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پژوهشهای زراعی ایران - سال هجدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 60، زمستان 1399)

نشریه پژوهشهای زراعی ایران
سال هجدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 60، زمستان 1399)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1400/01/15
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
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  • پرویز رضوانی مقدم*، قربانعلی اسدی، مهسا اقحوانی شجری، فاطمه رنجبر صفحات 373-384

    به منظور بررسی عملکرد و راندمان مصرف آب در گیاه دارویی چای ترش (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)، آزمایشی در سال زراعی 94-1393 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد به صورت کرت های نواری در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی عبارت بودند از: مدیریت تغذیه به عنوان فاکتور افقی (کود شیمیایی، کودگاوی، کود گاوی+کود شیمیایی و شاهد) و مدیریت آبیاری به عنوان فاکتور عمودی (30، 70 و 100 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه چای ترش). نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که بیشترین ارتفاع بوته (68/84 سانتی متر)، تعداد شاخه جانبی (56/6 عدد)، عملکرد خشک غوزه (1/860 کیلوگرم در هکتار)، زیست توده (7197 کیلوگرم در هکتار)، شاخص برداشت و حداکثر راندمان مصرف آب به ازای عملکرد غوزه و زیست توده (به ترتیب 11/0 و 89/0 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب) گیاه در شرایط کاربرد تلفیقی کود گاوی+کود شیمیایی مشاهده شد. تامین 100 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه باعث حصول حداکثر ارتفاع گیاه (46/91)، تعداد غوزه ی شاخه اصلی و جانبی (به ترتیب 06/20 و 50/47 عدد)، عملکرد غوزه (7/672 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و زیست توده (6944 کیلوگرم در هکتار) شد. نتایج اثرات متقابل حاکی از آن بود که مصرف هم زمان کود گاوی و شیمیایی با تامین 100 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه توانست تعداد شاخه جانبی، عملکرد غوزه خشک و زیست توده را به بالاترین مقدار افزایش دهد. حداکثر راندمان مصرف آب به ازای عملکرد غوزه و زیست توده (18/0 و 49/1 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب) با مصرف تلفیقی کود گاوی+شیمیایی به همراه تامین 30 درصد نیاز آبی حاصل شد. به طورکلی، نتایج حاکی از آن بود که مصرف تلفیقی منابع تغذیه ای و تامین 100 درصدی نیاز آبی گیاه اکثر صفات گیاه چای ترش را بهبود بخشید.

    کلیدواژگان: آبیاری، شاخص برداشت، عملکرد غوزه، کود گاوی
  • یونس رامش جان، علیرضا کوچکی*، مهدی نصیری محلاتی، سرور خرم دل صفحات 385-399

    به منظور تولید محصولات سالم تحت شرایط عدم استفاده از نهاده های شیمیایی که تضمین کننده سلامت انسان باشد، کاشت این گیاهان به صورت مخلوط بسیار مفید می باشد. در این راستا آزمایشی با هدف بررسی اثر ترکیب های مختلف کشت مخلوط بر شاخص های رشدی، سه تیپ رشدی لوبیا شامل چیتی (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)، چشم بلبلی (Vigna unguiculata L.) و قرمز (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) در سری های جایگزینی، آزمایشی در قالب طرح پایه بلوک های کامل تصادفی با نه تیمار و سه تکرار در مزرعه پژوهشی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال زراعی 96-1395 اجرا شد. تیمارهای کشت مخلوط شامل 75% قرمز+ 25% چیتی، 75% قرمز+ 25% چشم بلبلی، 25% قرمز+75% چیتی، 25% قرمز+ 75% چشم بلبلی، 75% چیتی+ 25% چشم بلبلی و 75% چشم بلبلی+ 25% چیتی و کشت خالص هر سه تیپ رشدی بود. صفات مورد مطالعه شامل شاخص سطح برگ، میزان تجمع ماده خشک، سرعت رشد محصول، سرعت رشد نسبی و سرعت آسیمیلاسیون خالص بود. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین میزان شاخص سطح برگ، تجمع ماده خشک و سرعت رشد گیاه برای هر سه تیپ رشدی لوبیا از کشت خالص و کمترین میزان شاخص سطح برگ و تجمع ماده خشک برای لوبیا قرمز از تیمار 25% قرمز+ 75% چشم بلبلی و سرعت رشد گیاه از تیمار 25% قرمز+ 75% چیتی مشاهده شد. برای لوبیا چیتی و چشم بلبلی هر سه این شاخص ها به ترتیب از تیمار 25% چیتی+ 75% چشم بلبلی و 75% چیتی+ 25% چشم بلبلی به دست آمد. بیشترین سرعت رشد نسبی لوبیا قرمز (21/0 گرم بر گرم در روز)، چیتی (18/0 گرم بر گرم در روز) و چشم بلبلی (22/0 گرم بر گرم در روز) به ترتیب در تیمارهای 75% چیتی+ 25% قرمز، کشت خالص و 75% چشم بلبلی+25% چیتی ثبت شد همچنین بیشترین سرعت آسیمیلاسیون خالص (41 گرم بر متر مربع برگ در روز) در لوبیا قرمز از کشت خالص، برای چیتی نیز بیشترین (14گرم بر متر مربع برگ در روز) مقدار آن در تیمار 25% قرمز+ 75% چیتی و برای لوبیا چشم بلبلی (52 گرم بر متر مربع برگ در روز) از تیمار مخلوط 75% قرمز+ 25% چشم بلبلی به دست آمد. به طور کلی، تیمارهای کشت مخلوط موجب بهبود برخی از شاخص های مورد مطالعه برای گیاهان مورد برسی شدند و البته تراکم بیشتر کشت خالص موجب بهبود برخی شاخص های مانند سطح برگ و ماده خشک مربوط به هر سه تیپ رشدی مختلف شد.

    کلیدواژگان: تجمع ماده خشک، تیپ رشدی لوبیا، سرعت رشد محصول، شاخص سطح برگ
  • پویا اعلایی بازکیایی، بهنام کامکار، ابراهیم امیری*، حسین کاظمی، مجتبی رضایی صفحات 401-412

    به منظور ارزیابی مدل های AquaCrop و ORYZA2000در تولید برنج تحت شرایط مدیریت آبیاری و تاریخ کاشت، آزمایشی به صورت کرت های خردشده با طرح پایه بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار بر روی رقم محلی (هاشمی) در دو سال زراعی 1395 و 1396 در موسسه تحقیقات برنج ایران، رشت انجام گردید. دور آبیاری به عنوان عامل اصلی در چهار سطح غرقاب دایمی، دور آبیاری 5، 10 و 15 روز و تاریخ کاشت به عنوان عامل فرعی در سه سطح (اول اردیبهشت، بیستم اردیبهشت و دهم خرداد) در نظر گرفته شدند. ارزیابی مقادیر شبیه سازی و اندازه گیری شده عملکرد دانه و عملکرد زیستی با استفاده از مولفه های ضریب تبیین، آزمون t و ریشه میانگین مربعات خطا (RMSE)، کارایی مدل (EF) و ریشه میانگین مربعات خطای نرمال شده (NRMSE) انجام گرفت. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که ریشه میانگین مربعات خطای نرمال شده عملکرد دانه و عملکرد زیستی به ترتیب 9 و 5 درصد در مدل AquaCrop و معادل 7 و 6 درصد در مدل ORYZA2000 تعیین گردید. طبق نتایج هر دو مدل دقت بالایی در شبیه سازی عملکرد دانه و زیست توده در سطوح آبیاری و تاریخ کاشت داشتند. نتایج نشان داد مدل AquaCrop جهت اجرا در شرایط دسترسی به داده اندازه گیری شده کم تر، مطلوب تر است؛ اما اگر بخواهیم بررسی با دقت بالاتری انجام دهیم استفاده از مدل ORYZA2000 پیشنهاد می شود.

    کلیدواژگان: آبیاری، تاریخ کاشت، مدل ORYZA2000، مدل AquaCrop
  • حسین اسدی، رضا برادران*، محمدجواد ثقه الاسلامی، سید غلامرضا موسوی صفحات 413-433

    این پژوهش با هدف مطالعه تاثیر تنش خشکی بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد ژنوتیپ های مختلف کنجد و شناسایی ژنوتیپ های متحمل به تنش خشکی در سال 1396 در قالب طرح آگمنت یک جهته در شرایط مزرعه انجام شد. در این آزمایش 32 ژنوتیپ کنجد در دو محیط بدون تنش و تنش خشکی (100 و 50 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه) مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان دهنده اختلاف معنی داری در صفات مورد اندازه گیری بین ژنوتیپ ها در دو شرایط بدون تنش و تنش خشکی بود و گزینش ژنوتیپ های متحمل به خشکی امکان پذیر شد. ژنوتیپ های داراب 14، یکه سعود و شعبان به ترتیب با 2344، 2061 و 2059 کیلوگرم در هکتار بیشترین عملکرد دانه را در شرایط بدون تنش داشتند. در شرایط تنش خشکی، ژنوتیپ های داراب 14، شعبان و یکه سعود به ترتیب با 1360، 1127 و 1124 کیلوگرم در هکتار بیشترین عملکرد دانه را داشتند که در مقایسه با شرایط بدون تنش به ترتیب 58، 55 و 54 درصد کاهش را نشان داد. همچنین کمترین عملکرد دانه در ژنوتیپ های پاکستان، افغانستان و کردستان به ترتیب با 624، 644 و 672 کیلوگرم در هکتار مشاهده شد که نسبت به شرایط بدون تنش به ترتیب 53، 54 و 57 درصد کاهش را نشان داد. بیشترین و کمترین مقدار شاخص تحمل به تنش خشکی (STI) به ترتیب در رقم داراب 14 با 36/1 و ژنوتیپ پاکستان با مقدار 315/0 به دست آمد. بر اساس شاخص های تحمل ژنوتیپ های داراب 14، شعبان و یکه سعود به عنوان ژنوتیپ های متحمل به تنش خشکی در منطقه بجنورد معرفی شدند.

    کلیدواژگان: ارقام متحمل، عملکرد، کنجد، نیاز آبی
  • وحید براتی*، احسان بیژن زاده صفحات 435-449

    این آزمایش به صورت اسپلیت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه پژوهشی دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی داراب- دانشگاه شیراز انجام طی سال زراعی 97-1396 شد. تیمارها شامل دو سطح آبیاری [مطلوب: آبیاری بر اساس نیاز آبی گیاه تا مرحله رسیدگی فیزیولوژیک و تنش آبی: آبیاری بر اساس نیاز آبی گیاه تا انتهای مرحله گل دهی] به عنوان کرت های اصلی و دو سطح کاربرد برگی سیلیکون [صفر میلی مولار (شاهد) و 3 میلی مولار] و سه سطح کود نیتروژن [صفر کیلوگرم نیتروژن بر هکتار (شاهد)، کاربرد 100 کیلوگرم نیتروژن بر هکتار و کاربرد 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن بر هکتار] که به صورت فاکتوریل در کرت های فرعی قرار گرفتند. نتایج این آزمایش نشان داد که تنش آبی تعداد پنجه بارور در متر مربع، تعداد دانه در سنبله و وزن هزار دانه را کاهش داد. اما، این کاهش در وزن هزار دانه شدید و در بالاترین سطح کود نیتروژن در مقایسه با سایر سطوح نیتروژن بیشترین (36 درصد) بود. همچنین، تنش آبی عملکرد دانه را در سطوح مختلف نیتروژن به طور متفاوتی کاهش داد (24، 26 و 46 درصد کاهش به ترتیب در شاهد، 100 و 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن بر هکتار) و بیشترین مقدار کاهش در شرایط استفاده از بالاترین سطح کاربرد کود نیتروژن رخ داد. کاربرد برگی سیلیکون سبب کاهش اثرات تنش و در نتیجه بهبود وزن هزار دانه، شاخص کلروفیل، عملکرد زیست توده و در نهایت شاخص برداشت و عملکرد دانه شد. بیشترین عملکرد دانه (5021 کیلوگرم بر هکتار) مربوط به تیمار آبیاری مطلوب و کاربرد سیلیکون بود و کمترین عملکرد دانه (2860 کیلوگرم بر هکتار) در تیمار تنش آبی و عدم استفاده سیلیکون به دست آمد. به طور کلی، کاربرد برگی سیلیکون در مرحله ی گلدهی قابل توصیه است. همچنین، با توجه به افزایش حساسیت بوته ها به تنش آبی در سطوح بالای کود نیتروژن، کاربرد سطح 100 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در شرایط قطع آبیاری پس از گلدهی توصیه می شود.

    کلیدواژگان: شاخص برداشت، عملکرد زیست توده، کلروفیل، وزن هزار دانه
  • محمد جلالی، سید وحید اسلامی*، سهراب محمودی، احمد آئین صفحات 451-464

    این پژوهش با هدف بررسی اثر کنترل علف های هرز بر رشد و عملکرد محصول کینوا در کشت مخلوط افزایشی کینوا و سیب زمینی،به صورت کرت های خرد شده و در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار در دو منطقه جیرفت و کهنوج در سال 1397 انجام پذیرفت. تیمارهای کنترل علف های هرز (عدم کنترل (شاهد)، وجین دستی و کاربرد علف کش پاراکوات) در کرت اصلی و تیمارهای کشت مخلوط افزایشی کینوا: سیب زمینی با تراکم های 5:5، 5:10، 5:15، 5:20 و5:30 بوته در متر مربع همراه با کشت های خالص کینوا (30 بوته در متر مربع) و سیب زمینی (5 بوته در متر مربع) در کرت های فرعی قرار داده شدند. صفات ارتفاع بوته، تعداد برگ در بوته، شاخص سطح برگ، زمان گلدهی، زمان بلوغ سنبله، زمان برداشت، میانگین بذر در بوته، عملکرد کینوا، عملکرد سیب زمینی و شاخص نسبت برابری زمین (LER) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. براساس نتایج، شاخص های رشدی و عملکرد کینوا در شرایط آب و هوایی کهنوج بیش تر از جیرفت بود. هم چنین، با وجود تاثیر مثبت هر دو روش کنترل علف های هرز بر شاخص های مورد بررسی، تاثیر وجین دستی علف هرز در بهبود رشد و عملکرد کینوا بیش تر از علف کش پاراکوات بود. کشت مخلوط موجب افزایش معنی دار تعداد برگ در بوته، سطح برگ و میانگین بذر در هر بوته و کاهش میزان تراکم علف های هرز گردید. به طوری که بیش ترین (19 گرم) و کم ترین (9/13 گرم) میانگین وزن بذر در بوته به ترتیب در تیمارهای کشت مخلوط با تراکم های 5:20 بوته و 5:5 بوته در مترمربع به دست آمد. با این وجود بیش ترین میزان عملکرد بذر کینوا (4957 و 4863 کیلوگرم در هکتار) به ترتیب در تیمارهای کشت خالص کینوا و کشت مخلوط با تراکم های 5:30 بوته در مترمربع حاصل شد. هم چنین، با افزایش تراکم در کشت مخلوط، میزان عملکرد غده سیب زمینی و شاخص LER کل افزایش یافت. بیش ترین میزان LER کل تحت تیمار کشت مخلوط 30:5 بوته در متر مربع در کهنوج حاصل گردید. در مجموع بهترین نتایج در تیمار کشت مخلوط5:30 بوته در مترمربع به دست آمد که قابلیت توصیه به کشاورز در دو منطقه جیرفت و کهنوج را دارد.

    کلیدواژگان: پاراکوات، تراکم علف های هرز، سیستم چند کشتی، کشت خالص، وجین دستی
  • محمود باقری*، زینب عنافجه، ساسان کشاورز، بیژن فولادی صفحات 465-475

    کینوا با نام علمی Chenopodium quinoa Willd. بومی مناطق آند قاره آمریکا می‏باشد. ژنوتیپ‏های مختلف کینوا تنوع بالایی از نقطه نظر صفات مختلفی چون حساسیت به طول روز، موارد مصرف، اندازه و رنگ بذر، میزان مواد تغذیه‏ای و ضدتغذیه‏ی دانه، تحمل به تنش‏های زیستی و غیرزیستی دارا هستند. با توجه به اهداف توسعه‏ای کینوا در کشور، نیاز به ژنوتیپ‏های جدید بسیار ملموس می‏باشد. در این پروژه سیزده ژنوتیپ جدید کینوا شامل ژنوتیپ‏های Atlas ,EQ101, EQ102, EQ103, EQ104, EQ105, EQ106, Amiralla Marangani, Amiralla Sacaca, Blanka Dejunine, Kancolla, Salsada Inia, Rosada De Huncaya در قالب طرح بلوک‏های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار و به مدت دو سال 1398-1397 در ایستگاه تحقیقاتی موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر کرج مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان داد که ژنوتیپ EQ101، بالاترین عملکرد دانه و ارتفاع بوته، بیشترین درصد پروتئین دانه و کمترین میزان ساپونین را به خود اختصاص داد. ژنوتیپ‏های EQ103 زودرس‏ترین و ارقام Marangani،Kancolla ، Rosada و Salsada دیررس‏ترین ارقام بودند. از طرفی ژنوتیپ EQ105 بالاترین درصد روغن دانه را داشت. ژنوتیپ Marangani نیز ضخیم‏ترین ساقه را در بین تمامی ژنوتیپ‏ها دارا بود. در مجموع نتایج این آزمایش نشان داد که تمامی ژنوتیپ‏های مورد مطالعه سازگار با کشت بهاره در منطقه کرج هستند.

    کلیدواژگان: ساپونین، عملکرد دانه، کشت بهاره
  • کامران میرزاشاهی*، منصور معیری، فریدون نورقلی پور صفحات 477-488

    به منظور بررسی تاثیر فسفر بر عملکرد دانه و شاخص های کارایی فسفر در ارقام گلرنگ، این آزمایش به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با دو عامل الف) فسفر در پنج سطح صفر، 50، 100، 150و 200 کیلوگرم در هکتار از منبع سوپر فسفات تریپل و ب) ارقام "گلدشت و صفه"، در مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی صفی آباد دزفول طی دو سال (1391 و 1393)، اجرا گردید. نتایج نشان داد که برهمکنش تیمارها بر تعداد طبق بارور در متر مربع و تعداد دانه در طبق، معنی دار بود. در هر دو رقم با افزایش مصرف فسفر، صفات مذکور افزایش معنی داری یافت. بیشترین تعداد طبق بارور (252 عدد)، و تعداد دانه در طبق (17/23 عدد)، در سطح 150 کیلوگرم فسفر در هکتار به دست آمد. برهمکنش سال در فسفر بر وزن هزار دانه و عملکرد دانه و برهمکنش سال در رقم بر وزن هزار دانه معنی دار گردید. بیشترین وزن هزار دانه(41/42 گرم)، و عملکرد دانه (2184 کیلوگرم در هکتار)، با مصرف 100 کیلوگرم فسفر در هکتار حاصل گردید. رقم صفه با عملکرد دانه و روغن، 1979 و 599 کیلوگرم در هکتار، برتر از رقم گلدشت بود. مصرف فسفر باعث کاهش معنی دار کارایی مصرف (69 درصد)، و جذب (85 درصد)، گردید. لذا، با توجه به بیشترین نسبت فایده به هزینه (51/35)؛ مصرف 50 کیلوگرم فسفر با بیشترین شاخص کارایی مصرف و جذب (به ترتیب 7/0 و 69/0 کیلوگرم در کیلوگرم)، و نیز انتخاب رقم صفه، قابل توصیه می باشد.

    کلیدواژگان: اجزای عملکرد، کارایی مصرف فسفر، گلرنگ، نسبت فایده به هزینه
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  • P .Rezvani Moghaddam *, Gh .Asadi, M .Aghavani Shajari, F. Ranjbar Pages 373-384
    Introduction

    Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) as a member of Malvaceae family is a subtropical medicinal plant. This plant is self-pollinated and sensitive to cold. Bolls of Roselle are used in food and pharmaceutical industries. One of the most important purpose to achieve high quality and quantity yield is evaluation of nutritional systems and irrigation management for plants. The use of chemicals in the production of medicinal plants in addition to environmental pollution, decreases the quality of drug. Furthermore, sustainable agriculture, by replacing organic fertilizers with chemical fertilizers, increasing the efficiency of inputs such as water, and fertility and soil health, preserving the environment and increasing product quality and protect resources. Drought stress is one of the most important problems in crop production in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Effective management of nutrition and irrigation and planting of drought resistant plants is one of the effective proceeding to increase water use efficiency in semi-arid regions. Roselle is relatively drought-tolerant plants, so that cultivation of this plant is common in Sistan and Baluchestan province of Iran. So, studying the ecological and agronomic needs of this plant in new areas is important. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the yield and yield components of this plant in response to application of nutritional resources and irrigation management.

    Materials and Methods

    In order to study the yield and water use efficiency for Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa), an experiment was conducted with 12 treatments as strip plot based on complete block design with three replications at Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in year 2014-2015. Experimental factors included: nutritional management in four levels (chemical fertilizer, cow manure, cow manure+ chemical fertilizer and control) and irrigation management in three level (30, 70 and 100% of water requirement of Roselle). Roselle seeds were planted in seedling trays at greenhouse in February 2014. Then seedlings transferred to field in last April 2015. The distance between rows and plants were 75 and 25 cm, respectively. Chemical fertilizer (150, 100 and 200 kg.ha-1 Triple super phosphate, Potassium sulfate and Urea, respectively), and cow manure (32 ton.ha-1) were used at depth of 30 cm. Then, different water requirement of Roselle is determined and the water volume of irrigation will be recorded in each irrigation cycle by the contour, furthermore, water use efficiency was calculated. Statistical analysis of the data was performed by using of Minitab Ver.16. Also, means comparison were compared by Duncan multiple range test at 5% level.

    Results and Discussion

    Results indicated significant effects of treatments on most of the traits of Roselle. The maximum plant height (89.3 cm), number of lateral branch (6. 6 number), dry sepal yield (860.1 kg.ha-1), biomass yield (7197 kg.ha-1), harvest index (11.9%) and water use efficiency based on bolls and biomass yield (0.11 and 0.89 kg.m3) of Roselle obtained in cow manure + chemical fertilizer treatment. Also, providing of 100% of the plant's water requirement induced the highest height (91.5 cm), number of bolls on main and lateral branch (20.0 and 47.5 number), sepal yield (672.7 kg.ha-1) and biomass yield (6944 kg.ha-1) of Roselle. Combined application compared to single application of nutritional sources increased 16, 18, 35, 20 and 20%, respectively, height, number of lateral branches, bolls yield, biomass yield and harvest index of Roselle. Furthermore, results of interaction effects showed that application of cow manure + chemical fertilizer with providing of 100% of the plant's water requirement obtained the maximum number of lateral branch (8.5 number), bolls yield (934 kg.ha-1) and biomass yield (7920 kg.ha-1) of Roselle. The highest amount of water use efficiency based on sepal and biomass yield (0.2 and 1.5 kg.m3) obtained by application of cow manure + chemical fertilizer and providing of 30% of the plant's water requirement.

    Conclusions

    Totally, results showed that combined application and providing of 100% of the plant's water requirement improved the most traits of Roselle. Also, combined application of nutritional sources decreased water consumption and increased water use efficiency.

    Keywords: Boll yield, Cow manure, Harvest index, Irrigation
  • Y. Rameshjan, A. Koocheki *, M. Nassiri Mahallati, S. Khorramdel Pages 385-399
    Introduction

    Recently self-sustaining, diversified, low-input, and energy-efficient agricultural systems like intercropping have been considered as the efficient way to achieve the sustainability in agriculture. Intercropping as an old agricultural practice, have been followed especially at the small scale and subsistence farming. It can be defined as the agricultural practice of growing two or more crops or ecotypes together in the same field. Intercropping brings diversity of species in the cropping systems, and is considered to make the systems more resilient against environmental perturbations, thus enhancing food security. It provides high insurance against crop failure, especially in the extreme weather conditions like temperature stress, drought, flood, frost, pest infestation etc. In fact, intercropping is claimed to be one of the most significant cropping techniques in sustainable agriculture, and many researches and reviews attribute its utilization to the number of environmental benefits from promoting land biodiversity to diversifying agricultural outcome. Legumes after cereals are the second source of human food and in Iran they are the second most important food. Due to the importance of legume intercropping in the sustainability of agricultural systems, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of row intercropping of three bean ecotypes red bean, pinto bean and cowpea bean as replacement series on the physiological growth indices under climatic conditions of Mashhad.

    Materials and Methods

    This experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with nine treatments and three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during 2016-2017 growing season. Treatments were 75% red bean+ 25% pinto bean, 75% red bean+ 25% cowpea bean, 25% red bean+ 75% pinto bean, 25% red bean+ 75% cowpea bean, 75% pinto bean+ 25% cowpea bean, 75% cowpea bean+ 25% pinto bean and their monoculture. In order to measure the growth indices, the destructive samplings were carried out every 14 days from 0.15 m2 of row in each plot. All bean ecotypes were harvested by cutting at the soil surface. The studied indices were leaf area index (LAI), dry matter accumulation (DM), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR).

    Results and Discussion

    The highest leaf area index for red bean, pinto bean and cowpea ecotypes were observed in their monoculture with 2.45, 1.45 and 3.60, respectively. The fast period of vegetative growth and dry matter accumulation were observed at 65-80 days after planting with a small decline afterwards until physiological maturity. The maximum dry matter accumulation for these ecotypes was obtained in their monoculture. Crop growth rate reached its peak 65 days after emergence followed by a decreasing trend afterwards. The highest crop growth rate was observed in pinto bean with 27 g m-2 day-1. At the beginning of growth stage, due to more penetration of light into the canopy and less shadow of the leaves the less respiration, RGR was more and its reduction slope was less. As time passes and vegetative and reproductive organs grow more, the shadow of leaves on each other increases and therefore after words RGR decreased. Also, net assimilation rate reached to its peak 60 days after emerging and decreased.

    Conclusions

    The results of showed that intercropping of bean ecotypes with increasing plant density, increased the leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter accumulation (DM) of both crops in monoculture and mixed culture which could be due to increased vegetation and it's closer to optimum density in mixed culture and better use of environmental resources. However due to different criteria of these ecotypes associated with better use of water, radiation and nutrient resources when they are intercropped, physiological growth indices were increased. Overall following this agroecological practice in cropping systems could keep contribution to move the current agroecosystems one step towards sustainability.

    Keywords: Bean ecotypes, Crop Growth Rate, Dry matter accomulation, Leaf Area Index
  • P .Aalaee Bazkiaei, B .Kamkar, E .Amiri *, H .Kazemi, M. Rezaei Pages 401-412
    Introduction

    Nowadays, food production systems need to be explored for supplying the needs of the world's growing population, as well as sustainable production in the face of global climate change. In this regard, Cereal's yield has played a significant role in supporting global food security. The unceasing growth in demand for water in the industrial sector, drinking water, and reduction in the amount of water available for the agricultural sector has led to a reduction of water usage in rice, which threatens its production. Crops simulation models can be used to carry out various studies such as the selection of suitable cultivar and plant, determining the best agricultural management and production capacity of the area. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ORYZA2000 and AquaCrop accuracy in simulating grain and biomass yields of rice affected by irrigation and planting dates.

    Materials and Methods

    To evaluate the ORYZA2000 and AquaCrop models for rice production under irrigation management and planting date, a split-plot experiment based on a complete randomized block design with three replications was carried out on a local (Hashemi) cultivar in the years of 2016 and 2017 in the Rice Research Institute of Iran, Rasht. Irrigation interval was considered as the main factor at four levels including full flooding, 5, 10, and 15 days irrigation intervals, and transplanting date was assigned to subplot at three levels (April 21st, May 11th, and May 31th). Simulated and observed values of grain yield and biomass yield were evaluated based on the coefficient of determination, T-test, root mean square error (RMSE), Model efficiency (EF), Structural deviation of the model (RMD), and normalized root mean square error (NRMSE).

    Results and Discussion

    The results showed that normalized root mean square error of the grain yield and biomass yield were 9% and 5%, in the Aquacrop model and were 7% and 6% in the ORYZA2000 model, respectively. Evaluation of the results showed that the efficiency of the model and the coefficient of the explanation were above 0.7 and structural deviations were less than 2% that showed good accuracy in simulating the grain yield and biomass yield during calibration and validation of models. Evaluation of the amplitude of actual grain yield (3000 to 4761 kg.ha-1) and simulated by AquaCrop model (1741 to 4231 kg.ha-1) and ORYZA2000 model (with 2215 to 4766 kg.ha-1 range) showed simulated values had between -15 and 20 percent of error. The results showed that with increasing irrigation intervals, the actual grain yield decreases. The planting date of April 21st and May 11th (with an average of 3795 and 3820 kg.ha-1, respectively) had the highest yield of grain in two years, and the models also had a predicting of changes in grain yield during calibration and validation. ORYZA2000 model, due to the high coefficient of explanation and efficiency (0.83 and 0.81, respectively), has higher accuracy in simulating the grain yield than the AquaCrop model. The results showed that based on the mentioned equations, the ORYZA2000 model is well able to simulate the effect of environmental conditions including water shortage, air temperature, time, and intensity of stress during the growth cycle under the influence of irrigation and planting date on yield production. It seems that due to the better description of plant and soil conditions in the model and better genetic evaluation, it increased the accuracy of yield estimation in the ORYZA2000 model. Also, according to the acceptable results obtained in the AquaCrop model, it can be concluded that the mentioned model has a good simulation of the changes in the plant's water relations under the influence of the interaction effect of planting date and irrigation intervals.

    Conclusions

    According to the present study, the ORYZA2000 and Aquacrop models can be used to support the results of experiments under irrigation management conditions and planting dates.

    Keywords: Aquacrop model, Irrigation, ORYZA2000 model, Planting date
  • H. Asadi, R. Baradaran *, M. J. Seghatoleslami, S. G. Mousavi Pages 413-433
    Introduction

    Sesame is one of the oldest crops. Ethiopia is commonly accepted as the origin of domestic sesame. Sesame is a diploid (2n = 26) plant that grows as a bush. Sesame has a special place among oil plants due to its high oil content and quality as well as its high oil durability. Drought stress is a condition that cells and tissues are in a state where their inflammation is incomplete. In other words, dehydration occurs when the amount of transpiration exceeds the amount of water absorbed. Drought is one of the most important causes of declining agricultural productivity worldwide. Drought has destructive and detrimental effects on different stages of plant growth and reduces yield and yield components in sesame genotypes. Due to the serious problem of limited water resources and drought and its effect on yield reduction, this study to evaluate drought tolerance of sesame genotypes based on tolerance indices to identify and group sensitive, tolerant and resistant genotypes and select resistant genotypes and identify correlations of related traits. Drought tolerance was performed through field studies.

    Materials and Methods

    In order to evaluate the genetic diversity of different sesame genotypes under non-stress and drought stress conditions, an Augmented design was conducted in three blocks on 32 genotypes in the southeastern fields of Bojnourd in 2018. Genotypes used were obtained from Karaj Seed and Plant Breeding Research Institute in the amount of 1.5 grams per sample. In this experiment, one plot of land was allocated to the drought stress environment and the other to the stress-free environment. The distance between these two environments was considered to be five meters so that the humidity of the two adjacent environments did not affect each other. With the onset of stress flowering on the target medium, application and irrigation of the dry stress plot based on 200 mm and the non-stress plot based on 100 mm evaporation from the pan was performed. Cumulative evaporation from the pan determined the arrival time of irrigation in each of the environments. SAS PLUS software for calculating variance analysis, principal component analysis and mean comparison, S-PLUS software for drawing 3D and bipod diagrams, SPSS software for calculating the correlation of traits and correlation of tolerance indices and cluster tolerance analysis, respectively, from EXCEL Action was taken.

    Results and Discussion

    The studied genotypes showed a significant difference at the level of 1% probability in terms of traits measured under non-stress and drought stress conditions, which indicated genetic diversity and the possibility of selecting drought tolerant genotypes. Darab 14 genotype with 2344 kg.ha-1 had the highest grain yield and the Markazi genotype with 1148 kg.ha-1 had the lowest grain yield in non-stress conditions. Under drought stress conditions, Darab 14 genotype with 1360 kg.ha-1 had the highest grain yield which showed a 58% decrease compared to non-stress conditions. Also, the lowest grain yield was observed in Pakistani genotype with 624 kg.ha-1, which was 53% less than non-stress conditions. Based on the results, Darab 14 genotype showed the highest values of MP, GMP, TOL and STI tolerance indices and the correlation analysis between yield under stress and non stress conditions with drought tolerance indices also showed that STI, GMP, MP and TOL indices the most suitable indices are for screening sesame genotype. Using three-dimensional diagrams of YS, YP and STI, the genotypes were divided into two groups A and C under drought stress conditions. In order to investigate the correlation between different agronomic traits in comparing the grain yield of genotypes and determine their relationships, a simple correlation was calculated in both non-stress and drought stress environments, which showed a positive and significant correlation between yield and yield components in both conditions.

    Conclusions

    This study showed that comparison genotypes significant differences in terms of measurable traits in non-stress and drought stress conditions. Using MP, GMP, TOL, SSI and STI indices, genotypes can be separated to a large extent based on stress tolerance. Based on these indices and considering the performance in two environmental conditions Darab 14, Shaban and Yekehsaud is were identified as the most tolerant.

    Keywords: Sesame, Tolerant Cultivars, water requirement, yield
  • V Barati *, E Bijanzadeh Pages 435-449
    Introduction

    In the dry climate of southern Iran including Fars province, most precipitation occurs in winter, thus winter cereals such as triticale (Triticosecale Wittmack) experience water shortage at booting, flowering and grain filling stages in spring. The booting, flowering and grain filling periods are the most sensitive stages to water deficit. Nitrogen fertilizer application is a farmer’s common practice to increase yield, but its performance depends mainly on soil water status than the amount and timing of N applications. On the other hand, matching N fertilization with crop water availability is essential for achieving acceptable grain yield. Farmers of southern Iran use N fertilizer beyond the recommended rate. High N fertilizer application in dry areas that water availability limitations frequently occurred during the grain filling stage of cereals increased severity of water stress. Some authors reported that the silicon application reduces the destructive effects of drought stress by physiological, biochemical, and physical mechanisms (Hattori et al., 2005). Therefore, silicon foliar application may decrease water stress severity, especially in high N crops. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the effects of silicon foliar application, different N rates and irrigation regimes on triticale yield in an arid area of southern Iran (Fars province).     

    Materials and Methods

    This research was conducted at the experimental farm of the Darab Agricultural Faculty of Shiraz University. A split factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out in the 2017-2018 growing season. Treatments included two levels of irrigation as the main plots [normal irrigation; irrigation based on the plant's water requirement up to the physiological maturity (IRN) and deficit irrigation; irrigation based on the plant's water requirement up to the anthesis stage (cutting of irrigation after anthesis) (IRDI)]. Also, sub plots were two levels of silicon foliar application [0, and 3 mM] and three N fertilizer levels [N0, no nitrogen fertilizer (control); N100, 100 kg N ha-1; N150, 150 kg N ha-1]. Biological yield, grain yield, yield components, plant height, spike length and chlorophyll index of flag leaf were measured. Then, the harvest index (HI) was calculated. Data were analyzed by using SAS 9.1 software (SAS Institute, 2004) and the means were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test at 5% probability level.

    Results and Discussion

    The results showed that the IRDI could cause severe water stress in the grain-filling period of the triticale life cycle and consequently reduction of 1000-grain weight, number of grains per spike and number of fertile tillers per m2. However, this reduction was more severe for 1000- grain weight than the other grain yield components and was not constant in different N fertilizer levels (18%, 21% and 36% reduction for N0, N100 and N150 kg N ha-1). Foliar silicon application decreased severity of late-season water stress and consequently improved 1000-seed weight, chlorophyll index, biological yield and finally HI and grain yield. With respect to grain yield, under IRN conditions, the highest grain yield was achieved by N150. Water stress decreased grain yield as a function of N fertilizer (24%, 26% and 46% reduction for N0, N100 and N150 kg N ha-1). Therefore, application of N100 could be acceptable for IRDI conditions.

    Conclusions

    According to the results of this study, the highest triticale grain yield (7098 kg ha-1) achieved by N150 in normal irrigation. The IRDI significantly decreased triticale grain yield at all N levels as compared with IRN. However, this reduction was different in N fertilizer rates (24%, 26% and 46% reduction for N0, N100 and N150). Therefore, the highest grain yield under IRDI conditions (4128 kg ha-1) was observed in N100. Therefore, with respect to environmental and economical considerations application of 100 and 150 kg N ha-1 were recommended for late-season water stress and normal irrigation conditions, respectively. Silicon foliar application decreased the severity of water stress and consequently increased grain yield (26%) under IRDI conditions. Therefore, the application of 3 mM of silicon at the anthesis stage is recommended for farms of triticale that expose to late-season water stress in southern Iran (Fars province).

    Keywords: Biomass yield, Chlorophyll, Harvest index, Mean kernel weight
  • M .Jalali, S. V. Eslami *, S. Mahmoodi, A. Aien Pages 451-464
    Introduction

    Intercropping system is the growth of two or more crops at the same time, which can lead to decreases in the risk of total crop reduction and increases in yield with control of weeds. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.) is a pseudo cereal with high nutritional value which is approximately a new crop in Iran. So, this research was conducted to assess the effects of additive intercropping of quinoa andpotato (Solanum tubersum L.), and the methods of weeds control on yield and yield components of quinoa var. Titicaca in Jiroft and Kahnooj regions.

    Materials and Methods

    This study was carried out as split plot based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications at Jiroft and Kahnooj regions. Therefore, weeds control treatments including control (no-hoeing), manual weeding (twice within 30 days after planting) and paraquat herbicide (3 days after planting of quinoa) were arranged in the main plots, while additive intercropping patterns at five levels (Q:P in the levels of 5:5, 10:5, 15:5, 20:5 and 30:5 plants per m-2), quinoa sole cropping (30 plants per m-2) and potato sole cropping (5 plants per m-2) were located in sub-plots. The effects of quinoa and potato intercropping on plant height, leaves number per plant, leaf area, flowering time, spike maturity and quinoa harvest time, average of grain weight per plant, grain yield and density of weeds as well as potato tuber yield were measured at both regions. Data were analyzed as combined analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS ver. 9.2. Means were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) at the 5% level (P = 0.05).

    Results and Discussion

    The results showed that the effects of quinoa and potato intercropping had significant effects on some characteristics of quinoa including leaves number per plant, leaf area, average of grain weight per plant, grain yield of quinoa, tuber yield of potato and density of weeds. However, intercropping had no effect on some characteristics of quinoa such as plant height, flowering time, spike maturity and quinoa harvest time. Based on the results the highest (19 g per plant) and lowest (13.9 g per plant) average of grain weight per plant were obtained in 20:5 and 5:5 plants per m-2 treatments, respectively. Whereas, the highest grain yield (4957 and 4863 kg.ha-1) were obtained in sole quinoa and 30:5 plants per m-2 treatments, respectively. The studied growth characteristics and grain rate per plant in Kahnooj were greater than those in Jiroft. Total land equivalent ratio (LER) index increased with increasing quinoa density in intercropping. The highest total LER was obtained in 30:5 plants per m-2 treatment in Kahnooj region. Moreover, the effect of manual weeding of weeds on the studied properties were more than that of the application of paraquat herbicide. The results also showed that the intercropping of quinoa and potato led to decreases in density of weeds at both flowering and before harvesting times. So that, the lowest density of weeds was related to the intercropping of quinoa and potato with densities of 20:5 and 30:5 plants per m-2 treatments. Whereas the highest rate of density of weeds were related to the sole cropping of quinoa and potato treatments, respectively. Moreover, the results showed that intercropping resulted in greater tuber yield of potato, so that the highest potato tuber yield was obtained in 30:5 treatments.

    Conclusions

    Based on the results, although the highest average grains per plantwas obtained in the intercropping of 20:5 treatment, the yield of quinoa decreased with the intercropping of quinoa and potato compared with the quinoa sole cropping. Also, the additive intercropping led to decrease in the density of weeds. Although, it seems that for quinoa cropping the climate of Kahnooj is more suitable than Jiroft, the intercropping of potato and quinoa is suitable for Kahnooj and Jiroft regions.

    Keywords: Manual weeding, multiple-cropping system, paraquat, Sole cropping, Weeds density
  • M .Bagheri *, Z .Anafjeh, S. Keshavarz, B. Foladi Pages 465-475
    Introduction

    Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild) is native to the Andean region of South America. Various genotypes of quinoa have a high diversity regarding different traits such as sensitivity to daylength, seed size and color, nutritional and anti - nutritional value of seeds, tolerance to biological and non - nutritional stresses. Considering the development goals of the quinoa, the need for new genotypes is very tangible. Fortunately, new genotypes of quinoa have become available that have not been studied domestically. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of these genotypes and to study their compatibility with spring cultivation in Karaj region. The results of this study provide the basis for deciding the next steps of research and development on these genotypes.

    Materials and Methods

    In this study, 13 new genotypes of quinoa including Atlas, EQ 101, EQ 102, EQ103, EQ104, EQ105, EQ106, Amiralla Marangani, Amiralla Sacaca, Blanka Dejunine, Kancolla, Salsada Inia and Rosada De Huncaya, have been studied in a randomized complete block design with three replications for two years (2018-2019) at Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj. Genotypes with the prefix EQ were obtained from Canada, Atlas genotype from the Netherlands and the rest of the genotypes from Peru. Each plot consisted of three rows with 500 cm length and 60 cm × 10 cm of plant density. The distances between replications and planting plots per replication were 180 cm and 200 cm. Data were analyzed using SAS software and means were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) at the 5% level (P = 0.05).

    Results and Discussion

    The results showed that all traits except days to germination were significantly affected by genotype. However, plant height, inflorescence length, stem diameter, oil percentage and days to maturity did not affect by genotype interaction per year. The effect of year was also significant for grain yield, days to pollination, saponin content and oil percentage. Different origin (from Peru, Canada and the Netherlands) and different morphological characteristics of the studied genotypes caused significant differences in different traits. The EQ101 genotype, showed the highest grain yield and plant height, highest protein content and the lowest amount of saponin. While Marangani genotype with an average yield of 796.78 kg ha-1 had the lowest yield. EQ103 was the earliest and Marangani, Kancolla, Rosada and Salsada genotype were the late genotypes, respectively. On the other hand, EQ105 genotype revealed the highest seed oil content. Marangani genotype had the thickest shoot among all genotypes. Canadian Genotypes have lower levels of saponin than Peruvian genotypes. EQ101 with saponin content of 0.48 mg g-1 (0.04%) had the lowest saponin content and among the studied genotypes in this study, it is the only genotype that belong to sweet quinoa cultivars.

    Conclusions

    The studied genotypes demonstrated significant diversity and differences in all studied traits. In some traits, the difference between the two groups of genotypes (Canadian or Peruvian) was quite obvious. In this study all quinoa genotypes were compatible with spring cultivation in Karaj region. Genotypes compatible with spring (long day) cultivation usually do not have a problem with summer and autumn cultivation and will most likely be cultivated in all seasons and regions of the country.

    Keywords: Saponin, Seed yield, Spring planting
  • K .Mirzashahi *, M. Moayeri, F. Nourgholipour Pages 477-488
    Introduction

    Phosphorus is the third most important nutrient in crop production after nitrogen and potassium. It is involved in all biochemical processes, energetic compounds, and energy transfer mechanisms. Phosphorus participates in the cellular proteins and cell membrane and nucleic acids. In addition, this element is essential for seed formation and root development. Also, this element recovery in the first year of application estimates to be 8 to 30%, and after 30 years rarely reaches to 50% and its rest is stabilized in the soil and accumulates inaccessibly for most plants. Therefore, in the last two decades, scientists have used various methods to improve the efficiency of phosphorus, including the selection and genetic modification of plants and the adopting agricultural practices such as determining the optimal amount of phosphorus, the right time and method of application and the right fertilizer source. In addition, due to the growing trend of vegetable oil consumption and the high cost of supplying the required oil through imports, the purpose of this study was to determine the optimal rate of phosphorus and selecting the appropriate efficient cultivar in order to extend oilseed crops cultivation.

    Materials and Methods

    In order to study the response of safflower cultivars (Carthamus tinctorius L.), to phosphorus rates and their efficiency indices, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2012-13 and 2014-15 at Safiabad Agricultural Research Center of Dezful, Khuzestan, Iran. The first factor included five phosphorus levels (0, 50,100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1 as Triple Super Phosphate "TSP"), and the second factor included two cultivars (Goldasht and Soffeh). Safflower seeds were planted by setting up a sugar beet planter, in a row with a distance of 50 cm between rows and a distance of 5 cm between plants. Urea and potassium sulfate were uses at 300 and 100 kg ha-1, respectively. One-third of nitrogen and all phosphorus and potassium were used pre planting. The rest of urea fertilizer was applied as top dressing in two equal splitting rates (beginning of stem and early flowering stages). Before harvesting in each replication, the number of fertile heads per square meter (in three boxes of one square meter per plot), and the number of full grains (counting full grains in 20 heads), and after harvesting the weight of 1000 seeds (with three times counts were calculated in three random groups of 1000 seeds per plot). Finally, number of fertile heads per square meter, number of seeds per heads, 1000-seed weight, seed and oil yields, seed phosphorus uptake, and phosphorus efficiency indices were measured.

    Results and Discussion

    The results showed that the interaction of treatments was significant on the number of fertile heads per square meter and number of seeds per head. In both cultivars, with increasing phosphorus application, the mentioned traits increased significantly. The highest number of fertile heads (252 pieces), and the number of seeds per head (23.17 pieces), were obtained at the level of 150 kg phosphorus ha-1. The interaction between year and phosphorus on 1000-seed weight and seed yield and the interaction between year and cultivar on 1000-seed weight were significant. The highest 1000-seed weight (42.41 g), and seed yield (2184 kg ha-1), were obtained by application of 100 kg phosphorus ha-1. Seed and oil yields of Soffeh cultivar (1979 and 599 kg ha-1, respectively), was superior to Goldasht cultivar. Also, the results showed that Goldasht cultivar had higher utilization efficiency (248 kg kg-1), compared to Soffeh cultivar (218 kg kg-1). Phosphorus application significantly reduced use and uptake efficiency indices (69% and 85%, respectively). So that the treatment without phosphorus application had the highest use and uptake efficiency (1 kg kg-1). The difference between use and uptake efficiency at the level of 50 kg phosphorus ha-1 with other phosphorus levels was about 19% and 25%, respectively.

    Conclusions

    In general, due to the highest benefit-to-cost ratio (35.51) and use and uptake efficiency indices (0.69 and 0.7 kg .kg-1, respectively), application of 50 kg ha-1 of phosphorus fertilizer and Soffeh cultivar is recommended.

    Keywords: benefit to cost ratio, Phosphorus use efficiency, Safflower, Yield components