فصلنامه جغرافیا
پیاپی 51 (زمستان 1395)

The spatial flows are based on rural-urban interactions and are defined through different flows of people, goods, products, capital, information and innovation. The formation of these flows requires structural-functional contexts. What is of particular importance in this regard is to emphasize rural-urban socioeconomic integrity and to avoid approaches based on the separation of rural and urban settlements. In fact, what prevents the formation of these networks in developing countries is due to various factors and forces. However, state building and development facilitation, along with the serious involvement of villagers, can play an effective role. This article examines the function of dairy workshops in the areas of Hashtrud and Charoymagh (East Azarbaijan) to identify the role of these workshops in the shaping rural-urban relationships and linkages and formation of local and regional networks.

This recent study in Talequn catchment, placed in Alborz province, has been performed to prioritize affecting peak flow areas and generally areas that have a greater role in flood occurrence. To do this task, Arc Gis (Geographic information system) has been utilized to prepare maps of physical properties of Talequn basin catchment and also rain gauge date and equivalent run off statistics of Tehran regional water, for 20 years(1993-2013) has been received. As a result of existing data, four flood events were extracted and were calibrated under the (HEC-HMS) model. TO do calibration, SCS method was used to simulate flood hydrograph and lag-time method was utilized for channel routing. Also, Hydrologic Modeling System (HECHMS) was used to estimate the amount of contribution of sub-basin in output discharge of the total basin catchment on the basis of return periods of 2-510-25-50-100 years old and finally by the use of the 50-year return period and sub-basin individual remove method under the effect of HEC-HMS model, sub-basin were prioritized in terms of flooding potential. The research results show that sub-basin participation rate in output of basin catachment discharge is not only of affected area and sub-basin peak flow but also of factors such as curve number (CN) and soil hydrologic group which have significant role in flood occurrence. Another significant factor is sub-basin located in basin output, which has greater share in output discharge. In addition, short intervals in occurrence of peak flow of sub-basin water flow synchronization role, human changes such as construction activities like housing, have significant impact on the production of the whole basin flood areas.

Main purpose of recent research is to survey of deferent aspects of military and security measures of authoritarian regime of Israel and focusing on environmental consequences of actions of this regime. Because, in despite of several research that has been done on measures and policies of Israel regime but in term of environment or environmentally, destructive actions and todays impacts of its security and military measures of this regime on the environment of occupation territories of Palestine and Israel neighborhoods and middle east has not studied in detail. This recent article tries to analyses this issue from deferent aspects in comprehensive. Findings of the research show that settlement-making and military measures of israel on environment of Palestine territories caused destructive consequences such as pollution of water resources of Palestine, destruction of plant and animal life, air pollution and transform of natural environment of Palestine by Israel settlers and as result creation economical insecurity and health problem for people of Palestine and other people of the region. It also causes destruction of cultural heritage of Palestine by road-building and constructions of Israel, pollution of dangerous solid garbages. Israel military and security actions of Israel also cause the pollution and threat of the Middle East environment. Military measures, canal construct, drainage of swamp, transport of heavy military vehicles, application of chemical, biological and conventional weapons against its neighborhoods(Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Somalia, Jordan and other countries of middle east region) caused erosion of soil, remove of plant cover, air pollution and destruction of water and dry ecosystem and climate change of this region. Huge amounts of organic deposits has raised on soil surface and inflammation of this deposits led to development of new zones of deposits and in its subsequence, spread of soil and sand particles in air and spread of them in the regions countries. Also, warmongering of sad am and Americans and drying of swamp by sad am and transform of land surfaces and west hegemony on this region are another important factors of the environmental, social and economical threats in this region. Method of this research is causal- explanation method and method of data collection is use of library –documental resources.

The presence of pedestrians in the sidewalks (pedestrian paths), have positive effect on the body of city, so that sidewalks are considered as one of the civil revitalization of urban centers. So building of sidewalks is one of the traffic restriction policies and is performed to improve the urban environment as a place for life. The aim of present study is pathology of construction of pedestrian paths in 15 Khordad square and Imam Hossein Square from viewpoint of body and economic (activity) components and this study has used including library and measuring method. The statistical society is two types. One of them is the all applications placed in the square body of 15 Khordad square and square body of Imam Hossein square and the other is the trades peoples of these studies districts which its volume is determined based on Kokaran formula respectively are 82 peoples and 140 peoples. The data in two sketches are analyzed based on descriptive indices by excel program. The obtained results have shown that we can not build a sidewalk in every street for better interactions of citizenry and we must more attention to environmental conditions.

Persian turquoise is well known in the world from ancient times. At least from 7000 years ago, turquoise was extracted from Neyshabur mine in NE of Iran. Gradually, the turquoise mining at Neyshabur mine extended and by the use of some instruments suitable for breaking the rocks and making tunnels following the veins continued. In several references, picks and crowbars are mentioned for mining instruments. In 1850’s the gunpowder was used for the first time in the mines and increased the mining speed but in despite, by lessening the size of extracted Turquoises decreased its value, dramatically. Up to the end of Safavid dynasty, the mines were extracted under the supervision of the government and the mines were stable enough to extend the mining activity but by powering the Qajar dynasty, the mines were extracted by local governments as well as individual persons lacking the science of mining resulted in destroying the mines. As a consequence, at the end of the Qajar dynasty, almost all the mines were totally filled by water and rocks and Persian Turquoise lost its position in world markets.

The creative city concept has been derived from this field researchers and theorist consideration to the environmental and spatial dimension of creativity. Various indexes have been provided to measuring cities creativity that in all of them, the conditions and features of society has been considered. In this regard, the aim of this study is making a creative city index appropriate for Iranian culture. This study in term of modality is descriptive-analytical, and in term of purpose is a practical research. For data collection, the library, documentary and survey method in form of the Delphi method is used. In next step, with reviewing 15 international creative city index, a list of indicators extracted, then using Delphi method and screening indicators and measures, the Iranian creative city index has been created. The result of Delphi method in three round was the confirmation of 49 measure by Delphi panel members for making Iranian creative city index that from these 49 measure, the 32 measure was drawn from previous studies and 17 measure was provided by Delphi method members.

Carbon and oxygen composite isotopes in cement and pedogenic carbonates have been used as an important tool in paleoenvironment indices reconstruction including temperature, effective precipitation and atmospheric carbonate gas concentration during carbonate formation and determining vegetation history and geomorphic processes. In view of this, 16 samples including eight samples of paleosols horizon pedogenic carbonate and eight samples of river conglomerate carbonate cements were collected to measure of carbon and oxygen stable isotope composites. The low values of δ18O showed that the air temperature during carbonates formation was 7.9 ˚C which was cooler ca. 5.5 ˚C compared to current air temperature. The δ13C value during formation of pedogenic carbonates and soil profile evolution showed that C4 vegetation is dominated that means the ecosystems with C4 dominate vegetation have growth period in warm season and considerable moisture stress. The correlation between δ18O and δ13C values was higher in pedogenic carbonates demonstrating precipitation water and CO2 in soil (vegetation reparation ratio) are main controlling factor of these values however, in cement carbonates as well as precipitation water and CO2, groundwater, organism and primary carbonates sources could be affected carbon isotope values.

In recent years, the construction of backup bases for crisis management has been placed on the agenda of the Organization of Precautionary Measures and crisis management. One of the important things lies in setting up bases, studying, and finding a proper geographical location for setting up this his kind of application, a place which can be used as a safe place under critical conditions and under normal conditions. It may be used for normal uses too. The present study is of a practical nature which has been conducted by a descriptive-analytical method. This research seeks to find the best method location for the backup bases for crisis management municipal region one in Tehran. In order to achieve this goal, effective criteria and factors for locating aid centers are identified in time of crisis. Then in order to specify the importance and value of each each criterion and effective elements in section making, the AHP model has been used.Then a questionnaire was prepared and distributed among experts. In the second stage, by the use of hirarchicl procedural method and by using expert choice software, the weight of each criterion and element was determined. In the second phase, all layers of information in GIS were turned into a roster and by using the method of index overlay, the layers were mixed and ten best locations were chosen as the best bases for crisis management for region one. Also, results show the depots for crisis management have not been properly chosen and that they are very limited in numbers.

The aim of this study is that using the principles of microeconomics and the transaction costs, attempted to explain the new theoretical framework of social capital into the production function of the economy and the social capital or variable wanted to express public confidence but an integral function of the economy. In this paper Family governance theory and panel data on the effects of social capital on Production -driven generalized trust in the Iran Economy have paid during the period 1375-1386.. In this study, it is examined whether the Trust as spiritual but can enter the production function production function of the economy or not? In this paper, we have tried to introduce public trust and scientific literature and the findings of our review. The index family also tried to investigate the theory of sovereignty as the key representative of social capital (generalized trust) introduce. In this study, the share of value added in the economy and the institutional structure of the economy was examined by institutional sector. The results of econometric techniques in this study showed confirm the hypothesis of a significant positive relationship between the variables of trust and production.

In this research, for synoptic analysis of extreme and widespread precipitations in Caspian western coasts, we interpolated and traced the daily isohyet maps from 1340.1.1 to 1383.11.10 (15992 days) on the 14*14 km pixels by Kriging method and by use of daily precipitation data base of this region. These data provided the data of 48 studied local points for 15992 days to calculate maximum precipitation and area percent under precipitation for every precipitation day. On this basis, we identified the most extreme and the most widespread of region precipitations on the basis of 99th centile base index for studying and analyzing. By applying environment- circulation approach and agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis by “Ward” method on the maps of sea level pressure, we could identify three circulation patterns which were effective and important for creating the extreme and widespread precipitations of Caspian western coasts. In continuation, for analyzing the precipitations in every pattern, the representative day defined on the basis of correlation coefficient with 95% threshold and in these days, sea level pressure maps, atmosphere thickness in 500-1000 hpa levels, functions of frontogenesis and humidity convergence flux traced and analyzed for 500, 600, 700, 850, 925 and 1000 hpa levels. The results of this research indicate the presence of high pressure system in the occurring time of patterns of sea level pressure on the Black sea. The average of received water volume of region is 906.9 million m3 in every three patterns which is a considerable number. The study of atmosphere thickness patterns indicate the relatively deep trough on the Caspian Sea. The analysis of frontogenesis function maps in the Caspian western coasts confirm the existence of front core on the Caspian Sea and around it too. The analysis of humidity convergence flux indicate that Caspian sea is the most important source of providing the humidity of western coasts precipitations of this sea, and Black sea is in the next importance ranking.

One of the issues that most cities of the world are involved is natural disasters.The need to reduce vulnerability of cities against natural disasters such as earthquakes can be considered as one of the main objectives of urban planning and urban designing.Therefore, the present study aims to identify the vulnerable pieces of district 8 of Tabriz against earthquake.In this study, 9 indicators of population density, building density, land usage, microlithicity, access to relief centers, open space, quality of materials, quality of buildings and distance from risk making centers were selected.Then, by the use of ANP method and combining the related criteria in GIS environment, vulnerability of the district 8 of Tabriz was investigated.The results showed that more than 43% of the parts of district 8 of Tabriz have high and very high vulnerability against earthquake that high vulnerability can be seen in old quarters due to the very narrow and dead-end passages, small and breakable parts, old buildings with less durable materials and neglected building privacies.According to the zoning map, about 15.84 percent had average vulnerability and 29.94 percent less vulnerability.Considering the vulnerability of the district, proper planning to organize the mentioned buildings is needed.

Urbanization and human populations tend to urban environments, the substrate with the importance of the concept of urban livability has provided more than before. One of the basic principles of sustainable urban development and urban livability, such as a coin has two sides. It is a living on it, and the second is ecological sustainability. This study aims to evaluate and analyze biological markers in 22 regions of metropolitan Tehran. The research, analytical and survey and our objective is applied. Data collection tools as a library survey and questionnaire made; 385 citizens in metropolitan Tehran to probability sampling evaluated and the information gathered by the analysis of T test samples, analysis of variance and path analysis software SPSS software was used for statistical analysis. The results indicate that among the components of habitability in Tehran, Physical parameters of the statistic t, 0.378 weaker economic indicators calculated by 1.775 is in a better position than other indices. After that indicators of social and environmental statistics with statistics 440/0 481/0 next in rank rather been. After that indices of social with statistics 0.440 and environmental statistics 0.481 Next in rank are lodged. The results also showed a significant difference in viability between regions in Tehran have seen a significant difference. In the meantime, the economic indicator with the greatest amount of discrepancy is F 47.215.

After raising some criticisms about the inefficiency and lack of specialty at the neighborhood’s associations, Tehran management department decided to plan a new pattern for management of the neighborhoods. Therefore, the plan of neighborhood management was proposed. To achieve this goal and based on the directive enacted by Islamic Council of Tehran on people participation at social activities, cultural, artistic and sport complexes will be transferred to neighborhood management association based on the signed contracts on behalf of Tehran Municipality. Tajrish neighborhood within the region 1 of the Tehran municipality and Nemat Abad located in region 19 of the Tehran municipality were neighborhoods, their social spaces were transferred to neighborhood management association and a neighborhood association building was established. The research aims to investigate the effect of transferring management of the neighborhoods to neighborhood management on participation, empowerment and life quality of the inhabitants. The research method is a mixture of descriptive-analytical and field study. The required data were analyzed by using statistical tests of KolmogorovSmirnov and one sample t-test by using the APSS software. The results showed transferring the management of the social spaces to neighborhood management association has increased social participation rate, empowerment and life quality of the citizens residing in both Tajrish and Nemat Abad neighborhoods.

A review on different research about human habitats indicates that geology structure and environmental characteristics have affected city establishment and dwelling selection. With this in mind, the place of establishment (plains, foothills, so an) of a greater part of human habitats generally and urban habitats specifically has encountered such phenomena as quakes, landslides due to its relative proximity with the faults. The occurrence of numerous earthquakes in different places of the country within recent decades and their negative consequences especially on urban centers is a clear proof to this argument. Saqqez city in Kurdistan province due to its location with the proximity of many faults (Saqqez river faults, Valikhan river, Sonata and so an) is one of the places that from one hand the natural sea-bed features of its location has caused the possibility of accessibility to this property. From another perspective the horizontal expansion of the city in direction of abovementioned faults has increased the accessibility. Now this writing tries to investigate the horizontal and physical development of the city in wake of quakes. For this respect, by using Topography – digitally maps and geology at the scale of 1:250000 and by using geographic information systems including Arc GIS and Arc view soft ware's and historical seismographic data , the isoseismic curve maps and expanse measurement of quake risk have been delineated. The results of the research hold that in accordance with seismography map and examining the quake occurrence timing in the region, there is a higher possibility of earthquakes in Saqqez. Most importantly, the city has been developing hastily towards unstable heights and minor faults in western and northern parts. An accordingly editing strategic and essential measure in the course of reducing quake risks by optimum orientation towards horizontal expansion is absolutely crucial.

Today one of the most important issues in urban planning, discussion of balanced and proportionate development in cities having a population of urban services is appropriate. The urban planners to collect and analyze local and spatial data and reflect the results to urban managers are trying in achieving this goal is the distribution of urban facilities and services will lead to a way that will benefit all social groups in society and lead to social and spatial justice in cities. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between population distribution and the distribution of urban services in urban regions, 37 urban regions of Tabriz and evaluation its urban areas and its population; the civil service has been made. In this study, to assess the distribution of population of the relative entropy model and to assess distribution of services have been used TOPSIS model. The method of this study is descriptive-analytical. The results of entropy model indicates that the distribution of population is proportionate in Tabriz; Also, the evaluation results the distribution of urban services in urban regions indicate that regions of zone 9,10 Tabriz which have the lowest utility and region 1 of zone 2 and zone 3 in the TOPSIS model are having the greatest enjoyment of civil service. Also, the evaluation results correlation between population rank and to its impact on the enjoyment of civil service pay, by using of the Spearman model about (0.4991) shows a high correlation between population rank and access to urban services exist.

Overall goal of this research is the role of tourism in rural development, Marivan city. In order to achieve this objective, two methods have been used to document and track. Approach and an exploratory study - an analysis of this issue in the tourist, what role in rural development, Marivan city, plays. The study population (15 villages studied), includes three groups of experts and staff (236 people), rural (8570) and tourists (1200) have been using formula and Morgan, respectively, 146 bachelors 291 out of 368 people, villagers and tourists as the sample size has been determined. How to choose the subjects and finally systematic random sampling is.
In order to analyze the data, exploratory factor analysis, nonparametric Friedman test using SPSS software is used. The results show that the role of tourism in rural development Greatest impact on reducing rural exodus, and restoring social tourism in the local traditions andGreatest impact on the economic dimension of the rising cost of land and housing. Finally, according to achieved results and findings of the research Strategies for developing rural tourism activities is provided in the city of Marivan.

Climate change is one of the most significant issues for researchers and media in recent decades. This phenomenon is slowly expanding whole over the world and affecting all relevant parameters. Hence, the main objective of this study is evaluating the impacts of global warming on minimum temperatures of Iran. To do so, daily minimum temperature of 47 synoptic stations were extracted during the 1961-1990. In order to investigate global warming impact, output of the HADCM3 model for 2015-2045 based on A2 and B2 scenarios was downscaling using SDSM model. Results illustrated that base on the relationship between predictor and predictable variables, created model between these variables are partially capable of producing climate data for future periods. Correlation coefficient (r) between observed and generated data during the 1976-1990 was 0.95. Furthermore, results of variance and correlation tests indicated that there is significant similarity between observed and generated data. Finally, the model demonstrated that minimum temperature in studied statins will be increased during 2015-2045. Temperature will be increased about 0.8 and 0.5 ᵒC based on the A2 and B2 scenarios, respectively. The stations will experience different temperature changes.

The Ideal thing to each national government is its nation enjoyment that is integrated among its members, significant differences linguistic, religious, ethnic and racial there and everyone belongs to a comprehensive national identity remember. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the geographical distribution Ethnicity of Iran and its role in the future development of the country that the descriptive - analytical and field studies in this area have been used. First the index of mining and adherence to their national unity and solidarity among nations of Iran border have been investigated which the index is used in the field of seven. The findings obtained from MADM methods and analytical models SAR shows that among people living in border Lor by a factor of 0.67, the highest level of commitment and people Kurdish and Baluchi coefficient of 1.240.6 and 1.25, respectively, with the lowest level of compliance in cross-border inter-ethnic unity and integrity are indicators. Some centrifugal forces on the border of Baluchistan and Kurdistan are existed that somehow and in some cases have been proposed as potential hotbeds of crisis. Kurds and the Baluch of Pakistan in Iraq can be considered as hotbeds of tension and crisis which caused the formation of future developments in the aforementioned boundaries.

In terms of oxygen production, reduction of pollution and environment diversity forest is one of the most important among other resources and is considered as an important resource for the survival of the human and is a safe environment for wildlife. Climate and its parameters have a fundamental role in the formation and life of forest. There are various types of forest. Oak western forest is the second largest areas of forest in Iran. In recent years, this forest has been suffering from dieback phenomenon. The main aim of this study is to monitor forest dieback in Ilam Province. For this purpose, synoptic station data and remote sensing data were used for the study of climate and the process of dieback, respectively. It was tried to be used a period of long-term data and good distribution of stations. The results showed that the forest dieback phenomenon in Ilam Province mostly is due to the reduction trend of precipitation. The most severe droughts condition was occurred in 2008 and 2005. As a result of these changes, the growth of forest trees over the same priod has been greatly altered. Time trend analysis of trees greenness showed that in 2008 and afterward the amount of trees greenness significantly was reduced. This situation represents a direct relation between climate parameters temperature with the greenness of trees in the region.

This essay would explore the media dimension of operations of takfiriterrorist IS group. To do so we will study the discourse making process of IS throughout virtual space and Virtual Networks. This article argues that establishing a discoursive system and articulating ideational concepts that construct the positions of Self and Other and give them a hegemonic status is possible via virtual networks and with enjoying of media ploys. In this regard the main question of this essay is about the evaluation of the level of efficacy of these media arenas for IS and assesing the opportunities or by contrast the threats offered by them for IS’s activism. Our hypothesis is that virtual space is useful for IS and this group thanks to a professional approach to social networks and knowing the function of media, can establish a media terrorism by psychological operation and therefore complete its geopolitics actions.

Iran's rapid urbanization and urban growth limits, leading to the formation of urban poor communities that adequate preparedness and resilience to crisis and disaster risk are not.High population density, compactness and physical exhaustion, the possibility of damages in these areas has increased. Due to the earthquake-prone region of Khuzestan, The aim of this study was to prioritize the improvement of Sabbaghan residential neighborhood of Bandar Imam Khomeini, against possible earthquakes.To achieve this goal with Fuzzy AHP and GIS models to the design of earthquake scenarios were discussed at different intensities. It is an applied research and analytic. Documents and field data type is used. The results show that the design of the possible scenario earthquake intensity of 6 Mercalli, residential units located in the foothills of the vulnerability of very low, low, medium, high and ranked 1 to 5 were completely destroyed and, respectively, 103, 48, 276, 497 and 752 units are residential. In Scenario Earthquake 7 Mercalli, ranked 1 to 5, respectively, 9, 67, 182, 362 and 1056 which implies upside of the housing units in the settlements vulnerable to destruction is complete. In this study, prioritize rehabilitation of housing units based on the vulnerability of housing units have been The vulnerability is more residential units are given a higher priority to sanitation and vice versa.

Shiraz Historical texture, in spite of its brilliant history, faced with complex and various problems of social, cultural, economic and physical dimension and today have lost its attraction. Despite the applying of different approaches and strategies to regenerate the area, these strategies have not been effective to get out of the area from these dilemmas. Culture- led regeneration is a new approach, which despite the cultural capacity and rich historical heritage in the city, still not considered. This approach could be helpful with regard to the capital and cultural resources. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of culture in theoretical literature of urban regeneration and introduce Conditions and fields of implementation of culture- led regeneration in the case study area. The method of research is descriptive-analytic and data were analyzed using qualitative and Content analysis and also SWOT-ANP method. The results show that to have a successful culture-led regeneration, the city should transit from the limitations and using opportunities in terms of four key factors; “Cultural Policy and Planning Incentives”, “Participatory Management”, “ development of urban public spaces” and “Organizing cultural events”. According to Assessing priorities of strategies, WT strategies will be the priority of culture- led regeneration in cultural and historical area of Shiraz .

By studying how land use in each country, we can conclude with certainty that what will be its future. Population growth and rapid urbanization after World War II in most developing countries, especially developing countries, causing numerous problems for humans, including land use changes naturally. User evaluation is analyzed according to several methods and best practices combined approach the use of remote sensing, geographic information system is compared with previous studies of large-scale field than conventional methods can be economical in terms of time and cost and also be more efficient. In this study, the analysis of land use changes in Sari city study was done. Using GIS and remote sensing use changes was investigated in a decade. Using GIS and remote sensing use changes in a decade were studied and land use map was prepared for the years 1380 and 1390. The results showed that the users associated with reduced agricultural activities and In contrast, user of natural forests has been associated with loss. Human activities such as indiscriminate construction in the privacy of natural resources, logging and road construction causing an increase in residential applications as well as the formation of bare land, however limited. The accuracy of the maps of the period with an average of 90% and kappa coefficient was measured at 88%.

Regional politics and regionalism new strategy in the aftermath of the Cold War and the collapse of the bipolar world counts. Islamic Republic of Iran, as a sovereign state, sovereign and independent of the powers in the world after the Islamic Revolution seeks to achieve a leading position in the Middle East and the Persian Gulf. The purpose of this paper is to review comments and introduce new regionalism and challenges of regionalism in Iran's strategic policies in the Middle East and the Persian Gulf. The method is described in this article and using library resources. The findings show that there are two general attitudes about regionalism look at the possibility of promoting a strategy of regionalism IR Iran's political structure and ideological reasons and impossible relations with America knows. On this second view believes despite the obstacles to regional cooperation and appropriate way practical to achieve this desirable Drrshhay economic, political and security there and regionalism in Iran's foreign policy is possible.

This study aims to identify and prioritize aspects and elements that explain the impacts of ICT development in rural areas. For this purpose¡ in this study a mixed approach was used. The approach combines qualitative (content analysis) and quantitative (Fuzzy MCDM) research methods. To do that¡ expert's opinions were collected by interview and analyzed qualitatively (using thematic analysis). The result of this step¡ was a list about areas of ICT application for economic¡ social and cultural development in rural communities. The final output of ths stage was presented in form of two models; "content map" and "content template" that are schematic view of identified components and their relationships. Then¡ the identified components¡ were prioritized according experts viewpoints and the relative importance of each¡ was determined in comparison with other elements. The analysis method used for this step was multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) based on fuzzy concept. The study caried out withine the territory of the city of Semnan (Semnan city surrounding villages) and respondant are limited to executives and research experts in relation with rural community of the city as well as relevant experts in the city. Baseed on the results¡ caltural elements are the most important aspect of the rural development followed by the ICT applicatin in rural comunities.