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پژوهشهای زراعی ایران - سال هجدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 59، پاییز 1399)

نشریه پژوهشهای زراعی ایران
سال هجدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 59، پاییز 1399)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1399/09/15
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
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  • علیرضا کوچکی*، مهدی نصیری محلاتی، مینا هوشمند، سرور خرم دل صفحات 251-266

    به منظور بررسی و مقایسه ترکیب های مختلف کشت مخلوط سه گونه زراعی آفتابگردان (Helianthus annus L.)، کدو پوست کاغذی (Cucurbita pepo L.) و لوبیا چیتی (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد آن ها، آزمایشی در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در دو سال زراعی 95-1394 و 96-1395 در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار و پنج تیمار اجرا شد. تیمارها شامل ترکیب های مخلوط دوگانه (H:C, H:P,C:P) و سه گانه یک ردیفی و دو ردیفی (H:C:P,HH:CC:PP) در سری های جایگزینی و تک کشتی هر گونه (H,C, P) بود. صفات مورد مطالعه شامل اجزای عملکرد، عملکرد دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیک و شاخص برداشت سه گونه آفتابگردان، کدو پوست کاغذی و لوبیا چیتی و نسبت برابری زمین بودند. نتایج نشان داد که اثر ترکیب های مختلف کشت مخلوط بر اجزای عملکرد و عملکرد دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیک و شاخص برداشت آفتابگردان، کدو پوست کاغذی و لوبیا چیتی معنی دار (05/0≥p) بود. بیشترین عملکرد دانه آفتابگردان مربوط به تیمار مخلوط سه گانه دو ردیفی (HH:CC:PP) (10158 کیلوگرم در هکتار)، لوبیا چیتی مربوط به کشت خالص (P) (1049 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و در کدو پوست کاغذی مربوط به تیمار مخلوط دوگانه لوبیا چیتی+ کدو پوست کاغذی (C:P) (2501 کیلوگرم در هکتار) بود. بیشترین عملکرد بیولوژیک آفتابگردان، کدو پوست کاغذی و لوبیا چیتی به ترتیب برای کشت خالص (H)، مخلوط سه گانه دو ردیفه  (HH:CC:PP)و کشت خالص (P) مشاهده شد. بالاترین نسبت برابری زمین (LER) در کشت سه گانه یک ردیفی (H:C:P) (69/1) و کمترین نسبت برابری زمین (LER) برای مخلوط دوگانه آفتابگردان+ لوبیا چیتی (H:P) (06/1) محاسبه گردید. به طور کلی، در تمامی تیمارهای کشت مخلوط در سیستم های دوگانه و سه گانه نسبت برابری زمین بیشتر از یک و در مخلوط های سه گانه بالاتر از مخلوط های دوگانه بود.

    کلیدواژگان: سری جایگزینی، عملکرد دانه، کارایی مصرف منابع، نسبت برابری زمین
  • سیده حکیمه داودی*، عباس بیابانی، علی راحمی کاریزکی، سید علی محمد مدرس ثانوی، ابراهیم غلامعلی‎پور علمداری، مهدی زارعی صفحات 267-278

    به منظور بررسی اثر محلول پاشی کلات های آهن و روی بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گیاه دارویی سیاه دانه آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایه بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال زراعی 98-97 و دو مکان (مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه گنبد کاووس و مزرعه دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس تهران) انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل محلول پاشی دو شکل آهن (نانو کلات آهن 5/1 در هزار، نانو کلات آهن 4 در هزار و کلات آهن 3 در هزار) و روی (نانو کلات روی در دو سطح 5/1 و 3 در هزار و کلات روی 3 در هزار) بودند. تیمارها در دو مرحله 10-8 برگی و در زمان پر شدن کپسول ها به کار برده شد. نتایج نشان داد که ارتفاع بوته، تعداد شاخه جانبی، تعداد کپسول در بوته، تعداد دانه در کپسول، قطر کپسول، وزن هزار دانه، عملکرد دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیک و شاخص برداشت برای هر دو منطقه به طور معنی داری تحت تاثیر نانو کلات ها قرار گرفت. غلظت 4 در هزار نانو کلات آهن و 3 در هزار نانو کلات روی باعث بیش ترین افزایش در عملکرد دانه (44/217گرم در متر مربع در منطقه گنبد و 66/288گرم در متر مربع در منطقه تهران)، عملکرد بیولوژیک (582 گرم در متر مربع در گنبد و 93/352 گرم در متر مربع در تهران) و شاخص برداشت (43/37 درصد در گنبد و 46/76 درصد در منطقه تهران) شد. بر اساس نتایج حاصل و با توجه به ویژگی های مختلف اندازه گیری شده، کاربرد آهن و روی به فرم نانو حتی در غلظت های پایین اثر مثبتی بر عملکرد کمی سیاه دانه خواهد داشت.

    کلیدواژگان: اجزای عملکرد، عناصر ریز مغذی، گیاه دارویی، نانو کلات
  • سید فاضل فاضلی کاخکی*، مهرنوش اسکندری، جهانفر دانشیان، صدیقه آناهید صفحات 279-295

    به منظور بررسی تاثیر کودهای زیستی بر زادآوری تعداد گره و کپسول در هر گره برگ کنجد، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار طی دو سال زراعی 97-96 و 98-97 در مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی انجام شد. فاکتور اول شامل دو نوع بذر تک کپسول و چند کپسول و فاکتور دوم کودهای زیستی شامل: نیتروکسین (حاوی باکتری هایAzotobacter sp.  و Azospirillum sp.)، بیوفسفر (حاوی باکتری های Pseudomonas sp. و Bacillus sp.)، ترکیب مساوی از هر دو نوع کود زیستی (نیتروکسین و بیوفسفر) و شاهد بود. صفات مورفولوژیکی شامل: ارتفاع، تعداد گره در گیاه، تعداد گره تک و چند کپسول، تعداد و طول شاخه جانبی، تعداد و وزن خشک برگ، وزن خشک ساقه در گیاه، تعداد کپسول در گیاه و عملکرد اندازه گیری شد. طبق نتایج، بیشترین ارتفاع بوته (109 سانتی متر) و تعداد گره (7/46 عدد) از تیمار کود ترکیبی نیتروکسین و بیوفسفر به دست آمد. بوته های حاصل از بذر چند کپسول حدود 29 درصد تعداد برگ بیشتری را تولید کردند. بیشترین تعداد گره چند کپسول در سال دوم از بذور چند کپسولی و استفاده از کودهای تلفیقی نیتروکسین و بیوفسفر و به مقدار 9/23 عدد حاصل شد. در بذر چند کپسول تعداد گره چند کپسولی حدود 15 درصد بیشتر از تعداد گره چند کپسولی در بذر تک کپسول بود. در هر دو سال بیشترین تعداد گره تک کپسول در استفاده از کود زیستی تلفیقی در بذر تک کپسول به دست آمد. بیشترین تعداد گره چند کپسول در سال دوم از بذور چند کپسولی و استفاده از کودهای تلفیقی نیتروکسین و بیوفسفر و به تعداد 9/23 عدد حاصل شد. به طور کلی برای افزایش تعداد کپسول در هر گره برگ استفاده از تلقیح بذر کنجد با باکتری های (PGPR) به همراه محلول پاشی در مرحله 50 درصد گلدهی گیاه توصیه می گردد.

    کلیدواژگان: بیوفسفر، تعداد گره برگ، زیست توده، عملکرد دانه، نیتروکسین
  • عاطفه رضایی، احسان بیژن زاده*، علی بهپوری صفحات 297-308

    کشت مخلوط ارقام گندم به ویژه ارقامی که از نظر ارتفاع با هم اختلاف دارند موجب افزایش عملکرد می شود و علت این امر می تواند ایجاد کانوپی موج دار و استفاده کاراتر از منابع محیطی به ویژه تشعشع باشد که موجب افزایش عملکرد مخلوط نسبت به اجزای آن ها در کشت خالص می شود. این آزمایش به منظور مطالعه بررسی کنترل علف های هرز بر صفات بیوشیمیایی و عملکرد در کشت مخلوط ارقام گندم صورت گرفت. آزمایش به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در طی سال زراعی 1398 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی داراب، دانشگاه شیراز اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل کنترل علف های هرز به مدت دو هفته در شش سطح در مراحل رشد گیاه گندم بودند که شامل: کنترل ابتدای پنجه زنی، کنترل ابتدای ساقه رفتن، کنترل ابتدای غلاف رفتن، کنترل ابتدای ظهور سنبله، شاهد بدون علف هرز و شاهد بدون کنترل علف هرز بود و تیمار سیستم کشت شامل: تک کشتی سیروان، ستاره و مخلوط ستاره و سیروان به صورت ردیف های یک در میان و به نسبت یک به یک بودند. نتایج نشان داد که اثرات کنترل علف های هرز و سیستم کشت بر صفات کلروفیل a و b، کارتنویید، کاتالاز، پراکسیداز، محتوای نسبی آب برگ، زیست توده علف های هرز و عملکرد دانه معنی دار بود. همچنین مقدار کلروفیل a، کارتنویید و محتوای نسبی آب برگ در کنترل علف های هرز در مرحله پنجه زنی به ترتیب، 2/64، 97/38، 4/31 درصد افزایش نسبت به شاهد دارای علف هرز داشت و همین صفات در کشت مخلوط به ترتیب 2/5، 2/7 و 8/12 درصد نسبت به تک کشتی ستاره افزایش داشته است. به طور کلی حضور بیشتر علف های هرز باعث کاهش در میزان کلروفیل a، کلروفیل b و کارتنویید و افزایش در میزان آنزیم کاتالاز و پراکسیداز شد و تمامی این صفات در کشت مخلوط ارقام افزایش بیشتری را نشان داده اند. به طور کلی کنترل علف های هرز در مرحله پنجه زنی باعث بهبود عملکرد در مقایسه با سایر تیمارها شد و بیشترین عملکرد دانه در کشت مخلوط ارقام حاصل شد که نسبت به تک کشتی رقم ستاره 6/29 درصد افزایش داشت.

    کلیدواژگان: پراکسیداز، رقم ستاره، زیست توده علف های هرز، کارتنوئید، کلروفیل a
  • حامد جوادی، پرویز رضوانی مقدم*، محمدحسن راشد محصل، محمدجواد ثقه الاسلامی صفحات 309-322

    به منظور بررسی اثر کودهای آلی، زیستی و شیمیایی بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد دانه خرفه، آزمایشی در سال های زراعی 94-1393 و 95-1394 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه بیرجند به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایش بر اساس ترکیبی از چهار منبع تامین کننده نیتروژن شامل: کود گاوی، ورمی کمپوست، کود شیمیایی (NPK) و شاهد (بدون اعمال هیچ گونه کودی) و نیز چهار نوع کود زیستی شامل: نیتروکسین (شامل ازتوباکتر و آزوسپیریلوم)، میکوریزا Glomus intraradices))، بیوسولفور (شامل تیوباسیلوس) و شاهد (بدون هیچ گونه کودی) بودند. نتایج دو ساله برهمکنش منابع کودی نیتروژن و کود زیستی نشان داد که در تیمار کود شیمیایی (NPK) مصرف نیتروکسین موجب افزایش عملکرد زیست توده (6/45 درصد)، کارایی زراعی نیتروژن زیست توده (52 درصد)، فسفر زیست توده (2 برابر)، محتوای فسفر زیست توده (8/2 برابر) و مصرف بیوسولفور موجب افزایش نیتروژن زیست توده (9/52 درصد)، محتوای نیتروژن زیست توده (2 برابر)، کارایی جذب نیتروژن (1/2 برابر) نسبت به شاهد (عدم مصرف هیچ کودی) شد. در تیمار کود گاوی مصرف نیتروکسین موجب افزایش کارایی فیزیولوژیک زیست توده (8 درصد) و در تیمار عدم مصرف کود آلی و شیمیایی استفاده از نیتروکسین موجب افزایش کارایی جذب فسفر (4/22 درصد) و استفاده از میکوریزا و بیوسولفور (به ترتیب 9/29 و 4/21 درصد) موجب افزایش کارایی فیزیولوژیک فسفر زیست توده نسبت به شاهد (عدم مصرف هیچ کودی) شد. همچنین مصرف منابع کودی نیتروژن موجب کاهش کارایی زراعی فسفر زیست توده نسبت به شاهد شد. بر اساس نتایج این آزمایش، جهت دستیابی به حداکثر عملکرد زیست توده و با در نظر گرفتن حداکثر کارایی مصرف فسفر و نیتروژن زیست توده استفاده از تیمار کود شیمیایی (NPK) و نیتروکسین در منطقه بیرجند توصیه می شود.

    کلیدواژگان: بیوسولفور، کود گاوی، میکوریزا، نیتروکسین، ورمی کمپوست
  • عبدالستار دارابی*، شهرام امیدواری صفحات 323-339

    شاخص های اقلیمی که پایه حرارتی دارند همانند درجه روز رشد و واحد هلیوترمال ابزارهای مفیدی برای پیش بینی رشد و عملکرد محصولات می باشند. به منظور بررسی اثرات تاریخ کاشت بر شاخص های زراعی- اقلیمی در مراحل مختلف فنولوژی در کشت زمستانه سیب زمینی در خوزستان این تحقیق به صورت آزمایش کرت های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار به مدت دو سال زراعی (96-1394) در ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی بهبهان اجرا گردید. عامل اصلی شامل چهار تاریخ کاشت از اول دی ماه تا اول بهمن ماه به فاصله 10 روز و عامل فرعی سه رقم کوزیما، ساوالان و المرا بود. برای تامین رشد جوانه های غده‫ها بیشترین درجه روز رشد و واحد هلیوترمال به تاریخ کاشت اول دی ماه مربوط بود و با به تعویق افتادن تاریخ کاشت، این شاخص ها کاهش یافت. مدت زمان مرحله رشد سبزینه ای و غده زایی در تاریخ کاشت های مورد مطالعه 15 روز بود. در مرحله حجیم شدن غده بیشترین درجه روز رشد و واحد هلیوترمال به تاریخ کاشت 21 دی ماه مربوط بود. در این پژوهش مرحله بلوغ مشاهده نشد. اثر تاریخ کاشت بر عملکرد غده و کارایی تاثیر واحد هلیوترمال معنی دار نبود. ولی اثر تاریخ کاشت بر کارایی تاثیر دما در سطح 5% معنی دار شد. حداکثر تاثیر تاریخ کاشت بر کارایی دما به اول بهمن ماه تعلق داشت. بیشترین عملکرد (31/18 تن در هکتار)، کارایی تاثیر دما (06/12 کیلوگرم در هکتار در درجه روز رشد) و کارایی تاثیر واحد هلیوترمال (71/1 کیلوگرم در هکتار در ساعت درجه روز رشد) به رقم ساوالان اختصاص یافت. بر اساس نتایج این پژوهش برای کشت زمستانه سیب زمینی در خوزستان کاشت رقم ساوالان در اوایل بهمن ماه توصیه می شود. تاریخ کاشت مناسب برای ارقام کوزیما و المرا در طول دی ماه توصیه می شود.

    کلیدواژگان: حجیم شدن غده، درجه روز رشد، رشد جوانه، عملکرد، واحد هلیوترمال
  • کامران منصور قناعی پاشاکی، غلامرضا محسن آبادی*، محمدحسن بیگلویی، محمدباقر فرهنگی صفحات 341-355

    تولید برنج توام با پرورش اردک یک فناوری کشاورزی محسوب شده که می تواند سبب افزایش تولید برنج، کیفیت دانه و پایداری زیست محیطی در شالیزارها شود. بدین منظور آزمایشی برای بررسی تاثیر کاربرد توام اردک در نظام های مختلف کشت برنج بر عملکرد محصول، بهره وری آب و کنترل فراوانی علف های هرز غالب شالیزاری مورد به صورت اسپلیت پلات فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار طی دو سال زراعی 97-1396 و 98-1397 در مزرعه پژوهشی دانشکده علوم کشاورزی دانشگاه گیلان اجرا شد. تیمارها شامل سه نظام مختلف کشت (متداول، بهبودیافته و SRI) به عنوان عامل اصلی و ترکیب دو سطح اردک (شاهد و 750 قطعه در هکتار) و سه سطح کنترل علف هرز (شاهد، یک و دو بار وجین) به صورت فاکتوریل به عنوان عامل فرعی بودند. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که فراوانی و وزن خشک علف های هرز اویارسلام، سوروف، بندواش و تیروکمان آبی در تمام سطوح تیماری معنی دار بود. در کلیه نظام های کشت، کاربرد 750 قطعه اردک در هکتار همراه با یک بار و دوبار وجین موجب کنترل کامل اویارسلام، سوروف، بندواش و تیروکمان آبی نسبت به شرایط عدم کاربرد اردک گردید. کاربرد 750 قطعه اردک در هکتار نسبت به شرایط عدم کاربرد اردک در نظام های کشت متداول، بهبودیافته و SRI به ترتیب موجب افزایش 61/21، 80/20 و 84/30 درصد عملکرد شلتوک و نیز افزایش 80/34، 01/33 و 69/38 درصد بهره وری آب شد، در حالی که تفاوت معنی داری بین سطوح مختلف کنترل علف هرز در کاربرد 750 قطعه اردک در هکتار از نظر بهره وری آب دیده نشد. به طور کلی اردک با کنترل مناسب علف های هرز در مزرعه با تحرک و منقار زدن خود (موجب گل آلود شدن آب) و همچنین با اضافه کردن فضولات به شالیزار موجب افزایش رشد و نمو و بهبود شرایط رقابتی برنج شده و در نهایت باعث افزایش عملکرد برنج گردید. با توجه به نتایج این مطالعه، انجام یک بار وجین دستی اولیه جهت کنترل بهتر علف های هرز غالب در نظام کشت برنج  SRIهمراه با پرورش750 قطعه اردک در هکتار می تواند برای بهبود نظام تولید برنج و افزایش بهره وری آب در شالیزارهای گیلان مناسب باشد.

    کلیدواژگان: برنج- اردک، رقم هاشمی، نظام کشت SRI، وجین
  • احمد میرجلیلی، محمدحسین لباسچی*، محمدرضا اردکانی، حسین حیدری شریف آباد، مهدی میرزا صفحات 357-371

    به منظور بررسی صفات مورفولوژیک و عملکرد گیاه دارویی مرزه بختیاری (Satureja bachtiarica) تحت تاثیر کودهای آلی و تراکم های مختلف در شرایط دیم، آزمایشی به صورت کرت های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در ایستگاه تحقیقات مرتع همند دماوند در سال های زراعی 1397-1396 انجام شد. کود آلی شامل سه سطح کود دامی پوسیده 30 تن در هکتار، کاه گندم فرآوری شده با سولفات آمونیوم10 تن در هکتار و شاهد (بدون کود) به عنوان عامل اصلی و تراکم بوته شامل سه سطح تراکم 26666 و 40000 و 80000 بوته در هکتار به عنوان عامل فرعی محسوب گردید. صفات اندازه گیری شده شامل ارتفاع بوته، سطح تاج پوشش، تعداد شاخه اصلی، عملکرد ماده خشک اندام های هوایی، درصد وزن خشک نسبت به وزن تر گیاه و درصد رطوبت نسبت به خاک خشک در عمق های 0-20 و 20-40 سانتی متر بود. نتایج بیانگر تفاوت معنی دار تیمارها در صفات اندازه گیری شده بود. در میان صفات اندازه گیری شده اثر کود آلی و تراکم بر ارتفاع بوته،سطح تاج پوشش، تعداد شاخه های اصلی، عملکرد ماده خشک در سطح 1% معنی دار شد. بررسی اثر متقابل سال، کود آلی و تراکم نشان داد، بیشترین عملکرد ماده خشک اندام های هوایی (426 کیلوگرم در هکتار) مربوط به مصرف کود دامی و تراکم زیاد در سال دوم و بیشترین مقدار ارتفاع بوته و تعداد شاخه اصلی به ترتیب 34 سانتی متر و 29 عدد در تیمار کود دامی و سال دوم مشاهده گردید. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد درک موفقیت در استقرار و تحمل کامل گیاه در شرایط دیم به واسطه صفات اندازه گیری شده و نیز رطوبت بسیار کم خاک در برداشت محصول سرشاخه گلدار، با متوسط بارندگی حدود 340 میلی متر در سال و استفاده از کود دامی و تراکم زیاد می تواند به افزایش عملکرد اقتصادی گیاه مرزه بختیاری در سال دوم کشت، منجرگردد.

    کلیدواژگان: درصد وزن خشک، سطح تاج پوشش، عملکرد ماده خشک، کود دامی، نمودار آمبروترمیک
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  • A Koocheki *, M Nassiri Mahallati, M Hooshmand, S Khorramdel Pages 251-266
    Introduction

    Intercropping is an old agricultural practice which is growing of multiple crop species at the same time in the same place. Traditionally, intercropping has been used to increase crop production and the efficiency of the resource as well mitigate any possible risk. Intercropping has been shown to decrease the risk of crop failure by increasing the crop yield stability over time. Intercropping creates biodiversity in the cropping systems, and it is considered to make the systems more resilient against environmental perturbations, thus enhancing food security. Land equivalent ratio (LER) is often conceded as an indicator to determine the efficacy of intercropping that measure the land productivity. LER may be interpreted as the relative area required by sole crops to produce the same yields as achieved in a unit area of intercrop. The objective of the present work was to evaluatethe effect of row intercropping of three plant species such as sunflower, pumpkin and common bean on the yield, yield components and land equivalent ratio under climatic conditions of Mashhad.  

    Materials and Methods

    This experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran during two growing seasons of 2015-2016 and 2016-2016. The treatments were double (H:C, H:P, C:P) and triple (H:C:P and HH:CC:PP including one row and two rows of each species) arrangements of sunflower, pumpkin and common bean as replacement series and their sole cropping. Investigated traits were plant height, 100-seed weight, number of seeds per head, head diameter, seed weight per plant, biological yield, seed yield and harvest index of sunflower, seed weight per fruit, 100-seed weight, fresh weight of fruit, dry weight of fruit, number of seeds per fruit, dry weight of plant, biological yield, seed yield and harvest index of pumpkin and plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pods, number of branches per plant, dry weight of plant, pod weight per plant, seed weight per plant and 100-seed weight, biological yield, seed yield and harvest index of common bean. The LER was calculated as the sum of relative yields of component crops in an intercrop versus sole crops. For analysis of variance SAS ver 9.2 was used. All the means were compared according to Duncan multiple range test (p≤0.05).

    Results and Discussion

    The results showed that the effect of different intercropping arrangements of sunflower, pumpkin and common bean was significant (p≤0.05) on their yield components, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index. The highest seed yield of sunflower, common bean and pumpkin were observed in triple cropping as two rows (10158 kg.ha-1), sole cropping(10493 kg.ha-1) and common bean+ pumpkin (25014 kg.ha-1), respectively. The maximum biological yield of sunflower, pumpkin and common bean were observed in it sole cropping, triple cropping as one row and sole cropping. The highest and the lowest land equivalent ratio were calculated with triple cropping as one row (1.69) and sunflower+ common bean (1.06), respectively.

    Conclusions

    Results revealed that growth, yield components and yield of sunflower, pumpkin and common bean were significantly affected by intercropping arrangements. However due to different criteria of these species associated with better use of water, radiation and nutrient resources when they are intercropped, land use efficiency was increased. Acknowledgement This research (40982) was funded by the Vice Chancellor for Research of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, which is hereby acknowledged.

    Keywords: Land equivalent ratio, Replacement series, resource use efficiency, Seed yield
  • S. H Davoodi *, A Biyabani, A Rahemi Karizaki, S. A. M Modares Sanavi, E Gholamalipour Alamdari, M Zaree Pages 267-278
    Introduction

    The black seed is scientifically known as Nigella sativa L. from the family Ranunculaceae, which is susceptible to deficiencies in micro elements, including iron and poor soils. The concentration of Fe and Zn in soil solution is usually very low and is mostly mixed with organic matter. The solubility of Zn and Fe is strongly dependent on soil acidity. Managing nutrient intake can improve plant growth and product quality. Inappropriate nutrient management in today's common practice results in degraded agricultural ecosystems and endangered human health, and these problems have necessitated rethinking ways to increase crop production. Rezaei et al. (2016) reported increasing yield traits in stevia plant through using nano iron and zinc and manganese solution. Foliar application of micronutrients can improve grain and oil yield by improving yield components. In the present study, the effect of iron and zinc nanoparticle foliar application on morphophysiological and phytochemical changes of black seed has been evaluated.

    Materials and Methods

    The experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research field of Gonbade-Kavous University of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Tarbiat Modares University in 2018-2019. Experimental treatments included control (no foliar application), iron nutrient (iron nano chelates at 1.5 and 4 in a thousand + 3 iron per thousand chelate) and zinc nutrient (zinc nano chelate at 1.5 and 3 in a thousand) and chelate (3 in a thousand) which was used as foliar application. Treatments were applied at 8-10 leaf stage and at the time of capsule filling. The experimental plots were two meters wide with four rows of 50 cm and the length of each plot was 6 m. There was a distance of one meter between each trial unit and a distance of 2 meters between each block. Midlines were used for sampling. Data were analyzed using SAS ver 9.3 statistical software and LSD test was performed at 5% level.

    Results and Discussion

    The results showed that the studied traits such as plant height, number of lateral branch, number of pods per plant, number of seed per pods, seed weight per pods, capsule diameter, 1000-seedweight, yield seed, biologicalyield and harvestindex were affected by main effects and interactions of the treatment compounds in Tehran and Goonbade-Kavus fields. Application of iron and zinc chelates in the form of nano-chelates had the highest effect on yield and yield components of the black-seeded medicinal plant in comparison to the chelate form. Maximum grain yield (217.44 g.m-2 in Goonbade-kavus and 288.66 g.m-2 in Tehran), biological yield (582 g.m-2 in Goonbade-kavus and 352.93 g.m-2 in Tehran) and harvest index (37.43% in Goonbade-kavus and 76.467% in Tehran) were observed in the nano-treatment of iron chelate 4 per thousand and the lowest value of seedyield (25.2 g.m-2 in Goonbade-kavus and 20.05 g.m-2 in Tehran), biological yield (260.67 g.m-2 in Goonbade-kavus and 130.67 g.m-2 in Tehran) and harvest index (25.2% in Goonbade-kavus and 11.81% in Tehran) were observed in iron and zinc chelates.

    Conclusions

    Based on the results obtained and considering the different measured properties, the application of iron and zinc in the form of nano will have a positive effect on the quantitative performance of black seed. given the role of micronutrients in some enzymes and their effective role in protein synthesis, this increase in yield can be justified compared to control.

    Keywords: Micro element, Medicinal plant, Nano chelate, Yield components
  • S. F Fazeli Kakhki *, M Eskandari, J Daneshian, S Anahid Pages 279-295
    Introduction

    Soil bacteria plays an important role in bio-geochemical cycles that cause soil ecosystem dynamics to return nutrients to life cycles. In recent days, these organisms can serve as complementary or, in some cases, alternative fertilizers, to maintain the sustainability of the agricultural ecosystem. On the other hand, the production of high-yielding cultivars has increased the consumption of agricultural inputs, especially fertilizers, which has caused a crisis of environmental pollution. Bacteria are soil microorganisms that are involved in the nutrient cycle of the soil, can improve plant growth, and are known as growth promoting bacteria (PGPRs). Approximately two to five percent of root-borne bacteria are in the group of growth-promoting bacteria. These bacteria improve plant growth in a variety of ways, including nitrogen fixation, synthesis and production of iron-complex ingsiderophore, production of plant hormones, production of antibiotics and fungicide compounds. Soil has a wide range of organic phosphate sources that must be converted to its inorganic form by enzymes such as phosphatase, phytase and phosphonostat, and bacteria in the Bacillus and Pseudomonas groups can be produced by the production of acid phosphatases that dissolve phosphates to help absorb them by plant. Another group of bacteria such as Azotobacter and Azospirillum have the ability to stabilize nitrogen. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the oldest oilseed plants and has been named as the queen of oilseed plants and compatible with arid and semi-arid regions. Lowing sesame yield per unit area necessity to exerted agronomic management practice. The number of capsules is the main components of yield that has highly correlated with it. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of biofertilizers on number of capsules per node of leaves sesame plant under field conditions.

    Materials and Methods 

    An experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at Mashhad Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during two growing seasons (2017-2018 and 2018-2019). The first factors were: seeds single capsule and multi-capsule seed types and second factors were four Biofertilizers: 1) Nitroxin® (containing Azotobacter and Azospirillum bacteria), 2) Biophosphorus® (containing phosphatase-solubilizing bacteria of genus Bacillus and Pseudomonas), 3) Equal mixture of Nitroxin and biophosphorus and 4) control. At planting time, seeds were inoculated with biological fertilizers by standard method, away from direct light and foliar spraying was done in 50% reproductive stage with the bio fertilizer treatments. The morphological traits (plant height, number and length of lateral branches, number and dry weight of leaves, number of nodes, number of capsules, number of single and multiple capsules nodes were measure per plant and biomass and seed yield were measured per unit area. Data was analyzed using MSTAT-C and means was comparison with LSR at the 5% probability level.

    Results and Discussion

    Application of biofertilizers increased plant height by 11 to 19.9 cm compared to no fertilizer treatment (89.1 cm). In the second year, the number of nodes was about 43% higher than the first year. Triple interaction treatments showed that in the second year and in single capsule seeds the application of nitroxin and biophosphorus fertilizer had the highest number of nodes (85.7) and the lowest amount of it was observed in single seed capsule plants in the first year. The highest number of single capsule nodes was obtain in the application of biofertilizer (nitroxin+ biophosphorus) in single capsule seeds. In the second year, the number of single capsule nodes in both seed types was more than 29 per plant. In the second year, the highest number of multi-capsule nodes was recorded from multi-capsule seeds with use of nitroxin and biophosphorus combination fertilizers. Interaction between treatments of seed type and biofertilizer results showed that plant was growth from multi-capsule seed had a positive reaction to biofertilizer so that in multiple seed type the number of capsule per plant was more than 57 in application of biofertilizer. Both in the first and second year, in the multiple seed capsule type, the use of biofertilizers produced more grain yield per square meter than other treatments.

    Conclusions

    The results of this study showed that consuming of biofertilizers together that containing Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Bacillus and Pseudomonas had a positive significant effect on the plant height, number of capsules per node leaf, biomass and number of capsule that lead to increase of seed yield in sesame plant. Therefore, it is recommended that seeds inoculate with these bacteria in sowing time and applying one foliar spraying in mid-flowering time lead to enhance sesame yield.

    Keywords: Biomass, Biophosphour, leaf node, Nitroxin, Seed yield
  • A Rezaie, E Bijanzadeh *, A Behpouri Pages 297-308
    Introduction

    Wheat is the most important crop in the world, which has always been of particular importance since its domestication and has the highest cultivated area among crops. Wheat is the main food of most people in many parts of the world. Among the factors that reduce wheat production, weeds are of particular importance and according to the studies; the average weed damage in wheat fields is 23%. Mixed cropping systems based on carefully designed species mixtures reveal many potential advantages in terms of enhancing crop productivity, reducing pest and weed interference. Recently, mixed cropping of wheat cultivars by different morphological characteristics is a suitable approach in increasing crop productivity especially under biotic stress conditions. This study aimed to investigate the effect of weed control on some biochemical traits, relative leaf water content and grain yield of mixed cropping of wheat cultivars.

    Materials and Methods

    In order to study the effect of weed control on biochemical traits and yield in mixed cropping of wheat cultivars, a field experiment was laid out as randomized complete block design with three replications in Research Station of Agriculture College and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University, in 2018-2019 growing season. Experimental treatments consisted of six levels of weed control including weed control at tillering, stem elongation, booting and ear emergence stages, weed-free and weedy check and cropping system consisted of Sirvan monoculture, Setareh monoculture, and  mixed  row intercropping of Sirvan and Setareh which were in a ratio of  row one to one. The sowing date was 4th Dec in 2018 and harvest date was 19th Jun 2019. At late flowering stage, chlorophyll a and b content, carotenoid content, catalase and peroxidase activity, relative water content and weed biomass was measured. In addition, at physiological maturity grain yield were determined by one square meter quadrat.Finally, data were analyzed by SAS ver 9.1 software and the means were compared by LSD test at 5% probability levels.

    Results and Discussion

    The results showed that the simple effects of weed control and cropping system had significant effect on chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid content, catalase and peroxidase activity, relative water content, weed biomass and grain yield . The amount of chlorophyll a, carotenoid and relative water content of leaf, catalase and peroxidase in weed control at tillering stage were 64.2, 38.97, 31.4, 93.10 and 88%, respectively, compared to weedy check and these traits in mixed cropping increased by 5.2, 7.2, 12.8, 15.8 and 20.7%, compared to Setareh monoculture, respectively. Also, weed biomass in mixed cropping decreased by 29.6% compared to Setereh monoculture. The highest grain yield was observed in mixed cropping of Sirvan with Setereh which had  29.6% increase compared to Setareh monoculture and the best time to weed control was at the tillering stage because it had the lowest reduction in grain yield compared to weed free treatment.Overall, weed control at late-season especially at ear emergence would be less effective in crop productivity while weed control at early growth stages and before flowering provided the best crop performance in terms of photosynthetic pigments and grain yield.

    Conclusions

    It seems that mixed cropping of wheat cultivars could be effective in weed competition compared to monoculture, so that weed biomass in mixed cropping decreased especially at tillering and only 11.9% grain yield was reduced compared to weed-free control. Overall, when plants exposed to weed interference up to late growth stages, chlorophyll a and b content and carotenoid content decreased while catalase and peroxidase activity and weed biomass increased, significantly. Also, mixed cropping treatment weed interference increased catalase and peroxidase activities and relative water content and caused grain yield increasing compared to monoculture.

    Keywords: Carotenoid, Chlorophyll a, Peroxidase, Setareh cultivar, Weed biomass
  • H Javadi, P Rezvani Moghaddam *, M. H Rashed Mohasel, M. J Seghatoleslami Pages 309-322
    Introduction

    Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is an annual and C4 plant belonging to the family portulacaceae. The plant is drought- and salt-tolerant which contains high amounts of beneficial omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidant vitamins. Nitrogen is the key element in soil fertility and crop production. Attention to the soil quality and health has increased in recent years, especially for sustainable production of medicinal crops. So that, for production of healthy food in industrialized countries, using natural and on-farm inputs has been considered. One of the practical ways to achieve this goal is organic and biofertilizers. Given the importance of purslane as a medicinal plant and due to the fact that there is not detailed information about the nitrogen requirement for this plant, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic, biological and chemical fertilizers on biomass yield, N and P use efficiency of the purslane in Birjand, Iran.

    Materials and Methods

    This research was carried out during two growing seasons from 2014 to 2016 at the research farm of Birjand University. The experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were a combination of four sources of nitrogen supply, including cow manure, vermicompost, fertilizer (NPK) and control (without any fertilizer), as well as four types of biofertilizers including nitroxin (Azotobacter and Azospirilum), Mycorrhiza (Glomus intraradices), Biosulfur (Thiobacillus with sulfur) and control (without any fertilizer). The studied traits included stem biomass yield, nitrogen and phosphorus percentage, nitrogen and phosphorus content, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake efficiency, nitrogen and phosphorus physiological efficiency and nitrogen and phosphorus agronomic efficiency based on biomass. Statistical analysis was performed using Minitab 17 software. To compare the averages, LSD test was used at the 5% probability level.

    Results and Discussion

    The results of the experiment showed that in chemical fertilizer (NPK) treatment, nitroxin consumption increased biomass yield (45.6%), nitrogen agronomic efficiency of biomass (52%), biomass phosphorus (2 times), the content of biomass phosphorus (2.8 times). On the other hand, biosulfur consumption increased biomass nitrogen (52.9%), biomass nitrogen content (2 times) and nitrogen uptake efficiency (2.1 times) compared to the control treatment. In the treatment of cow manure, the use of nitroxin increased the physiological efficiency of biomass (8%), however in the control treatment, the use of nitroxin increased the efficiency of phosphorus uptake (22.4%). Also in control treatment, the use of mycorrhiza and biosulfur (29.9% and 21.4%, respectively) increased the physiological efficiency of biomass phosphorus compared to the control treatment. On the other hand, consumption of nitrogen fertilizer sources reduced phosphorus agronomic efficiency of biomass compared to the control.

    Conclusions

    Based on the results of this experiment, in Birjand region, the use of chemical fertilizer (NPK) and nitroxin are recommended to achieve maximum biomass yield and phosphorus and nitrogen use efficiency.

    Keywords: Biosulfur, Cow manure, Mycorrhiza, Nitroxin, Vermicompost
  • A Darabi *, Sh Omidvari Pages 323-339
    Introduction

    Growing degree days (GDD) and helio thermal units (HTU) are the temperature based agro-meteorological indices that play important role in predicting crop growth and yield. Growing degree days is based on the concept that the actual time to achieve a phenological stage is linearly related to base temperature (Tb) and optimum temperature. The efficiency of conversion of heat and radiation energy to dry matter depends on genetics factors and planting date. Heat summation units (HSU), that mainly called growing degree days, and its derivations such as helio thermal units are the most necessary to determine phenological stages and the suitable planting dates for cultivars of different crop. Growth of potato can be divided into five stages: sprout development, vegetative growth, tuber initiation, tuber bulking and maturation. There is little information concerning of growing degree days and helio thermal units for potato in the sub-tropics. This experiment was undertaken to define growing degree days and helio thermal units at phenological stages and effect on yield for potato cultivars established at different planting dates.

    Materials and Methods

    The research was conducted in the research farm of Behbahan Agriculture Research Station for two years (2015-2017). The experiment was arranged as a split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Planting dates from 21 December to 20 January at a 10-day interval were the main plot and the Cozima, Savalan, and Elmera cultivars were considered as sub-plot. When the diameter of the swollen tip of stolon was twice as long as stolon diameter, considered as tuber initiation. Tubers were harvested in mid May. Growing degree days and helio thermal untis were calculated at all phenological stages and after harvest thermal use efficiency and helio thermal unit use efficiency. Results from experiments of 2 years were combined for analysis. Data were statistically analyzed by MSTAT-C. Significant differences among treatments means were determined at p ≤ 0.05 by Duncan’s multiple test range.

    Results and Discussion

    The longest of the sprout development stage was recorded for 21 Dec. planting date. With the postponement of planting date, due to increase temperature, duration of sprout development significantly shortened, and growing degree days and helio thermal unit decreased. The duration of vegetative stage was 15 days. Early exposure of plants to favorable climatic conditions for tuber initiation, short day and cool night temperature, caused the duration of vegetative growth, growing degree days and helio thermal unit were low. Tuber initiation is thought complete within 2-6 weeks of that event, but since the majority of the tubers are formed over a period of 15 days, duration of this stage is usually considered about 15 days. Although the duration of tuber initiation was equal in all planting dates, however there was significant difference between the amount of growing degree days and helio thermal unit in some treatment dates due to unsimultaneous timing of tuber initiation. The duration of tuber bulking, depend on planting date and cultivar, ranged from 38 to 44 percent days. Growing degree days and helio thermal units at tuber bulking stage were higher than previous stages, such as depend on planting date 61.52 to 66.27 percent of total growing degree days belong to tuber bulking stage. Maturation stage was not observed. There were no significant differences for yield and helio thermal unit use efficiency among all planting dates, however the highest thermal use efficiency was recorded in 20 Jan. planting date. The highest yield, thermal use efficiency and helio thermal units use efficiency belong to Savalan cultivar. Climatic conditions at sprout development, vegetative growth and tuber initiation stages were relatively more favorable for Savalan cultivar in 20 Jan. than other planting dates. Moreover, plants of Savalan cultivar in 20 Jan. planting date, during incidence of late blight in effect of less age were more tolerant as compares with other planting dates. Therefore, the yield of Savalan cultivar in 20 Jan. was significantly higher than other planting dates.

    Conclusions

    The duration of sprout development and vegetative stages are long and short respectively. In this experiment low temperature during sprout development and high temperature from mid tuber bulking stages caused the less tuber yield than temperate regions of the country. According to results, planting of Savalan cultivar in mid January is recommended for winter potato production in Khuzestan province. Planting from mid December to mid January is recommended for Cozima and Elmera cultivars.

    Keywords: Growth degree days, Helio thermal units, Sprout development, Tuber bulking, yield
  • K Mansour Ghanaei-Pashaki, Gh Mohsen-Abadi *, M. H Biglouei, M. B Farhangi Pages 341-355
    Introduction

    Rice-duck cultivation is an integrated farming technology, which could increase rice production, grain quality and ecological sustainability in paddy fields. One of the main strategies in sustainable agriculture is the use of optimal cultivation systems in agricultural systems which could be increased the range of adaptation of rice to flooding depth and degree of moisture control. Rice-duck cultivation could be affective to weed control as well as reducing environmental pollution which caused by herbicides and providing the development of environmentally friendly agriculture. It should be noted that traditional and conventional cultivation systems have been faced with problems such as permanent flooding of paddy fields, soil erosion, resistance to pests and pathogens and weeds to chemical pesticides, and environmental pollution. Moreover, they require a lot of labor and water, and high energy, which has increased the need to pay attention to new approach. Studies have showed that the application of effective methods in water productivity, including SRI due to improved irrigation management in the field in terms decreased drainage water, permeability and the consequences of conventional cultivation and increasing soil fertility (duck) can significantly increase the water productivity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of duck application and weed control in different planting systems on yield and abundance of dominant weeds under field conditions.

    Materials and Methods

    The experiment was conducted as a split plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications during two years of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 at Guilan University. Treatments included three different cultivation systems (conventional, improved, and SRI) as the main factor, and factorial combination of two duck density (un-use and 750 No ha-1) and three weed control (control (un-weed control), once and twice of weed control) as the sub factor. The experiment had three replications and the length of each plot was 4.5 meters and the width was 4 meters. In order to carry out the experiment, first plowing in the land to a depth of 20 to 25 cm with a rotator and paddling with a tiller was done according to the custom of the farmers of the region. In all plots, 80% of the recommended fertilizer was applied in SRI system after deducting the values of cow.

    Results and Discussion 

    The results showed that abundance and dry biomass of weeds (Umbrella sedge, Barnyard grass, Knot weed and Arrow leaf) were significant in terms of planting system. In all planting systems, 750 ducks ha-1, once and twice weed control, caused complete loss of ovaries, Umbrella sedge, Barnyard grass, Knot weed, and Arrow leaf due to ducks' non-use conditions. 750 ducks ha-1 compared to un-use duck in conventional, improved and SRI planting systems increased grain yield of 21.61, 20.80 and 30.84%, respectively. Also, the application of 750 ducks ha-1 in compared to the conditions of un-used of duck in the cultivation systems of conventional, improved and SRI, increased by 34.80, 33.01, and 38.69% of water productivity, respectively, while there was no significant difference between different levels of weed control in the 750 ducks ha-1 in terms of water productivity.

    Conclusions 

    In general, duck increased plant growth, improved power of rice and finally increased rice yield by proper weed control in the field with muddy water and beak, as well as adding rubbish to the paddy field. According to the results of this study, probably do once the initial hand weeding to control dominant weeds in SRI rice cultivation system with 750 ducks ha-1 to improve rice production systems and to increase water productivity in fields of Guilan province is appropriate.

    Keywords: Hashemi cultivar, Rice-Duck, SRI cultivation System, Weeding
  • A Mirjalili, M. H Lebaschi *, M. R Ardakani, H Heidari Sharifabad, M Mirza Pages 357-371
    Introduction

    Savory plant (Satureja bachtiarica) belonging to the Lamiaceae family and the genus Satureja is considered as a valuable medicinal plant. Flowering branches are widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries. This plant is native of Iran and grows well in the western, southwestern and central regions of Iran. Cultivation of permanent medicinal plants adapted to the dryland farming conditions of each region can be the best option for alternative annual cereal cultivation. Establishment of permanent medicinal plants, while creating suitable vegetation, can prevent erosion caused by repeated annual plowing. One of the main pillars in sustainable agriculture is the use of organic fertilizers in crop ecosystems with the aim of eliminating or significantly reducing the harms of chemical fertilizers. Organic fertilizers help to human health and environment. Also it is absolutely evident the importance of their application to medicinal plants that are directly related to human health. In dryland farming condition, plant density is an effective strategy to improve plant yield, which depends on climate and rainfall. At optimum density, plants make the most of environmental factors such as light, moisture, and nutrients. Plant density per unit area is one of the important factors in creating competition among plants. The appropriate distance between planting rows and between plants on the row are usable growth space of each plant. Proper density is one of the important factors in the success of dry farming of medicinal plants. Therefore, achieving proper density in different areas is very important.

    Materials and Methods

    An experiment was conducted as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Homand rangeland research station of Damavand in 2017 and 2018 in dryland farming conditions. Organic fertilizer as a main factor included three levels of cattle manure (30 tons ha-1), wheat straw (10 tons ha-1) enriched with ammonium sulfate, and control (no fertilizer). Plant density included three levels of 26666, 40000, and 80000 plants ha-1 as a sub-factor. Measured traits included plant height, canopy area, number of main branches, shoot dry matter yield, percentage of dry weight to fresh weight of plant, and percentage of moisture to dry soil at 0-20 and 20-40 cm depths. Analysis of variance was performed using SPSS software. The statistical significance of differences in mean values was assessed by Duncan's multiple range test.

    Results and Discussion

    The results showed significant differences between treatments in measured traits. Among the measured traits, the effect of organic fertilizer and plant density on plant height, canopy area, number of main branches, shoot dry matter yield were significant at 1% level. The interaction effect of year, organic fertilizer and plant density showed that the highest of shoot dry matter yield (426 kg ha-1) was related to cattle manure application and high plant density in second year. The highest plant height and number of main branches were observed 34 cm and 29 numbers, respectively in treatment of cattle manure and second year. Organic fertilizers increased the storage capacity of soil moisture and created suitable conditions for growth and increased the biological Satureja bachtiarica yield. Improving soil structure and nutrients and better root growth increased plant growth and yield due to the use of organic fertilizers. The plant density due to higher plant per unit area, plant competition, optimal use of available space, and also establishment and more plant growth in the second year increased significantly the Satureja bachtiarica yield.

    Conclusions

    This study showed that understanding the success of establishment and full tolerance of this plant under dryland farming conditions and the minimum soil moisture in the cold semi-steppe region (Damavand) with an average rainfall about 340 mm per year and also the use of cattle manure and high plant density can increase the economic yield of Satureja bachtiarica in second year of cultivation.

    Keywords: Ambrothermic diagram, Canopy area, Cattle manure, Dry weight, Percentage of dry weight