مجله تحقیقات علوم رفتاری
سال شانزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 54، زمستان 1397)

As one of the most common learning disabilities, dyslexia is associated with a delayed reading ability and characterized by a considerable failure in the development of vocabulary recognition skills and reading comprehension.The purpose of the study was to compare the efficiency of neuropsychological and Davis method interventions on reading performance of dyslexic students of first and second grade elementary in Esfahan city.The research was experimental with pre-test, post-test, follow up and control group design. Methods and Materials: The study population included all the dyslexic students of first and second grade elementary in the school year 2015-2016 in Esfahan city. The sample included 45 dyslexic students who were selected by cluster random sampling and were divided into three groups so that 15 of them were treated with neuropsychological methods, 15 of them with Davis method and there was no intervention on the rest of them. The research tools included reading disorder diagnosis test based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), teacher-made reading performance test, Raven's intelligence test for children and Test Of Language Development (TOLD). After the interventions, the reading test and reading performance test were conducted and the data were analyzed by SPSS software and multivariate covariance analysis. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the post-test average scores of experimental groups and the control group in the reading test (p≤0.001). The results of paired comparison also showed that the post-test average scores of neuropsychological group are greater than Davis group’s scores in the Language Coordinate (p≤0.001). That as language has many neuropsychological bases, it can play an important role in one's reception and expressionSome neuropsychological skills such as attention, memory and executive functions, etc are the preconditions of the receptive language and, hence, neuropsychological skills are the essential steps in the acquisition of language.

How to allocate resources during development and its underlying motives provide developmental psychologists with understanding about fairness development. By age 4, children's social understanding of self and others is increased. This allows children to decide how to allocating resources towards others. As child develops considering fairness or self-interest concerns matters during allocating resources. This study aimed to examine resource allocation development in 4-6-year-old children in advantageous inequality and disadvantageous inequality conditions. Methods and Materials: This was a correlational study with the population of all 4-6-year-olds from kindergartens in 4 region of Tehran in years 1395-1396. One hundred and two participants aged 4 (n=34, 17 girls), 5 (n=36, 18 girls) and 6 (n=32, 16 girls) were selected through a clustered sampling. Participants were asked to distribute resources in with cost-advantageous/disadvantageous and without cost-advantageous conditions. Results showed that children more allocated resources in with cost disadvantageous condition as compared to other conditions (p<0.05). Across age groups, 4-year-old children significantly shared more resources in disadvantageous condition (p<0.05). 6-year-old girls allocated more resources when compared to boys. Our findings suggest that self-interest seems to be the main motives in allocating resource of 4-6-year-old children in advantageous and disadvantageous conditions. In addition, during 4-6-years of old children do not use fairness consideration in their decisions about resources

Infidelity is one of the most painful experiences of marital relationships. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of moderating religious commitment in the relationship between attachment styles and maladaptive schemas with tendency to infidelity. Methods and Materials: This research was descriptive. Sampling method was available (125 married and 125 married men). For collecting data, Behavioral Systems Questionnaire (BSQ), Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire- Short Form (EMSQ-SF), Religious Commitment Questionnaire (RCQ), and Relation Issues Questionnaire (RIQ) were used. The results of this study showed that religious commitment has a moderating effect on the relationship between avoidant attachment style and tendency to infidelity (p<0.05). However, this factor does not mediate other relationships between attachment styles and areas of maladaptive schemas with tendency to infidelity (p<0.05). Religious commitment can mediate the relationship between the avoidant attachment style and the tendency to infidelity and reduce this tendency.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a gradual and chronic one always interacting with Cook’s interpersonal relationships and academic performance. Parenting is one of the effective methods for ODD, in which parents learn how to treat their children. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the Kazdin method for parenting on parent-child relationships among the students with ODD. Methods and Materials: The study employed a quasi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest as well as 90-day follow-up and control group design. Of the students with ODD, based on the score above the cut-off point in the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and clinical interview by school’s consultant 30 students were selected and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (each group contained 15 participants). The experimental group received the Kazdin method for parenting for twelve 90-minute sessions. The participants answered to Child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS) in three stages: pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA. The Kazdin method for parenting training significantly increased the parent-child relationships in the subscales of proximity, the general positive relationship, the reduction of conflict, and dependence in children with ODD (p<0.001). The Kazdin method for parenting training has increased the parent-child relationships in children with ODD. According to the results of this study, the Kazdin method for parenting can be an effective way to improve parent-child relationships among students with ODD

One of the most important challenges for chronic disease is treatment adherence. Many factors are affected on adherence. This study focuses on emotion regulation, self-compassion and spiritual wellbeing as predictors of treatment adherence in diabetic patients. Methods and Materials: This was a descriptive and correlational study. The sample consist of 210 diabetic patients whom selected by convenient sampling method in clinics of Shahid Beheshti university hospitals. Participants responded to General Adherence Scale (GAS), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Self-Compassion Scales (SCS) and Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWB). Collected data were analyzed via SPSS 21 software and by linear multiple regression method. Results of stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that difficulty in emotion regulation and self-compassion are significantly predicted treatment adherence of diabetic patients. But spiritual wellbeing was not significant in regression model. The results of this study showed that most of diabetic patients have moderate levels of treatment adherence. By considering the importance and high prevalence of diabetes, enhancing self-compassion and emotional regulation skills as effective factors in self-care and treatment adherence of diabetic patients, should come under scruti

Working Memory (WM) has attracted the attention of experimental psychologists and neurologists. Those who pay attention to how people argue, solve problems, pursue their goals, make decisions and achieve cognitive control. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the subtle memory by means of words. In this regard, this research is an attempt to gather evidence of the speed of response in facilitating tasks and inhibition tasks. Methods and Materials: The present study is a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population of the study was all young and middle-aged people with a minimum age of 20 years without any history of mental and neurological disorders. In this research, 30 people were selected through targeted sampling. The facilitator's homework included the first pair of pseudo-word targets. The term inhibition was also indicated by two words in terms of meaning unrelated to the distance of 150 milliseconds. In fact, the response rate was evaluated in a semantic test based on the characteristics of these two assignments. The mean value in two assignments was compared using t- paired t-test. The results indicated that the mean response rate to goals in the facilitated task was 4592.7± 480.9 millisecond more than the inhibition task (p<0.0001). It seems that target memory representations by the first neutralization of the target memory representations are unrelated to the first one.

The autism spectrum disorder is increasing in all parts of the world, so that in 2018, one in every 59 people with autism is reported. Given the importance of adaptive behavior in everyday life at home and at school, as well as social costs and care during their lives, the importance of early diagnosis in autism is highlighted, thereby improving cognitive, adaptive behavior and reducing the severity of autism. Methods and Materials: The sample consists of 170 children, 100 autistic children and 70 healthy and juvenile children. Using a perception multi-layer neural network, a clinical decision support system was designed to predict autism based on signs and symptoms. The average accuracy of the neural network design was 96.11% after performing 10, as a result of a carefully designed system; it could be a reliable assistant and supporter of this area for the diagnosis of autistic children. The mean age of diagnosis of autism is 4 years and 4 months (52 months), which does not significantly differ with gender, race, and ethnicity. Therefore, the design of the clinical decision support system in this study for a range of 3 to 6 years old can be used as an important, necessary and reliable screening tool to prevent delay in early diagnosis and intervention

Today different doses of drugs are used in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Non-medical treatments such as physical activity have recently been considered. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of endurance training along with methylphenidate consumption on Behavioral symptoms in male rats with ADHD. Methods and Materials: A laboratory research method was used. The subjects were 40 Wistar rats (mean and standard deviation of 181.78 ± 8.39 g) and aged 8-12 weeks. A 5-member group (mean and standard deviation of 182.6 ± 51.6 g) were randomly selected for sampling and blood sampling, and 35 rats (mean and standard deviation of 181.66 ± 8.09 g) to 5 Group 7 (control group and 4 groups of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: methylphenidate use, endurance training, methylphenidate use and endurance training, without methylphenidate and no endurance training). 10 mg L-NAME for 8 weeks and 6 days per week for each rat was injected sub peritoneally for the attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder in rats. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and nitrite oxide (NO) were used to detect hypertension in rats after L-NAME injection. The open field test for over-active detection, and 5-band treadmill for endurance training of rats were used. The balance test was taken before and after 4 weeks of training. The drug group received 2 mg of methylphenidate daily per kg of body weight orally. The rats ran for 28 days each day (5 days a week) for 28 days. The practice load for training groups included running at speeds of 2 to 8 m / min for 30 minutes. Descriptive statistics were used to determine mean, mean, standard deviation, drawing tables and charts. For normalization of the distribution of dependent variables from the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and one-way variance for intra-group variation. The results showed that the number of stands in the control group was higher than in all other groups and the number of traveled squares was less (p<0.001). The number of stands in the ADHD group was lower than in all other groups and the number of traveled squares was higher (p<0.001). There was no significant difference between the number of stands and the number of traveled squares in the ADHD group + Endurance exercises with ADHD + methylphenidate and also the ADHD group + methylphenidate + endurance training (p<0.001). It seems that endurance training and methylphenidate consumption affect the behavioral patterns of the animal model of ADHD and it can be recommended that physical activity be used as an effective method to replace the use of methylphenidate.

An integrated therapeutic approach, which is a cognitive behavioral approach focused on emotion and whose main purpose is emotional processes, and is applicable to disorders that have strong emotional components. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotional regulation-based intervention on cognitive emotion regulation strategies and alexithymia in patients with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). Methods and Materials: The method of this study was a clinical trial. The statistical population of this study included all patients with CHD referred to the heart center of Tehran between June and August. Of these, 30 volunteers were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. To collect data, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) were used. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA) using SPSS software version 22. Results shows that emotional regulation intervention was effective on positive cognitive emotional regulation (F=11.19, P<004), negative cognitive emotional regulation (F=7.83, P<0.02), and alexithymia (F=10.87, P<0.006) in patients with CHD. This study showed that emotion regulation intervention based on integrated treatment method was effective on cognitive emotional regulation strategies and alexithymia in patients with CHD. The results of this study can be helpful researcher and therapists' alexithymia in the field of factors influencing it in patients with CHD.

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorder that causes educational, social and family problems. The main aim of present study was to compare the efficacy of neurofeedback and neurofeedback along with Barkly parental training on visual attention dimensions and comprehension of children with ADHD. Methods and Materials: This study was an experimental study with two experiment and one sham control groups in three stages of pre- post and ten weeks follow up tests. The population included all elementary ADHD boys in Isfahan city in academic year 2017-2018. Among those who attended in education and training clinic, forty-two were selected along with their mothers by purposive sampling. There were assigned in two experiment and one control groups randomly. All the participants were assessed in three stages by continues visual and auditory performance test (IVA). Data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA analysis. The results showed that there were no significant difference between two experiment groups in visual vigilance (p≤0.96), focus (p≤0.76), speed (p≤0.87) and visual comprehension (p≤0.42) in post-test and follow up stages; but in compare to control group visual attention dimensions and comprehension increased significantly in both experiment groups. Neurofeedback training and neurofeedback along with Barkly parental training equally increase visual attention dimension and comprehension in ADHD children.

Dyslexia has many effects on students' psychological status in addition to academic problems. Regarding this issue, the present study aimed to develop a Reading Improvement Comprehensive Program (RICP) and its effectiveness on the academic success and resilience of students with dyslexia. Methods and Materials: This study was a semi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test and follow-up with unequal control group. For sample selection, 30 students were selected from among dyslexic students in Isfahan who had inclusion criteria and were randomly divided into two groups. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), the Dyslexia Comprehensive Diagnostic Test (DCDT), the Academic Success Scale (ASS) and the Academic Resilience Scale (ARS) were used. The RICP for 16 weeks was provided only to students in the experimental group. Statistical calculations were performed using SPSS software. The results indicated that the RICP had a significant effect on students' academic success and academic resilience (p= 0.001). It can be stated that the RICP improves the academic success and resilience of students through consideration of new conceptualizations in the field of dyslexia as well as the expressed emotion by primary

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between theory of mind and attachment styles in terms of anxiety and avoidance in adolescent girls. Methods and Materials: The research method was descriptive correlational. A total of 280 adolescents aged 12-13 and 14-17 years old were randomly selected. Participants responded to two questionnaires on Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET-R) and the Experiences in Close Relationships–Relationship Structures (ECR-RS). Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and stepwise regression. SPSS software was used for this purpose. In this study, there was a significant relationship between the accuracy of theory of mind in adolescents (12-13 years old) with attachment style in terms of anxiety with mother, father, friend and anxiety (p<0.001). Stepwise regression analysis showed that anxiety with father, mother and friend was 0.96, 0.003, and 0.001. Predicted the variance of theory of mind (p<0.001, p<0.01). No significant relationship was found in the larger adolescent group. In order to better understand the relationship between adolescent attachment and theory of mind, it is necessary to consider common factors and distinguish between different types of unsecured attachment, especially between anxiety and avoidance.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases and is one of the biggest health problems in all countries. The most important strategy for controlling chronic patients is self-care behaviors. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of Interactive Diabetes Management Training (IDMT) and Stress Inoculation Training (SIT) on self-care in type II diabetic patients. This was a semi-experimental research and the population of this study included 2450 diabetic patients in Isfahan's Um Al-Benin Clinic, 39 of whom were selected through a convenient sampling method and randomly assigned to two groups of control and one control group. Groups Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) for diabetic patients completed before and after education. Experimental group one, (SIT), and two groups of (IDMT) training received a weekly and group-based 90-minute training session. But the control group did not receive these training. The research findings were analyzed using Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) and SPSS-19 software. IDMT and SIT were effective in diabetic patient’s self-care and both training increased self-care for participants. But there was no significant difference between the two methods of intervention (p ≤.319). SIT and IDMT can be used as an effective interventional method for increasing self-care in diabetic patients.

The pain caused by joint damage and the unpredictable period of hemophilic disease causes problems in various aspects of the life of patients, including self-esteem and life satisfaction. Therefore, the aim of this study was investigate the effect of educational package based on job success on self-esteem and life satisfaction in hemophilic patients. Methods and Materials: This is a semi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design with control group and follow-up period. In order to carry out the research, from 600 hemophiliac patients in Isfahan city in 2017, 40 patients were selected based on criteria of entry and exit and assigned them randomly in two groups of experimental and control group. Two questionnaires of State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES) and Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) were used to measure the variables of the research in the pretest, post-test and follow-up phases. The experimental group received 11 sessions of 2 hours under the educational package based on job success for hemophilic patients and the control group did not receive any training. Finally, the number of samples was reduced to two groups of 16 people, considering the drop and the criteria for leaving the study. The data were analyzed with the use of repeated measure ANOVA. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in self-esteem and life satisfaction in the post-test and follow-up evaluation (p<0.05). It is possible to use a training package to improve occupational success in order to improve self-esteem and life satisfaction in hemophilic patients.

In recent years, university students' mental health issues have attracted much attention in scientific societies, and many studies have been carried out to improve the mental health of the student population. Depression and suicidal behaviors are among the common problems of mental health in university students. Evidence shows that these problems, in combination with each other, carry a large amount of physical, psychological, social, political and economic costs to the society. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the issues of prevalence, pathology, diagnosis, consequences, prevention and treatment of depressive disorder and suicidal behaviors in this society. Review of past research has shown that depression (10-85%) and suicide (suicidal thoughts ranging from 2.6 to 42.7% and suicide rates of 1.8 to 3.5%) are among the most common mental health problems of university students. In addition, the findings show that, despite the high prevalence of these problems, the identification, prevention and intervention of depression and suicide among students have not been successful. The most important reasons are the diverse and varied clinical presentation of students' depression, student's special stresses, certain areas of student performance that are affected by depression, and rejecting professional assistance. Also, mental health management programs at universities do not have the integrity and precision necessary to control these problems. Considering these cases, it is necessary to pay special attention to depression and suicide in the mental health management programs and to provide comprehensive and coherent evaluations in the areas of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of these problems.

Recent studies on depression disorders have shown constraints and deficiencies in self-compassion of these patients. Therefore, in this study, we identify the weaknesses of previous studies with the aim of providing an analytical pattern of pathology of depression focusing on self-compassion for depressed Iranian patients. Methods and Materials: The present paper is based on the meta-analysis of previous works and papers. Accordingly, by analyzing the previous studies related to the disorders from databases such as Science Direct and Civilica, we extracted the most important indicators related to self-compassion for depressed patients out of 12 articles. After qualitative and quantitative evaluation of Iranian and foreign studies, final synthesis was ultimately done on the 12 articles. The synthesis of articles related to the effect of self-compassion on depression and its intermediary factors showed that depression is closely related to emotions and that is of great importance in most of the studies conducted in this area. It is possible to prevent and treat depression through self-compassion by pathology in three critical areas of emotion, including emotion regulation, emotional security and expressing emotion