فصلنامه جغرافیا
پیاپی 57 (تابستان 1397)

Climate change has become one of the issues affecting the development process around the world. This paper aims to investigate the impact of climate change on food security in the villages of the Migan village of Nehbandan district of South Khorasan. In order to achieve this goal, target groups (100 households were randomly selected) were identified to measure the impact of climate change on food security and were indexed to identify the various domains of food security. These indicators include indicators of access to rural food insecurity and food insecurity ranges of rural households. Finally, rural households were classified in terms of food security in four groups: mild food security, moderate food security, food insecurity. Changes in key food security and household livelihoods as a result of climatic changes in the region have been clarified with regard to field observations and key interviews with rural people. The main finding is that societies that have never experienced extreme temperatures, drought and dust have not experienced it, they are currently in abundance. The research findings revealed that all households in the statistical community have food insecurity, but their levels of food security are different. 91% of respondents have a moderate to moderate food security and 9% of respondents have severe food insecurity. Households vulnerable to climate change recorded a high level of food insecurity. Households prefer to adopt a variety of strategies in response to climate change that helps improve household food security. Non-agricultural incomes play an important role in reducing food insecurity in households.

With the rapid growth of urbanization in different countries of the world, in addition to increasing the number of cities and their population size, their area and extent have also been expanding rapidly. So that the rapid physical development of cities has even surpassed the population growth rate And the growth of unplanned and rampant phenomenon in Urbanism called "horizontal dispersion city 'or urban spiral created. This urban phenomenon was first created in rich and developed countries. But over the next few decades, seen today in most countries . Meanwhile, a look at the state of Iranian urbanization in the last half century Since the early 40's, the state of urbanization has evolved. Although this change was not at a standstill, its major development was increasing urbanization, urban population growth, increasing the number of cities, and expanding and expanding the physical spatial dynamics. In our country, urban landscapes have also had the capacity to use traditional ones, as urban growth patterns are organic and determinant of urban growth, endogenous and local factors. However, since the basis for the development of cities was an exogenous nature and oil revenues were injected into the urban economy, The intensification of investment in urban land has led to a disruption of the urban land market, and in particular the untapped use of a large part of the cities and the negative impact of the horizontal expansion of cities. Despite the rapid growth of population in recent decades, the city of Ardebil has been developing rapidly. The present paper aims to evaluate the changes in user behavior in the urban area of Ardabil.

In the last few decades, the traditional pattern of comprehensive plans has been criticized by a purely rational planning approach. The critique and evaluation of this method of study, first in the countries that invented the master plan and gradually transferred to other countries that prepared the project. The purpose of this paper is to identify the principles of the foresight approach in the field of planning and its application in the process of developing urban development plans in order to respond quickly to the risk of planning and complexity of urban systems. Regarding the nature of this research, in which complexities consider uncertainties and changes in the environment and do not follow predetermined fixed rules, the dominant paradigm of commentary and the method of research is qualitative research. The data collection techniques were studied through observation, semi-structured interviews and open questionnaires, and data analysis was done using Delphi technique. Finding the ideas of the elite and experts in the field of planning and prospective studies and research literature, the eleven principles of the foresight approach in the field of urban planning and, finally, the overall process of urban planning based on the prospecting approach with respect to similar records and processes Futurism was expressed in the world and in Iran. Finally, the proposed process was introduced with seven stages of understanding, collecting information, analyzing information, screening and interpreting information, forecasting, outputs (evaluation and decision making), implementation and implementation. This process can complement strategic planning and adapt to current developments in environments that are highly dynamic planning.

The purpose of the present study is Analysis of the Realization of the principles and standards in urban old texture in the 10th district of Tehran. The research method is descriptive-analytical and field studies, questionnaire technique and documentary studies have been used and then analyzing the inferential findings from the questionnaire has been discussed. The inferential findings of the research were analyzed using SPSS software and appropriate tests in the field of research.Studies carried out in line with the feasibility of each of the Principles of New urbanism in the Old Town of Tehran's 10th district indicate that in the neighborhoods of the area, there are some indicators of New urbanism, but these characteristics are not fully existent, but accompanied by shortages And with solutions such as increasing the quality of pedestrians in terms of width and quality of cover and obstacles to pedestrians, increasing the quality of public transportation to answer accessibility issues, acting to promote the culture of citizens, such as the lack of car park on the pedestrian The presence or absence of a motorcycle from the pedestrians and ..., search for a suitable solution for upgrading The management of the city and the establishment of order and commitment to the implementation of laws and regulations and non-violation of it due to financial affairs, etc. It can be compensated for some of these deficiencies, and also in the ranking of the ten principles of New urbanism, the principle of increasing the density in the region Has the highest rating.

Identification and exploitation of appropriate and effective mechanisms of knowledge management is one of the most serious concerns of organizations in the present era and in this regard, the project-based organizations need systematic management of knowledge more than other organizations, because of tentativeness of their project and the ongoing challenge of limited time and resources. So, these organizations attempt to define and implement the project, in order to achieve strategic objectives. Research results from the review of 204 guide plans' implementation projects in the fifth development plan which was shown by using the standard technique of knowledge project management body, project integration management and project risk management were respectively the most and the least important areas with the highest and lowest mean of areas in the guide plans' implementation. On the other hand, the relative deviation of different areas was calculated and thereby, cost management with the least relative deviation and risk management with the greatest relative deviation are in the best and the worst situation, correspondingly, and more efforts should be done to get better the risk management in the future plans . Finally, the correlation between different areas were measured to be able to predict the positive or negative consequences for getting better or worse in each field. The result showed a high correlation of human resource management and procurement management and also, there are direct correlation among integration and scope management, time and risk management, cost and communications management, quality and risk management, and risk and communications management.

The present study is descriptive and analytical survey and the area is extensive. Sample size of 349 was calculated by using Cochran's sample size. In analyzing the data, descriptive and inferential statistics spss software and T-Test and Anova tests and criteria for determining the modeling software ecotourism entrepreneur Amos was used. T-test results confirmed the effect of each of the studied factors, and the results of the ANOVA test indicate that each dimension has a different mean in terms of effectiveness. Findings of the second order factor model structural equation modeling show that the operating infrastructure with 0/94 accounted for highest load factor more than any other influenced factors. After operating infrastructure and social service agents, with an 0/86 joint second place with a time factor into account. Environmental factors, institutional and economic factor loadings, respectively, 0/84, 0/71 and 0/69 are next in rank. It can be said that the development of infrastructure factors than other factors affecting the development of entrepreneurial opportunities will be ecotourism.

Today, the situation of urbanization and informal settlement in the world and its theories and experiences contain clear and useful points. While statistics indicate a growing urban population, especially in developing countries, poverty is seen as one of the most important aspects of population concentration in the cities of these countries. The main objective of the present study is to identify, in the first place, the indicators of empowerment of informal settlements with an emphasis on the concept of an assetbased approach as a new approach in contrast to the need-based approach and, secondly, to measure extractive indicators in order to understand the impact of each One of the satisfaction of inhabitants of these settlements is the living conditions and the role of each indicator in improving their living conditions. The study area of the study is the Interobhab district of Islamshahr, which in the year 2017 was about 24 thousand people. At the end of 2007 and beginning of 2008, about 45 thousand people lived in Mid Abad. The method used in the research is based on documentary, surveying and analytical combination. The results of the research indicate that the correlation in the residential building subsystem related to the capital capital index is higher than the rest, and then sub-index of monthly income The financial need index corresponds to the highest level of solidarity with the residents' satisfaction with informal settlements. After these two sub-indicators, we can say that the highest scores refer to sub-indicators of social capital index such as: accountability, trust, participation, institutional capacity.

The Syria crisis when it ended after seven years (from 2011 to 2018), While which has a lot of human casualties as more than half the population of 23 million (about 13.5 million (, in this country has. The UN United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees the Syrian crisis as the worst global crisis over the past 25 years. In terms of structure, the present study briefly examines the role of host countries in the conflict and the war in Syria. These countries are, respectively, the five countries of the region, Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq and Egypt, and internationally, to some extent, the countries of the European Union. Then, in the next step, to the situation of the refugees of the named countries is discussed and And as a result The Implications of This Immigration Mandatory on Will be paid to host countries and Finally, the consequences of this forced migration are analyzed in a variety of political, economic, cultural, security and social characteristics. Generally, the Syrian geopolitical crisis, in addition to its longterm effects on Syria's nationality, in Internal dimensions, in midterm And at least in short term It will also affect the host countries; This situation is far more acute for the Syrian neighbors.

Today, urban old Texture have caused many anomalies to the inhabitants of this texture and even to other parts of the city. One of the most important problems and abnormalities is the social security issue of this Texture. Which has become one of the most important issues facing urban management. The main objective of this research is to identify the issues and social damage existing in the context of the worn-out urban areas of Gachsaran city (Douganbadan) in terms of security. This is an applied research, using descriptive-analytic method.The method of collecting information is also inductive-scorecard and deductive. The statistical population of this research is 384 people was obtained according to the Bridgesh and Morgan tables, which increased to 400 for more reliability. They were selected by random sampling method. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. The results of the study indicate that the Security damage to the earthenware in the old Texture with an average of 8.47 is higher than the average. The Q-test at a significant level of 95% confirms the poor condition of the security damage in the old Texture sites. Also, Pearson statistical analysis, one-sample t-test and multivariate regression analysis indicate a correlation between old Texture and social security, Inappropriate status of social security aspect of the old Texture from the viewpoint of citizens and in the multivariate analysis, the coefficient of explanation for all factors was significant at the level of 0.99.

Soil moisture is a vital parameter in various land surface processes, and microwave remote sensing is widely used to estimate soil moisture. Hence Soil moisture retrieved from satellite microwave remote sensing normally has spatial resolution on the order of tens of kilometers, which are too coarse for many hydrological applications such as agriculture monitoring and drought prediction. Various downscaling methods have been proposed to enhance the spatial resolution of satellite soil moisture products. The aim of this study is to propose a statistical assimilative method to downscale European Space Agency's Water Cycle Multi-mission Observation Strategy and Climate Change Initiative (ESA CCI) Microwave (MW) remote sensing soil moisture products. For this purpose, firstly we used the NOAA images and NDVI, LST and albedo indices in regression process to International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN) in-situ SM. Then we downscaled the ESA products by making proportion between results and ESA products. Because of some limitations, we operated on three study area, Kyeamba Creek catchment area in Australia and two areas in Parsabad in Iran. Validation results of each area were evaluated using ground data and results showed average R2 in 0.77, for Australia, and 0.59 and 0.34 for two case study in Iran. According to the results, it can be said that the proposed method, in addition to scalability and simplicity, has a higher productivity in uniform and unmixed areas such as Kyeamba Creek catchment, than agricultural land such as Parsabad.

Since the 1950s, attention has been paid to rural tourism, and the 1960s marked its economic aspect with respect to local communities and since the 1990s, new horizons have been created in the development of tourism and have been used as a tool for the development of rural communities. So, today the most important tool for sustainable rural development is the use of tourism capacities, especially natural and cultural. Tourism development in villages, increase of job opportunities, creation of additional income and decentralization in rural areas leads to a lot of environmental and cultural benefits . The purpose of this study was to investigate the economic and social impacts of tourism development in the cities of Talesh province. In this research, villages of over 200 households and sample villages of the province have been surveyed. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The research data were obtained through library and information documents through a questionnaire and statistical documentation and field surveys. Due to the lack of reliable statistics about the number of tourists entering the area, 383 questionnaires were used using The Cochran formula was obtained during the springtime and spring seasonal periods.. The result of the research shows that in the above-mentioned sections, there is a meaningful relationship between the arrival of tourists and the creation of employment and income of rural communities. Due to the existence of unique natural attractions such as Gisum beaches, Alalan Khalifabad, taki tazeh abad,ghorough, Hawigh , Chubar and the beautiful road of Asalem to Khalkhal, , talesh to Marian, Lisar to Sutaban, and talesh to Sharsul, Investment and the creation of tourism infrastructure will have a major impact on the region's further development and sustainable employment.

It seems that in the recent decades, a new relationship has been taking shape between urban highways and neighborhoods around them. Despite the increase in automobile production and heavy traffic rates in metropolises, we have faced the removal of some elevated expressways for the purpose of creating surface-grade roads and urban spaces. This indicates the negative impacts of such highways on their adjacent neighborhoods, and even on the city itself as a whole. In fact, we can say that the negative impacts of highways were so large and remarkable that urban officials were forced to remove them in cities such as San Francisco, Boston, Trenton, Seoul, etc. In this paper, we have tried to review the experiences of different cities around the world in removing highways. So, we have applied a descriptive-analytic method and use T test in SPSS. To this end, we comparatively studied the experiences of different cities in removing highways in order to find the reason behind these removals and also to carefully determine the effects of constructing highways before and after their destruction. In cases studied, removing highways and replacing them with urban boulevards or public spaces have revitalized the neighborhoods around these highways and had positive social, economic, environmental and even traffic effects on the adjacent neighborhoods and even the city, itself. This result is justified and proven by the cases studied in this paper.

After the fall of the Sasanians until the Safavids rose, due to the chaos and turmoil caused by the continued presence of Arab, Turk and Mongol governments and local governments, the unity and territorial unity of Iran was not renewed. With the advent of the Safavid government, Iran became a unified and unified realm, but with the collapse of the Safavid government, once again its unity and territorial integrity collapsed until Qajar came to power and strived to secure Iran's unity and territorial integrity. Resuscitate the issue of this research is how could the Agha Mohammad khan succeed in restoring the territorial integrity of Iran through the transformation of the political geography of Iran? The research hypothesis is that he has succeeded in restoring territorial integrity through actions such as the transfer of the capital from the southern regions to the northern regions, and the change of the security policy from the southern and Persian Gulf to the northeast (Marv and Herat) and northwest (Caucasus) Iran became the land of Iran. Method of research in this paper, the method is historical (inductive) and the method of writing and compiling it is descriptive-analytical. Extraction of information and data has been done in the form of library and documentation. The findings of this research show that Agha Mohammad Khan with the Qajar divide, the revival of the government, the transfer of the center of government from Shiraz to Tehran, the suppression of domestic revolts, the weakening of nomads, the initiation of diplomatic activities with European countries, and special attention to the borders North-East and North-West, sought to create unity and revitalize the territorial integrity of Iran. Key words: Agha Mohammad khan, developments, political geography, territorial integrity, Iran.