per plant (Table 2). Osmopriming of seeds increased (8%) the number of fruits per plant compared to the control (unprimed seeds) (Table 4). The number of fruits per plant with grain yield (r= 0.63**) and total dry matter (r= 0.71**) had a significant correlation. Mature plants resulted from transplanting produced 2.9 fruits per plant, compared to direct sowing, with 2.5 fruits per plant (Table 4). Rahnama and Bakhshande (2005) reported that oilseed rape transplants produced higher numbers of pods per plant in compare with direct sowing. Primed seeds with application of bio-fertilizers caused an increase in the number of fruits per plant. Fertilizer treatments in the primed seeds, with 3.5 fruits, and primed seeds without fertilizer treatment, with 2.2 of fruits per plant, had the highest and lowest fruits per plant, respectively (table 5). Seed yield per plant is one of the most important economic indexes. The results showed that the effect of osmo-priming (at %5 level), transplanting, fertilizers and bio (at 1% level) and the triple interactions on grain yield (at 5% level) were significant (Table 2). As the results, osmo-priming of seeds, transplanting and fertilizer were superior compared to control treatments (table 4). In this study osmopriming, transplanting and bio-fertilizers increased grain yield up to 13%, 23% and 65%, respectively (Table 4).
    Conclusions
    Resowing generally is one of the major problems of farmers in direct sowing of seedy watermelon due to poor germinability and establishment, sowing at heavy soil, low rainfall, irrigation water shortages conditions or lack of ability to absorb water and fertilizers. Osmopriming with saving inputs will lead to an early and ultimately increase performance. To face this, transplanting using primed seeds alongside of application of organic fertilizers is recommended.
    Keywords: Azotobacter, Grain yield, Pseudomonas, Seed priming, Transplanting
  • H. Safari *, Sh Madah Hosseini, A. Azari, M. Heshmati Rafsanjani Pages 735-746
    Introduction
    Salinity stress is regarded as one of the most important abiotic factors limiting plant growth and agricultural products, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oilseed crop rated moderately salt tolerant and capable of producing profitable crops in saline conditions. Germination and seedling establishment are critical stages in the life cycle of plants especially under stress conditions. Different methodologies have been adopted by plant physiologists in different crops to alleviate salt stress. Seed priming has proven beneficial in this regard in many important agricultural crops. Salicylic acid is one of the physiological processes regulators that it increases resistant of plants to environmental stresses such as salinity stress.
    Materials And Methods
    To evaluate the effect of different levels of salinity and seed pretreatment with salicylic acid (SA), on some growth indices and nutrient uptake of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seedling, a factorial experiment with completely randomized design and four replicates was conducted in Department of Agronomy, Rafsanjan University of Vali-e- Asr. Factors were seed pretreatment with three levels including, distilled water, 1 mM salicylic acid and 2.5 Mm salicylic acid and salinity at three levels: control (Hoagland standard solution, 2.5 dS.m-1), 6 and 9 dS.m-1. A dry seed treatment (no pretreatment) was also added and considered as control.
    Results And Discussion
    Results showed that at 9 dS/m-1both SA concentrations caused significant increase in emergence percentage compared to dry seed and distilled water. Plant leaf area and SPAD values decreased along with salinity in dry seed and distilled water, nevertheless, at 2.5 mM SA, values were not significantly different between 6 and 9 dS.m-1. On the other hand, SA seed pretreatment decreased shoot Na and increased K content, although shoot Mg and P contents were the highest at 1 and 2.5 mM SA, respectively. The effects of SA pretreatment on shoot dry mass was not clear. The highest shoot, root and seedling dry weights were observed at control salinity in dry seed, distilled water and 2.5 mM SA and decreased with salinity level. Seedling dry weight was not significantly lower than control only in 1 mM SA and 9 dS.m-1 salinity.
    Conclusions
    Generally, in this experiment ameliorative effects of SA pretreatment were more pronounced on seedling survival and some nutrient uptake.
    Keywords: Hormon, Priming, Sodium Chloride
  • L. Bazrkar-Khatibani *, B. A. Fakheri Pages 747-760
    Introduction
    Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is a specific condiment crop mostly grown for its edible parts, and is used as a green fodder and fresh vegetable. The seeds have medicinal value solely against digestive disorders, whereas its leaves are rich source of minerals and nutrients. The growth and yield of fenugreek is particularly affected by the application of nitrogen fertilizer and planting arrangement. Plant growth is a process of biomass accumulation which in turn is derived out of the interaction of the respiration, photosynthesis, water relations, long-distance transport, and mineral nutrition processes. Growth is the most important process in predicting plant reactions to environment. Irradiance, temperature, soil-water potential, nutrient supply and enhanced concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide are among some external components influencing crop growth and development. Growth analysis is a useful tool in studying the complex interactions between plant growth and the environment, clarifying and interpreting physiological responses. Plants total dry matter (TDM) production and accumulation can be appraised via relative growth rate (RGR) and crop growth rate (CGR) which are the most important growth indices. Leaf area index (LAI) is a factor of crop growth analysis that accounts for the potential of the crop to assimilate light energy and is a determinant component in understanding the function of many crop management practices.
    Materials And Methods
    A field investigation was conducted in a paddy field at Shaft County (Guilan Province) for eight consecutive months (from November 2009 to June 2010), to study the effect of four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 25, 50 and 75 Kg N ha-1) and four levels of planting density (60, 80,100, and 120 plants m-2) on the growth indices of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) crop. The soil for the experiment was loam in texture and strongly acidic in reaction (pH 4.5). Sixteen treatment combinations, keeping nitrogen levels in main plots and levels of planting density in sub-plots, were replicated four times in a split-plot experiment on the basis of randomized complete block design (RCBD). Hand-sowing was done in lines (30 cm apart) as per experimental treatment. Weeds were controlled regularly during the whole study. All other recommend management practices were followed.Observations on leaf area and dry matter accumulation were recorded from all subplots (6 plants per subplot) with 15 day intervals up to crop maturity, initiating at 42 days after planting. Harvested plants were separated into remaining leaves, pods, and stems in the crown. The fresh weight of each sample was determined and the green leaf area of the remaining leaves was also measured immediately after harvest using a LI-3100 area meter (LI-COR, Lincoln, NB, USA). Shoot tissues were then oven-dried at 75°C for 24-48 h and dry weighs were calculated. STATGRAPH software was employed to find the best mathematical model to describe the relationship between total dry matter (TDM) accumulation, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR) and growing degree-days (GDD).
    Results And Discussion
    Result indicated that the physiological indices were wholly influenced by applied treatments. The highest leaf area index was recorded in plots containing 120 plantsm-2 while receiving 50 kg pure N ha-1. Combined treatments of 120 plants m-2× 75 kg N ha-1 and 80 plants m-2× 50kg N ha-1 resulted in highest TDM and RGR rates, respectively. In all the applied interactions, among the podding and fully ripened pod stages, the CGR reached to its maximum rate (peak point) at around 1043 GDD from sowing and almost had a steady and linear trend which then slowly declined down turn to reach zero value at about 1400 GDD and thereafter to negative values. CGR was the highest in combined treatment of 120 plants m-2× 75 kg as compared to other nitrogen levels in this plant population.
    Conclusions
    Result showed that the physiological indices were all were affected by applied treatments. The highest leaf area index was recorded in plots containing 120 plants m-2 while receiving 50 kg N ha-1. Combined treatments of 120 plants m-2× 75 kg N ha-1 and 80 plants m-2× 50 kg N ha-1 resulted in highest DMW and CGR rates, respectively. RGR was the highest in combined treatment of 120 plantsm-2× 75 kg as compared to other nitrogen levels in this plant population after receiving 294.3 GDD.
    Keywords: Growth indices, Nitrogen fertilization, Plant density, Trigonella foenum L
  • M. Asadi, A. Yadavi, M. Azimi Gandomani * Pages 761-775
    Introduction
    Weed is one of limiting factors in potato production.Weed management systems require comprehensive and accurate data on behavior of weeds and their impacts on the farming systems. Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) is third dicotyledonous weeds in the world that due to photosynthetic pathway of C4 and indeterminate, in high temperature and high light intensity conditions particularly in the fields of summer crops such as corn (Zea mays L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) shows more competitive. Weed density is the most important factor affecting on crop by weed competition and defines part of the decline in crop by weed competition. The emergence time of weed and competition period with crop are two important aspects that are often considered in competitive studies. Quantitative analysis of growth is a method for interpretation of plant response to environmental conditions that plant is encountered during its life. Plant growth analysis can be used as a factor to illustrate the competitiveness of the crop and weeds. Growth indices such as dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), and leaf area index (LAI) have been used for assessing the effects of weed competition on crop yield. The aim of this study was the evaluation of growth indices of potato affected by density and time of emergence pigweed.
    Materials And Methods
    The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors and three replications at the experimental station of Borujen city in Charmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran. Treatments were included a combination of pigweed density (5, 10, 15 pigweed plants m-1) and time of emergence pigweed (four and eight days before potato emergence, coincided with the potato emergence, and four days after potato emergence). Pigweed evaluated traits were included as plant height, and total dry weight as well as potato evaluated traits were included as LAI, total dry matter (TDM), (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), and tuber yield. Plot size was 15 m2 with four lines of 60 cm. Potato cv. was Bourne which is an early ripening cultivar was planted at 10 April. Irrigation was performed based on requirement of the plants, temperature and environmental conditions in 7 to 9 days. Potato tuber harvested at 20 June. Data were analyzed by SAS software and the mean data were compared according to least significant difference (LSD) Test at 5% probability level.
    Results And Discussion
    Results showed that the relative time of emergence and Pigweed plant density were significant on plant height and TDM of pigweed. Pigweed plant height and dry weight decreased, when pigweed emergence was later than potato. Pigweed plant height and TDM increased with increasing density of pigweed. Their interaction was significant only for potato tuber yield. Earlier relative emergence and increasing density of pigweed was reduced potato tuber yield. Five pigweed per m-2 at emergence of four days after potato and 15 pigweed per m-2 at emergence of eight days before potato had the highest (39800 kg ha-1) and the lowest (18400 kg ha-1) tuber yield, respectively. Also low density of pigweed in treatment of emergence at eight days before potato was caused more economic losses. Whatever emergence of weed delayed, more number of weed plants is needed to economic losses causes. Therefore emergence of weeds is important equally that weed density is important and should pay attention to the fact in Weed management. In general, the results showed that the pigweed can damage to potato production because its height is higher than potato and it also is C4, when relative appearance is earlier can be strong competitor to absorb light even in the less dense. Previous researches about crop-weed competition for light, have revealed that higher plant with lower LAI could overcome the plants with lower height and higher LAI. These findings showed that plant height have a main role in competition and height is one of the determinant factors for light competition.Therefore, it seems that pigweed which has this feature by itself, is a strong competitor for potato plant. This study concluded that because of that pigweed is C4 and its plant height is more than potato, so pigweed is superior competitor for light even in lower population.
    Conclusions
    Generally, according to the results it can be concluded that the relative earlier rise and increasing pigweed density through height gain and dry matter further, reduced tuber yield of potato. Furthermore, pigweed, due to a higher height than the potato as well as its C4 the if a relative early rise occurs, even at low density for absorb light, is still a strong competitor and can cause heavy damage to potato production. The relative earlier rise of this weed in potato fields can reduce the potato yield. After amaranth weed control in potato farming is very important and should be done as soon as possible.
    Keywords: Competition, Relative Appearance, Weed, Yield
  • P. Rezvani Moghaddam *, Gh. A. Asadi, M. Aghavani Shajari, F. Ranjbar, R. Shahriari Pages 776-785
    Introduction
    Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) is an annual plant with a height of about 64 to 429 cm belongs to Malvaceae family. Roselle is self-pollinated and sensitive to cold. Sepals of Roselle are used in food and pharmaceutical industries. It has been reported that Roselle is not native to Iran but it is cultivated extensively in Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran. In order to achieve high quality and quantity yield of Roselle sepal it is necessary to improve nutritional systems of plant. Proper management of soil fertility and plant nutrition can preserve environment, improve biodiversity and also increase inputs efficiency. Results showed that use of nutritional resources will improve plant growth. Organic fertilizers such as compost can improve soil fertility as an important source of food that increase yield of plants. Nabila and Aly (2002) observed that use of hen and cow manure increased plant height, number of lateral branches, numbers of fruit and sepal yield of Roselle. Each plant species has the maximum potential in favorable conditions. Therefore, evaluation the effect of climatic and agronomic factors and nutritional management for plants is essential. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the yield and yield components of Roselle in response to use of single and combined nutritional resources.
    Materials and Methods : In order to study the effects of single and combined organic, biological and chemical fertilizers on yield and yield components of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa), a field experiment was conducted with 12 treatments based on a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications at Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2013-2014. Treatments included: 1- mycorrhiza (Glomus intraradices), 2- cow manure, 3- chemical fertilizer, 4- vermicompost, 5- chemical fertilizer cow manure, 6- chemical fertilizer vermicompost, 7- chemical fertilizer mycorrhiza, 8- cow manure mycorrhiza, 9- vermicompost mycorrhiza, 10- cow manure vermicompost mycorrhiza, 11- control. Roselle seeds were planted in seedling trays at greenhouse in mid-March 2014. Then seedlings transferred to field in last April 2014. The distance between rows and plants were 75 and 25 cm, respectively. Chemical fertilizer (200 kg ha-1), vermicompost (8 ton ha-1) and cow manure (32 ton ha-1) were put at the depth of 30 cm soil. Along with the cultivation Glomusintraradice was used 30 g per seedling. Roselle was harvested in mid-October before the arrival of the first winter cold in Mashhad. Statistical analysis of the data was performed by using of Minitab Ver.16. Also, means comparison were compared by Duncan multiple range test at 5% probability level.
    Results And Discussion
    The results indicated significant effect of treatments on most of the traits of Roselle. The maximum plant height (138 cm) was obtained in chemical fertilizer cow manure. The combined use of fertilizers increased plant height by 9% compared with using of single it. Results showed that the maximum height was observed by combined using of organic and chemical fertilizers. The highest sepal yield was observed in mycorrhiza (854.1 kg ha-1) and then chemical fertilizer cow manure (791.6 kg ha-1) and the lowest sepal fresh weight and yield (3202.1 and 420.8 kg ha-1, respectively) were obtained in cow manure treatment. Combined use of fertilizer improved sepal yield 11% compared with using of single it. Researchers concluded that combined use of fertilizers by creating a stimulatory effect on the balance of elements in the soil can be improved growth of plants. Also, the maximum amount of biological yield was obtained in vermicompost mycorrhiza (10482.9 kg ha-1) and then chemical fertilizer cow manure (9887.2 kg ha-1). Several studies showed that the combined application of manure and chemical fertilizers by improving soil physical properties and increasing the availability of nutrients, improve the efficiency of nutrient uptake and yield of plants.
    Conclusions
    Generally, combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers through improvement of growth indices, increased quantity yield of Roselle compared with single application. As well as, transplanting of this plant had a positive effect on sepal and biological yield. Therefore, with the advent of early winter cold in Mashhad, recommended that Roselle cultivated three month earlier as transplanting in the greenhouse.
    Keywords: Harvest index, Mycorrhiza, Sepal yield, Transplanting, Vermicompost
  • B. Saadatian, M. Kafi, M. Banayan Aval, J. Nabati Pages 786-797
    Introduction
    Health and quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) seeds are important in the potato seed production technology. Moreover, the basic seed materials must be free of pathogens. Therefore tissue culture techniques are used at this stage in the laboratory to produce disease free seeds. Mini-tubers can be produced after acclimatization from plantlets as tissue culture which are planted at high densities in the greenhouse in beds or containers using different substrate mixtures, or even in hydroponic culture. Foliar application of growth regulators is a way to increase potato mini-tuber production. Growth regulators influence on potato mini-tuber dormancy. Triazoles, a family which Paclobutrazol belongs to them, have both fungitoxic and plant growth regulatory effects. In addition, they can also protect plants against various stresses. Therefore, the triazoles have been characterized as plant multi-protestants. Paclobutrazol changes the relationship between source and sink and by this way, affects plant production. Also, it can inhibit giberellic acid biosynthesis. Some morphological changes observed in paclobutrazol-treated plants include the inhibition of plant growth, decreased inter-nodal elongation and increased root to shoot ratios. Time of paclobutrazol foliar application is an important factor which changes plant characters (Lim et al., 2004). This study implemented to evaluate foliar application of paclobutrazol concentrations at different time on production and mini-tuber dormancy.
    Materials And Methods
    The factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted at the faculty of agriculture’s research greenhouse, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2013. Plantlets of Agria cv. produced from nodal tissue culture in Murashinge and Skoog (MS) medium. After 25 days, plantlets of free disease and uniform exported to plastic pots with 12 cm diameter and 30 cm height. Perlite, cocopite and sand with 3:3:4 ratios, formed the substrate. Potato plantlets were fed with corrected Hoagland solution. Treatments were foliar application of paclobutrazol at two growth stages (stolen initiation and tuber initiation) and six concentrations (control, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg l-1). Foliar application of mentioned concentrations implemented in the final hours of day. After 95 days from transplanting, number of mini-tuber in plant, mini-tuber length, mini-tuber diameter and mean of mini-tuber weight were measured. Then, mini-tubers saved to fridge with 8±2ºC and 10% relative humidity. Two months later, mini-tuber’s germination was measured. Finally, time of achievement to 5, 10, 50, 90 and 95 germination percentage was measured with Germin program. Beside that, rate of germination was calculated with equation 1: (1)
    R50 and D50: rate of germination (1/h) and time of achievement to 50% germination, respectively.
    Analysis of variance and correlation between trials was done with SAS 9.1 Software. Means comparison measured with least significant difference test (LSD) at 5% probability level.
    Results And Discussion
    The main effects and interactions of paclobutrazol foliar application and growth stages, on number of mini-tuber in plant, mini-tuber length, mini-tuber diameter, mean of mini-tuber weight and time of achievement to 5, 10, 50, 90 and 95 germination percentage trials were significant. But interaction between foliar application and growth stages was not significant at germination rate trial. The effect of foliar application on maintained trials in tuber initiation stage was lower than stolen initiation. Increase in paclobutrazol concentration increased mini-tuber dormancy and reduced germination rate. Paclobutrazol application in tuber initiation stage had more inhibition on mini-tuber germination. With increase in paclobotrazol concentration, time of achievement to 5, 10, 50, 90 and 95% germination were 11, 13, 17, 19 and 17% in comparison between foliar application growth stages (tuber initiation compared to stolen initiation).Significant negative correlation obtained between number of mini-tuber in plant, mini-tuber length, mini-tuber diameter, mean of mini-tuber weight trials with time of achievement to 5, 10, 50, 90 and 95 germination percentage..
    Conclusions : Application of 20 mg l-1 paclobutrazol at stolen initiation, produced highest number of mini-tuber. But, maximum amount of mini-tuber length, mini-tuber diameter and mean of mini-tuber weight obtained in control treatment. Overall, in most cases paclobutrazol application had negative effect on production and germination of mini-tuber potatoes.
    Keywords: Agria cv, Growth regulator, Tuber dormancy, Tuber size
  • A. Koocheki *, M. Nassiri Mahallati, S. Khorramdel, S. Morid Ahmadi Pages 798-810
    Introduction
    Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is a statistical tool for modelling and optimization of multiple factors which determine optimum process conditions by combining experimental designs with interpolation by first- or second degree polynomial equations in a sequential testing format. Nitrogen (N) and plant density are two factors crucial to the successful implementation of crop management practices used in corn production systems. Numerous studies have reported the effects of N fertilization on yield of corn. The optimum resource level in agro-ecosystems should be determined to decrease production costs, conserve resources and reduce environmental pollution which occurs as a result of excessive use of these resources. In this work, optimization of nitrogen fertilizer and plant density of corn using central composite design for RSM was done.
    Materials And Methods
    An experiment was conducted using central composite design with 13 treatments and two replications at the Research Field of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during the growing season of 2015-2016. The treatments were allocated based on low and high levels of plant density (7 and 10 plants m-2, respectively) and nitrogen (0 and 300 kgN ha-1, respectively). Biological yield, grain yield, N utilization efficiency, N recovery and N use efficiency were calculated as independent variables and changes of these variables were evaluated by a regression model. Optimum levels of nitrogen and plant density were proposed to obtain the expected level of these traits based on economic, environmental and economic-environmental scenarios.
    Results And Discussion
    The results showed that the effect of linear component was significant on biological and grain yield and nitrogen efficiency indices of corn. Effect of square component was significant on all studied traits except for biological yield and N recovery. Interaction effect of full quadratic was significant on biological yield and N recovery. Lack of fit test had no significant effect on the studied traits except for NUE. The highest observed and predicted values of grain yield were obtained in 7 plants.m-2 with 150 kg N per ha (11.71 ton ha-1) and 10 plants m-2 with 300 kg N per ha (12.22 ton ha-1), respectively. The maximum observed and predicted values of N recovery were obtained in 10 plants.m-2 with 300 kg N per ha (86.45%) and 10 plants.m-2 with 300 kgN ha-1 (90.14%), respectively. The optimum levels of nitrogen fertilizer and density were 8.12 plants.m-2 with 225.27 kg N per ha, 7 plants.m-2 with 46.95 kg N per ha and 7 plants.m-2 with 69.42 kg N per ha for economic, environmental economic-environmental scenarios, respectively.
    Conclusions
    Increasing nitrogen fertilizer led to an increase in grain yield and a decrease in nitrogen use efficiency whereas increasing density caused an increase in grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency.
    Keywords: Lack of fit, Full quadratic regression model, N use efficiency, N utilization efficiency
  • R. Farhoudi *, Z. Khodarahmpour Pages 811-822
    Introduction
    Nowadays, the phytochemical constituents of medicinal plants have received much attention due to their potential use in nutraceuticals and drug industries. Spices and herbs are part of daily food intake across many regions of the world. They have been used as natural sources of flavorings and preservatives. Recently the use of medicinal plants and their derived products in the pharmaceutical and healthcare industry has seen rapid development in recent years. As the other crops, the increase in seed and active ingredient yield of medicinal herbs is influenced by genetic and environmental parameters. Although genetic factors play a significant role in the development of the essential oil of medicinal plants, should also be aware of the role of climatic factors and crops in the field. Therefore, medicinal plants dry matter production and its essential oils are controlled by environmental factors, conditions, sowing date, planting? fertilizing and harvesting time. Researches indicated stated that nitrogenous fertilization and sowing time increased yield by increasing hydrocarbon production owing to the development of shoots and the expansion of carbon-absorbing surface. Therefore to determine the effective N-fertilization level and plant sowing date for Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) an experiment was carried out to increase the yield of anthodium flowers and content of essential oil.
    Materials And Methods
    Field experiment was carried out at the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar branch (Shoushtar located in the north of Khouzestan), in Iran during 2010-2011. The experiment was conducted on a split plot design based on randomized completely block design with three replications. The plant sowing date (November, 6 and 22) and UreaTM fertilizer (%46) (100, 125 and 150 kg ha-1) allocated to main plot and sub plot, respectively. For identification of components, Agilent gas chromatography model 6890 N, equipped with MSD model 5973 N and fused silica capillary column (HP-5MS, 30m- 0.25mm) were used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of oils. The GC oven temperature was held at 50 °C for 5 min, then programmed from 50 °C to 240 °C at a rate of 3 °C min-1 and from 240 °C to 290 °C at a rate of 5 °C min-1, held for 2 min at 290 °C, using the gas as the carrier (1.0 ml min-1). The temperature of injector and detector were 240 °C and 280 °C, respectively. The percentage composition of the essential oils was computed from GC peak areas without using any correction factors. Qualitative analysis was based on comparison of retention times and indices on both columns and mass spectra using computer mass spectra libraries model Agilent Technologies 5973 Network and corresponding data available in the literature.
    Results And Discussion
    Growth and essential oil yield of Fennel seed and shoot significantly influenced by sowing date and N fertilizer. Results of interaction the effect of sowing date and nitrogen fertilizer showed 6 November sowing date and 125 and 150 Urea fertilizer increase shoot dry weight (442.5 and 438.9 g m-2), seed essential oil percentage (2.9 and 2.8%), shoot essential oil percentage (3.14 and 3.12%), seed essential oil yield (2.2 g m-2) and shoot essential oil yield (13.9 and 13.6 g m-2). Anatole had the highest percentage of essential oil components. Highest percentage of seed and shoot of anatole obtained from samples from plants sowing on November 6th and fertilized with Urea 125kg per hectare under the influence of urea fertilizer by more than 39 percent of (seed) and 45% (shoots), respectively. The highest percentage of seed estragole obtained from plants sowing on 22November and under 125and150 Urea kg per hectare, respectively. Fennel shoot estragole percentages were not affected by various treatments. Highest of seed and shoot De-fench one percentages were observed.in planting of 6 November and125 and 150kg per hectare under the influence of urea.
    Conclusions
    The results of these experiment revealed that the sowing date and nitrogen content affected the constituents of the essential oil of fennel. Results showed that delaying sowing date under the North of Khuzestan weather conditions leading to reduced growth and yield of essential oil. According to the results, the most suitable sowing date and N fertilizer for Fennel under north of Khuzestan province condition are 6 November and 125 kg ha-1 Urea™ fertilizer.
    Keywords: Anethole, Dry weight, Estragol, Umbrellanumber
  • S. Laleh, M. Jami Al-Ahmadi *, S. Parsa Pages 823-837
    Introduction : Hemp is a dioecious and annual plant. The most important use to this plant is in the food, drug, and natural fibers. Proper fertilizer management for a medicinal plant species is important for increasing its yield and maintaining the quality of active principles. Sustainable farming is on the basis of natural fertilizer application with the aim of decreasing chemical fertilizers. Various studies show that application of animal manure with chemical fertilizers (as N, P and …) have positive effects on soil structure, microbial population, soil fertility, growth and yield of plant with the aim of protecting the environment. Therefore, the present study was under taken to evaluate the effect of organic amendments enriched with chemical fertilizers of nitrogen and phosphorus on yield and extract of hemp.
    Materials And Methods
    To study the effect of different levels of animal manure and chemical fertilizers, a split factorial experiment, based on complete randomized blocks design with three replications was conducted at the research Farm of Faculty of agriculture, University of Birjand, during the growing season 2014-2015. Experimental factors were animal manure (0, 10, 20 and 30 t. ha-1well rotted farmyard manure) as the main plot, and factorial application of three levels of N (0, 50 and 100 kg N ha-1 as Urea) with two levels of P (0 and 80 kg P2O5 ha-1 as triple and P was superphosphate) as sub-plot. Animal manure, P and half of the N fertilizer were applied before planting and the other half of N were applied by top dressing. Hemp were planted 5 may on rows 60 cm apart, with 30 cm distance between each hemp on row, at the depth of 3-4 cm. Measured traits included leaf, stem and seed weights, stem height and diameter, 1000 seed weight, and leaves extract percentage per square meter in sub-plot for female plants of hemp. Also percentage of female plants calculated per sub-plot. Finally, all variables were analyzed by SAS software (V. 9.1). Comparison of the averages attributes was performed using FLSD test at the 0.05 level of significant.
    Results And Discussion
    The results showed that the percentage of female plants did not affected by animal manure and chemical fertilizers. Stem height and diameter, leaf and stem weights and extract percentage were increased with increasing rate of animal manure, nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers. Phosphorus application caused a 11.2% increase in thousand grains weight. The highest stem and leaf yields were 2541.8 and 7001.6 kg ha-1 respectively, which were obtained by using 20 t. ha-1 animal manure with 100 kg N 80 kg P ha-1. An increased stem yield was also obtained by applying 30 t ha-1 animal manure with 50 kg N 80 kg P ha-1. Integrated using of 20 t. ha-1 animal manure with 100 kg N 80 kg P ha-1, and 30 t. ha-1 animal manure with 50 kg N 80 kg P ha-1 were appeared as the favorable fertilizing treatments for hemp.
    Conclusions
    It is suggested that combined usage of the animal manure and chemical fertilizers have more positive effects on growth and yield of hemp in compare with the use of fertilizers or animal manure lonely. Also hemp nutrition should be done according to the aim of producing.
    Keywords: Cow manure, Triple superphosphate, Urea
  • M. Shahbyki, H. Makarian *, H. Abbasdokht Pages 838-850
    Introduction
    Weeds are a major constraint limiting crop yield in agricultural systems and in organic systems in particular. Although herbicides are efficient for weed control, continuous use has caused the development of resistance in weeds against several herbicides. Furthermore, herbicides also pollute the soil, water and aerial environments and herbicide residues in food have deteriorated food quality and enhanced the risk of diseases. Allelopathy is defined as the direct or indirect harmful or beneficial effects of one plant on another through the release of chemical compounds into the environment. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is known to be allelopathic against crops and weeds. The objective of this study was to investigate the allelopathic effect of wheat and barley residues on weeds control and cowpea yield.
    Materials And Methods
    An experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications at the research field (36° 25’E, 54° 58’N, 1349 m a.s.l.) of Agricultural Faculty, Shahrood University of Technology in 2015. Treatments were included; weeding all season, no weeding, trifluralin according to the recommended dose (2 ton ha-1), foliar application of wheat straw extract (concentration of 50%), foliar application of wheat straw extract (concentration of 100%), the application of wheat residue mixed with the soil at a rate of 2 ton ha-1, the application of wheat residue mixed with the soil at a rate of 4 ton ha-1, the application of wheat residue mixed with the soil at a rate of 8 ton ha-1, foliar application of barley straw extract (concentration of 50%), foliar application of barley straw extract (concentration of 100%). Statistical analysis of data was performed with MSTAT-C software and means were compared with LSD test at the 5% level of probability.
    Results And Discussion
    The results showed that the effect of treatments was significant (P 0.01) on weed density and dry weight. Soil incorporation with wheat residue at a rate of 4 and 8 ton ha-1 significantly decreased weed density than non-weeding treatment. Seed number per pod, biological and grain yield of cowpea significantly increased in the soil incorporation with wheat residue at a rate of 8 ton ha-1 compared to control. Our results showed that weeding and soil incorporation with wheat residue at a rate of 8 ton ha-1 increased cowpea yield by 78.23 and 80.79% compared to no weeding treatment, respectively. Wheat is a potent source of bioactive phytotoxic compounds representing three main classes as phenolic (hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, pcoumaric, syringic and ferulic acids being most frequently reported and transferulic and trans-pcoumaric acids being the dominant acids), cyclic hydroxamic acids (a class of alkaloids) and short chain fatty acids. It is reported that wheat extract compounds can interfere with basic processes of receiver plants as photosynthesis, cell division, respiration and protein synthesis and indirectly provoke other forms of stresses. Thus, these compounds can reduce weed germination and growth. Another important effect of these allelochemicals is the activation of cellular antioxidant system in response to uncontrolled production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species. The reason for increase in grain yield was the control of weeds and probably the allelopathic effects of crop water extracts promoted the wheat growth which ultimately increases grain yield.
    Conclusions : The present study concluded that wheat phytotoxins in straw inhibited germination and seedling growth of weeds, and the inhibition was concentration-dependent. Also wheat straw added to soil increased yield and some traits of cowpea. In general, the results showed that wheat straw can reduce weed suppression and can improve characteristics of plant, moreover, decreased environment risks of chemical inputs and ensure sustainability of production in long time.
    Keywords: Beans, Bio, herbicide, Non, chemical control, Weed management
  • B. Pasban Eslam * Pages 851-860
    Introduction
    Safflower is a plant adaptable to areas with limited rainfall during winter and spring and dry air at flowering, seed filling and maturity stages, and tolerant to water deficit. The positive correlation coefficient observed between safflower seed yield with precipitation and low air temperature during seed germination to flowering and flowering to seed maturity. Furthermore, precipitation and low temperature during flowering to seed maturity significantly increased seed oil percentage. Therefore, it seems that, by adjusting the planting time can be adapted phenological stages of plant with appropriate weather conditions. The aims of this research were study the possibility reducing the growth period of safflower spring varieties with maintaining performance through delay in planting time, evaluate seed and oil yields at different planting times, and identify the best varieties for cold and semi-arid areas.
    Materials And Methods
    The experiment was conducted at the East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center (46°2¢E, 37°58¢N, 1347 m a.s.l.) during 2014-2015 growing season. According to Koppen climatic classification system, the area climate is semi-arid and cold. This study was carried out as factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were four planting dates (30 March, 9, 19 and 29 April) and three safflower spring cultivars (Sina, Soffeh and Goldasht). Plant spacing between rows was 24 cm and final plant density was 70 plant per m2. Each plot consisted of 6 rows in 5 meters. Plants were harvested on the 11th and 14th of August in the first and second years of experiment, respectively. At the harvest time, in order to control boarder effects, plants from the sides of each plot were removed. Measured traits were plant height, capitulum diameter, seed yield, capitula number per plant, seed number per capitulum and 1000-seed weight. Ten plants in each plot were used to determine plant height and seed yield components. Also, seed oil content was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method.
    Results And Discussion
    The results indicated that interaction effect of year, planting date and cultivar was significant on the plant height, paniculum number per plant, seed number per paniculum, 1000 seed weight , seed yield and seed oil percent. A delay in planting date from 30 March, significantly reduced yield components, seed and oil yields. Soffeh cultivar had the greater plant height and Goldasht and Sina were located in the next rank. Goldasht cultivar had higher seed yield with the largest capitulum diameter and the most 1000 seed weight. The highest oil yield was belonged to the Soffeh (1161 kg ha-1) and Goldasht cultivar (754 kg per ha1) in the first and second year, respectively. There were positive significant correlations between capitulum diameter, 1000 seed weight and seed yield. The Goldasht and Soffeh cultivars provided acceptable performance that were seen appropriate for cultivation in Tabriz cold and semi-arid plain. Delayed planting led to significant decrease in seed and oil yields and therefore is not be recommended.
    Conclusions
    The results of this study indicated that the most appropriate date to cultivate spring safflower in Tabriz cold and semi-arid plain is 30 March and planting is not recommended at the late season. Soffeh and Goldasht cultivars are suitable for cultivation in this region.
    Keywords: Goldasht, Seed oil percent, Seed yield, Soffeh, Spring safflower
  • M. Konani, N. A. Sajedi *, M. R. Sobhani Pages 861-871
    Introduction
    Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the greatest nourishment for most of world’s population. In many lands of Iran, water is not enough for irrigation and also the most regions of country have arid and semi-arid climate. Water deficit is an important stressful factor for plant growth and crop productivity. Nitrogen is main component of proteins and enzymes. It is essential in all of the plant growth stages. Application of nitrogen is essential for retard leaf senescence, maintenance of photosynthetic leaf during grain filling period and increasing grain protein. The time and method of nitrogen fertilizer application are effective on grain yield. The reported that maximum of grain yield recorded when that nitrogen fertilizer was applied at sowing time along with foliar application at the tillering stage. In higher plants, the role of selenium is still unclear. Selenium can increase the tolerance of plants to induced oxidative stress include drought, salinity, high temperature. Selenium increases the tolerance of plants by transpiration or osmotic potential under water deficit. The current paper studies the influence of selenium and application methods of urea top-dress under rainfed conditions in order to promote improved drought stress tolerance and increase the quantity and quality of wheat.
    Materials And Methods
    In order to study the effect of selenium and application methods of urea top-dress on yield, yield components and quality traits of wheat under rainfed conditions, an experiment was conducted at Ashianeh-ye Sofla village, Khomeyn County, Markazi Province during 2012- 2013 growing season. This experiment was carried out as split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replicates. Experimental factors were included application methods of urea fertilizer in four levels (without application of fertilizer (control), application of 60 kg ha-1 at the tillering stage, application of 30 kg ha-1 at the tillering stage combined with foliar application of 200 mg L-1 before ear emergence and application of 20 kg ha-1 at the tillering stage combined with foliar application of 200 mg L-1 before ear emergence and 200 at the late ear emergence) and selenium in three levels (0, 5 and 10 mg L-1). Seed density was based on 100 kg ha-1 of Sardari cultivar. The seeds were sown by hand on 6-m rows with 15 cm spacing between rows. The distance between the plots was one meter. At the final harvest, 2 m2 was harvested from the middle of each plot and the grain yield was evaluated. Statistical analysis of data was performed with MSTAT-C software and means were compared with Duncan's test at the 5% level of probability.
    Results And Discussion
    The results showed that application of urea top-dressing fertilizer and selenium increased the spike number per m2. Maximum grain yield (1207.5 kg ha-1) was obtained from application of 60 kg urea per hectare at the tillering stage and without application of selenium, that was statistically similar to application of 30 kg urea per hectare at the tillering stage combined with foliar application of 200 mg L-1 before ear emergence with 1196.3 kg grain yield per hectare. This is due to that application of nitrogen increased spike number per area unit, grain number per spike and 1000-grain weight. Application of urea fertilizer significantly increased the grain selenium concentration and protein content. Foliar application of selenium at different urea levels increased the grain selenium concentration. The application of 60 kg urea per hectare at the tillering stage, application of 30 kg urea per hectare at the tillering stage combined with foliar application of 200 mg urea per liter before ear emergence and application of 20 kg urea per hectare at the tillering stage combined with foliar application of 200 mg urea per liter before ear emergence and 200 mg urea per liter at the late ear emergence increased the grain selenium by 48.28, 40.57 and 34.39% compared to control, respectively. Foliar application of selenium increased the amount of grain selenium compared to control. The highest grain selenium was obtained from application of 10 mg selenium per liter.
    Conclusions
    In conclusion, with application of urea fertilizer at the rate of 30 kg ha-1 as top-dressing at the tillering stage combined with foliar application of 200 mg L-1 before ear emergence can reduce the rate of urea fertilizer by 50% without reducing yield. Furthermore, foliar application of 10 mg L-1 selenium can moderate effect of drought stress, also increase grain quality. Therefore, application of urea fertilizer as top-dressing combined with spray along with foliar application of selenium improve the qualitative and quantitative yield of wheat under rainfed conditions.
    Keywords: Foliar application, Nitrogen, Sardari C.V, Sodium selenite
  • S. Ansari, S. A. M. Mirmohammady Maibody *, A. Arzani, P. Golkar Pages 872-884
    Introduction
    Genetic variation is essential for the success of breeding programs and is vital to helping the genetic improvement of Triticale. Understanding patterns of genetic diversity in the Triticale and use of its genetic resources on a practical basis may help to establish appropriate procedures for breeding genetic materials. It can be used as a benchmark for classifying parenting lines and favorable heterotic groups in triticale. Triticale (X Triticosecale wittmack) has considerable potential either as a grain crop or forage crop, but has received little attention from breeding programs in Iran.
    Materials And Methods
    This research was conducted to study the genetic diversity and the performance of triticale cultivars imported from Poland and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) using some agro-morphological traits. Forty one triticale genotypes were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Farm of College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology. Agronomic characteristics comprising plant height (cm), length of the last node (cm), flag leaf length (cm), spike length (cm), thousand seed weight (g), the number of spike per m2, seed yield (tha-1), grain number per spike, number of spikelets per spike, harvest index, test weight (kg hectoliter), biological yield (ton ha-1), wet and dry gluten content (%) were measured. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS statistical software. The multivariate analysis procedures used to analyze the collected data and to investigate relationships among variables. Mean comparison was conducted using LSD range test (at 5% level). The unweighted neighbour joining (UNJ) cluster analysis was carried out using NT-SYS software.
    Results And Discussion
    Analysis of variance showed that genotypes were significantly different in all characters. The measured traits varied in coefficient of genotypic and phenotypic variation. The highest coefficients of genotypic (41.7%) and phenotypic (44.9%) coefficient of variation were belonged to wet gluten content. The least coefficient of genotypic (4.5%) and phenotypic (7%) variation was denoted to test weight. Simple mean comparisons for seed yield of Triticale showed that the highest seed yield (11.84 ton ha-1) was denoted to Sorento genotype from Poland and the least seed yield (5.5 ton ha-1) to Beaglel and EMA genotypes (from CYMMYT). Using stepwise regression analysis, 98.8% of seed yield variation was attributed to two traits, including harvest index, and biological yield. Correlation analysis showed the significant relation of number of spikelets per spike, and spike length with grain yield. The results of the factor analysis revealed that five factors namely, plant height, grain yield and their components, biological yield, harvest index gluten content explained 80% of total variances of the grain yield. Cluster analysis of genotypes based on agronomic and protein content traits grouped the genotypes into four separate clusters. In categorization based on collected data, the fourth group included genotype from Poland origin (Prego, Lamberto, Moreno, Lasko, Dagro, Sorento, Fidelio, LAD1900, RH116, Tewo, Disco, Vero, DAD601, Pinokio and Magnat) with the highest value for biological yield, seed yield, number of spikelet per spike, plant height, spike length and the length of the last internode. These clusters have beneficial characteristics and are useful for plant breeding purposes.
    Conclusions
    Based on the data reported here, the scientific use of multivariate statistical analysis including stepwise regression analysis, principle component and cluster analysis of genotypes revealed subjectivity of these methods as a suitable way to exploit intraspecific variation within triticale and evaluate its genetic resources for their agronomic value and the amount of genetic variation for specific traits to allow more efficient genetic improvement. The identified superior genotypes such as Sorento could be used in hybridization programs for improvement the seed yield in triticale.
    Keywords: Diversity, Multivariate protein, Seed yield
  • M. Ahmadi, F. Mondani *, M. Khorramivafa, Gh Mohammadi, A. Shirkhani Pages 885-900
    Introduction
    Dry matter produced by crops is a function of absorbed radiation and radiation use efficiency. Radiation use efficiency is an effective approach to quantify total dry matter accumulation. It is defined as biomass produced by plant for solar radiation absorbed during growing season. Radiation use efficiency is often calculated from the linear regression slope between total dry matter accumulation and cumulative solar radiation absorbed. It is affected by species, weather conditions, crop management, plant development stages, and the production of photosynthesis compounds. Among the factors of agronomic management, nitrogen fertilizer and crop species are the most important aspects that affect the radiation use efficiency. Therefore, by considering the fact that Kermanshah province has favorable condition in terms of more natural resources such as solar radiation, the aims of the present study were evaluation of nitrogen effect on radiation use efficiency, growth indices and yield of some current maize hybrids.
    Materials And Methods
    A split plot experiment was done based on randomized complete block design with 4 replications at 2014. Treatments were 4 levels of nitrogen fertilizer application (40%, 70%, 100% and 140% of the maize demand to nitrogen which based on the amount recommended by soil experiment equivalent to 138, 238, 350 and 483 kg.ha-1 of urea) as main plots and 3 maize hybrids KSC-704, BC-678 and Simon as sub plots. Leaf area index and total dry matter yield measured during growing season. Crop growth rate and relative growth ratio calculated by differentiation from fitted equation on total dry matter yield data. In order to calculate radiation use efficiency, sunny hours for Kermanshah latitude obtained from the nearest weather station. Daily solar radiation simulated by the method cited by Goudriaan and Van Laar (1993) for growing season. The absorbed radiation in each stage obtained through the multiplication simulated daily solar radiation in percent of absorbed radiation. The amount of cumulative absorbed radiation calculated through the multiplication simulated daily radiation in integral of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation fraction. Finally, radiation use efficiency calculated through the slope of linear regression between dry matter accumulation and cumulative absorbed photosynthetically active radiation. Also, grain yield measured for each treatment separately in the physiological maturity time.
    Results And Discussion
    The results showed that maximum and minimum of leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate and total dry matter yield were observed in KSC-704 and BC-678 hybrids, respectively. Also in all 3 hybrids, maximum leaf area index, leaf area duration, radiation absorption, crop growth rate, relative growth ratio and total dry matter yield improved by increasing of nitrogen fertilizer application from 138 to 483 kg.ha-1 of urea. The highest total dry matter yield (20450 kg ha-1) was related to 704 hybrid and consumption of 483 kg ha-1 of urea. Simon hybrid had higher grain yield than other hybrids at 483 kgha-1 of urea condition (10467 kg ha-1). Radiation use efficiency was not significantly different among maize hybrids. Regardless maize hybrids, by increasing of nitrogen fertilizer application from 138 to 238, 350 and 483 kg ha-1 of urea, radiation use efficiency improved from 2.33 to 2.63, 2.81 and 2.84 g MJ-1 (about 13%, 21% and 22%), respectively. Our results also indicated that there was a positive and significant correlation between radiation use efficiency and maximum leaf area index, maximum radiation absorption, maximum crop growth rate, maximum relative growth ratio, and maximum total dry matter. The positive correlation between radiation absorption with crop growth rate (0.98) and total dry matter (0.97) demonstrated more radiation absorbed lead to more crop growth rate subsequently higher total dry matter production by maize hybrids. Nitrogen fertilizer also improved total dry matter yield (58%) and grain yield (63%).
    Conclusions
    The results indicated that despite effects of nitrogen fertilizer application on maize grain yield, but unfavorable application of nitrogen would be led to intensify environmental pollution. Therefore, consumption of nitrogen fertilizer based on plant demand leads to increase resources use efficiency and reduce environmental risks.
    Keywords: Crop growth rate, Grain yield, Radiation absorption, Radiation use efficiency, Relative growth
  • S. Jafarnode, E. Zeinali *, A. Soltani, F. Sheikh Pages 901-913
    Introduction
    Green leaf area index and dry matter accumulation are closely associated with grain yield components (i.e., number of grains per unit area and grain size) and grain yield per unit area. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of seed size used for planting and sowing date on leaf area expansion, dry matter accumulation and grain filling trend in faba bean, C.V. Barakat.
    Materials And Methods
    The experiment was conducted at the research field of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences, Gorgan, Iran, during 2013-2014 growing season. The experimental design was a split plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Planting dates (26 Nov., 19 Dec., 2013 and 11 Feb. and 10 Mar., 2014) and seed size (small, medium, large) were arranged in main- and sub-plots, respectively.
    Results And Discussion
    Based on the results of the analysis of variance, there was a significant interaction between seed size and planting date for maximum leaf area index (LAImax), dry matter yield (BY) and grain yield (GY). LAImax, BY and GY were variable between 0.75 and 5.3, 2.56 and 12.05 ton ha-1 and 0.43 and 5.20 ton ha-1, respectively. The lowest value for each of the above mentioned characteristics was obtained from combination of last planting date and small seed. The highest LAImax was observed in the first sowing date and large seed combination treatment, and the highest BY and GY was observed in the first planting date and medium seeds combination treatment. However, when large or medium seeds were used in this planting date, there was no significant statistical difference between the BY and BY.The time required to achieve LAImax and 50% of maximum dry matter (Wmax) and also grain filling period (SFP) significantly reduced in result of delaying in planting. LAImax was observed between 59.7 (for Mar. planting date) and 158.9 (for Nov. planting date) and Wmax was happened between 60.2 (for Mar. planting date) and 159.6 (for Nov. planting date) days after planting. Moreover, SFP declined by planting delay so that from 80 days (in 26 Nov. planting date) decreased to 33 days (in 10 March planting date). There was no reliable difference between three sizes of seeds on the three parameters mentioned above. According to the results of regression analysis, there was a linear relationship with high coefficient of determination between LAI as well as dry matter and grain yield, and between the duration of grain filling with grain weight, grain number per unit area and grain yield. So that the increase of values of the mentioned traits led to increase in grain weight, grain number and finally grain yield per unit area.
    Conclusions
    The results indicated a reduced LAImax, the maximum dry matter and days to LAImax with any delay in seeding. Furthermore, the phenological development stages passed rapidly and seed filling duration was shortened in delayed planting dates. As a result, the number of seeds per plant and per unit area decreased, the grain size became smaller, and finally grain yield was reduced. According to the regression results, an each unit increase in leaf area index, total dry matter (gr m-2) and grain filling duration (day) resulted in increasing grain yield as amount as 153.6, 0.53, 9.81 g m-2, respectively. Therefore, in consisting with findings of previous our studies, planting up to mid- autumn is necessary to achieve maximum LAI, total accumulative dry matter and grain yield of faba bean under Gorgan environmental conditions. In addition, due to positive correlation between seed size and three above mentioned parameters, the application of more large seeds for planting leads to a better result.
    Keywords: Dry matter, Grain filling period, Grain filling rate, Grain yield, Maximum leaf area index
  • R. Khani, A. R. Sadeghi Bakhtvari, B. Pasban Eslam, V. Sarabi * Pages 914-924
    Introduction
    Canola (Brassica napus L.) genotypes with wide adaptability to environmental conditions could play a major role in Iran’s oilseed crop production. Selection of high performing genotypes is very important for developing canola cultivation. Water stress can reduce crop yield by affecting both source and sink for assimilation. Canola yield depends on genotype and environmental conditions and response of genotypes to environmental factors. Canola genotypes response to stress depends on the developmental stage and the events occurring prior to and during flowering stage. Resistance to water stress is divided to avoidance and tolerance. Some species are tolerable against water stress. In a while, other species respond ending life cycle, falling leaves and other reactions into water stress. Therefore, investigation of canola genotypes response to water stress in phenological growth stages can be valuable in order to determine resistant or tolerant genotypes.
    Materials And Methods
    In order to study the effect of drought stress on canola genotypes yield and its components, an experiment was conducted in 2013-2014 as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of East-Azarbaijan, Tabriz-Iran. Three levels of drought stress were considered as main plot (No-stress, stress at the flowering and pod setting growth stages) and 18 canola genotypes including HW113, RS12, Karaj1, KR18, L73, L72, HW101, L146, L210, L183, SW101, L5, L201, HW118, KR4, Karaj2, Karaj3 and KS7 as subplots. Flood irrigation was scheduled at 50% field capacity, 30 and 30% field capacity for no-stress, stress at the flowering and pod setting growth stages, respectively; i.e. soil moisture capacity was maintained at 30% by irrigating to 100% field capacity when available moisture reached 30% in drought stress treatments. An ANOVA was conducted using the PROC-GLM procedure in SAS ver. 9.2 and Minitab ver. 17 to test for normality. Means were separated using Fishers Least Significant Difference (LSD) set at a 0.05 significance level.
    Results And Discussion
    As expected, canola genotypes showed different responses to availability of water at flowering and pod setting growth stages. Results indicated that drought stress at flowering and pod setting growth stages had severe influence on canola genotypes yield and its components. L72, L146, L183, L210 and Karaj 2 genotypes tend to produce higher yields compared to other genotypes in no-stress conditions. Hence, these genotypes are suitable for planting in irrigated lands or place that enough precipitation downfall especially in their phenological growth stages. In contrast, these genotypes are not suitable for planting in arid or semi-arid regions like Iran, because the yields reduced severely in drought stress conditions. However, KR18, HW101, SW101 and Karaj3 genotypes could not produce as same yield as L72, L146, L183, L210 and Karaj2 genotypes in no-stress condition, they had minimum yield loss in susceptible phenological growth stages especially flowering growth stage compared to other genotypes. L183 genotype could produce yield similar to tolerant genotypes, but its yield loss was high in comparison with no stress condition.
    Conclusions
    Based on our findings in this study, KR18, HW101, SW101 and Karaj3 can be considered the best among other 18 genotypes in the selection of genotypes tolerant to drought stress occurring in flowering and pod setting stages. However, this study must be repeated in other climates and different drought stress conditions to acknowledge what we achieved in this research. After that, decision can be made about planting these genotypes tolerant in arid and semi-arid regions. In this regard, we can also do more comprehensive works can be done on breeding of these genotypes, because water crisis will be the future challenge in Iran.
    Keywords: Flowering, Oil crops, Phenological stages, Pod setting, Yield loss
  • N. Rezaienia, M. Ramroudi *, M. Galavi, M. Fofouzandeh Pages 925-938
    Introduction
    The chicory is an economically important member of the Asteraceae family. Chicory has also been used for medicinal applications, useful to liver and gallbladder, which some of its health benefits is scientifically proved. In recent years, drought has been a serious problem in Iran. Several scientists have shown that a plant under stress will produce secondary metabolites that may influence its medicinal properties. This study aimed to investigate the effects of drought stress and bio-fertilizer application on physiological characteristics and absorption of some nutrients by chicory. Water is one of the most important environmental factors that has a significant influence on the growth and active ingredients of medicinal plants. Water shortage causes serious damage to plant growth and development. In the time of drought and salinity due to the high concentration of salts in the root zone and increase in the osmotic potential of the soil, nutrients absorption will decrease. Therefore, the decrease in soil moisture changes the rate and amount of nutrient absorption by the plant. Organic fertilizers under drought stress by increasing the proline, soluble sugars and absorption of potassium and phosphorus can mitigate drought stress impacts and increase the crop yield. The sharp decline in root growth under the drought stress condition is the main factor reducing the elements absorption capability of the plants. The combined application of Effective Microorganism (EM) and organic fertilizers is a suitable method to supply and release essential nutrients. Results of a study showed that EM inoculation with soil has not only improved the quality and quantity of crop but also enhanced the quality of soil. Application of Nano fertilizers as an alternative to conventional fertilizers resulted in slow and controlled release of nutrient in the soil. In addition, nano fertilizers increase the nutrients uptake efficiency and minimize the negative impacts of consuming too much fertilizer and reduce the frequency of fertilizer application. Drought stress decreases the potassium level in soil and consequently in the plant. The aim of this study was to examine the impacts of Bio and nano fertilizers application on physiological traits and absorption of some nutrients in chicory plant under limited irrigation.
    Materials and Methods : To study the effects of Bio-fertilizers on physiological traits and absorption of some nutrient of Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) in response to drought stress, this experiment was conducted in 2014-2015 growing season in a split-plot design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Institute (Chah-Nimeh), University of Zabol, Iran. The main plots were drought stresses regulated with irrigation after 90 (control), 70 and 50 percent of field capacity. Sub plots were different levels of Bio-fertilizer application inclusive of a sub-plot without fertilizer (control), inoculation of nitroxin (1 lit ha-1), effective EM (10 lit ha-1), and foliar application of Nano potassium chelate fertilizer (27%) (10 kg ha-1). The traits such as relative water content, protein percentage, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, flower yield, proline, flavonoid, carbohydrate, carotenoid, phosphor and potassium were evaluated.
    Results And Discussion
    Results showed that the interaction of Bio-fertilizer application and drought stress had a significant impact on all the traits except for the chlorophyll b. Increasing the stress rate, decreased the relative water content, photosynthetic pigments, carotenoid, protein percent, flower yield and phosphorus and potassium uptake. However, increase in the stress rate, increased the proline content, carbohydrate, and flavonoid increased. Bio-fertilizers application improved all the traits. The maximum relative water content, photosynthetic pigments, and flower yield were obtained from the treatment irrigated after 90 percent field capacity (FC) with EM application. The highest level of protein was obtained from the treatment irrigated after 90 percent of FC depletion and nitroxin fertilizer application. Maximum protein and carotenoid level were observed in irrigation treatment regulated with 50 percent FC and Nano potassium chelate fertilizer application. Maximum phosphorus and potassium uptake achieved from the treatment irrigated after 90 percent FC and Nano potassium chelate application. It is concluded that the increase in drought stress significantly decreases the photosynthetic pigments and absorption of nutrients.
    Conclusions : According to the results, the use of Nano potassium chelate fertilizer, microorganism bio-fertilizer (EM) and nitroxin had a positive impact on efficiency of chicory production.
    Keywords: Chlorophyll, Flower yield, Potassium, Proline, Protein percentage
  • M. Bannayan Aval *, F. Yaghoubi, Z. Rashidi, S. Bardehji Pages 939-956
    Introduction
    Lentil (Lens Culinarris Medik.) is an important pulse crop in Iran and is usually grown in rainfed areas. The average lentil yield in Iran is 1195 and 476 Kg.ha-1 in irrigated and rainfed farms, respectively. Low productivity occurs due to different factors. One of these factors is poor agronomic management practices that applied by the farmers, e.g. Limitation or inappropriate fertilizer distribution. Plant development occurs in a number of consecutive phases. These phases can be affected by temperature, moisture, photoperiod, cultivar and other factors. The amount of available nitrogen affects the distribution of assimilates between vegetative and reproductive organs and phenological stages of growth. Therefore, analysis of growth indices and its effective factors can be used as a suitable tool in evaluating the yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different nitrogen levels on phenology and growth indices of two lentil cultivars in rainfed conditions of Mashhad.
    Materials And Methods
    The experiment was conducted as split plot layout based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, during growth season 2016. Nitrogen fertilizer as urea (in three levels i.e. 0, 40 and 80 kg.ha-1) and cultivar (in two levels i.e. Birjand and Robat) were in main plots and sub plots, respectively. To determine the leaf area and dry matter, sampling was done every two weeks during the growing season. Phenological stages timing for each plot were determined based on 50% of emergence, 50% of flowering, 50% of maturity. Final yield was estimated from three square meter from each plot. Data were analyzed with the SAS software; the means were compared with Duncan's multiple range tests at the 5% level of probability. The graphs were prepared by SigmaPlot software.
    Results And Discussion
    The results showed that the effect of urea fertilizer was significant on vegetative, reproductive and overall plant growth based on days and growth degree-days. Also, 40 kg urea fertilizer per hectare showed that maximum of these traits. The effect of cultivar was significant on days and growth degree-days of planting to emergence, vegetative growth, reproductive growth and overall plant growth. Maximum of these traits were obtained in the Birjand cultivar. The difference in two lentil cultivars is related to genetic differences and their different adaptations to region. Urea fertilizer and cultivar interaction effects was not significant on phenological stages.
    Urea fertilizer had a significant effect on leaf area index, dry matter accumulation and yield. The highest leaf area index was obtained in treatment of 40 kg urea fertilizer per hectare. More production of leaf area affected on other growth indices and led to increasing of crop production. The highest grain and biological yield were achieved in this treatment. Cultivar effect was significant on maximum leaf area index, dry matter accumulation and yield. Birjand cultivar had maximum leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, grain and biological yield. Since the most of growth indices are dependent on leaf area index, changes in this indicator through change in the nitrogen fertilizer levels, is one of the most important practices to improve yield. Correlation analysis showed that, grain yield had positive and significant correlations with vegetative growth, reproductive growth, overall plant growth, maximum leaf area index and dry matter accumulation.
    Conclusions
    In this study, using of 40 kg urea fertilizer per hectare had a greater effect on leaf area index in comparison to other nitrogen fertilizer levels. That leads to an increase in the dry mater accumulation, crop growth rate and eventually increased the seed yield. So, application of 40 kg urea fertilizer per hectare is advised to achieve maximum crop production. Birjand cultivar had a good situation in terms of all growth indices and produced the highest yield, but it is a late cultivar and requires the optimum planting date for cultivation in this region. According to the observed correlations, leaf area index and dry matter accumulation can be introduced as traits affecting the yield of the two lentil cultivars.
    Keywords: Dry matter accumulation, Leaf area index, Reproductive growth, Vegetative growth