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جغرافیا و توسعه ناحیه ای - سال پانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 29، پاییز و زمستان 1396)

نشریه جغرافیا و توسعه ناحیه ای
سال پانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 29، پاییز و زمستان 1396)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1396/11/11
  • تعداد عناوین: 12
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  • علمی - پژوهشی
  • محمد رحیم رهنما *، فروزان طاهری صفحات 1-20
    هدف از پژوهش حاضر، ارزیابی ظرفیت تحمل زیست محیطی شهر شاندیز است. این شهر با جمعیت حدود 1 3 2 9 7 هزار نفر و تنوع اکوسیستم های مناسب و مساعد برای زیست انسانی و تنوع جاذبه های طبیعی، چشم اندازها و مناظر با ارزش زیست محیطی، از مهم ترین نقاط گردشگری نزدیک کلان شهر مشهد است.
    روش تحقیق، توصیفی? تحلیلی است. عوامل تعیین کننده ظرفیت تحمل اکوسیستم شهر شاندیز عبارت اند از: فضای سبز، منابع و ذخایر آب وفاضلاب، دفن و بازیافت زباله، مصرف و بهره وری انرژی (شبکه گاز) ، منابع و ذخایر انرژی الکتریسیته. در نرم افزار جی. آی. اس. میزان مصرف عوامل ذکرشده با توجه به سرانه جمعیت، اختلاف مصرف نسبت به استاندارد و اثرهای ناشی از مصرف بی رویه و تاثیرگذاری بر اکوسیستم طبیعی در شهر شاندیز، مدنظر قرار گرفته است.
    یافته های پژوهش نشان می دهد که میزان مصرف آب نسبت به استاندارد 0 8 /3 برابر، گاز 8 3 /2 برابر، برق 4 5 /4 5 %، میزان تولید زباله 5 /1 برابر و وسعت فضای سبز 1 2 /3 2 برابر است. تخصیص خدمات در شهر شاندیز که منطبق بر ظرفیت تحمل اکوسیستم بستر باشد، انجام نشده است.
    کلیدواژگان: ظرفیت تحمل، آلودگی زیست محیطی، فشار جمعیت، استاندارد، شهر شاندیز
  • احمد رومیانی*، حمید شایان، اکبر دهبانژاد، حامد روشنایی صفحات 21-44
    هدف از این تحقیق، بررسی نقش سرمایه گذاری خانوادگی با منشا شهری و تاثیرات آن در پایداری روستاهای محدوده موردمطالعه است. پژوهش حاضر براساس پاسخ گویی به این سوال های کلیدی شکل گرفته است: 1 - آیا سرمایه گذاری خانوادگی، در محدوده موردمطالعه موجب توسعه روستاها شده است؟ 2 - سرمایه گذاری های خانوادگی چه اثرهایی در اقتصاد جوامع محلی داشته است؟
    نوع تحقیق کاربردی است و روش مورداستفاده توصیفی- تحلیلی و همچنین، روش گردآوری داده ها، پیمایشی است. برای تجزیه وتحلیل داده ها از روش توصیفی (-میانگین، انحراف معیار و واریانس) و استنباطی (آزمون های فریدمن، ویلکاکسون و کروسکال والیس، تی دو نمونه ای مستقل) بهره گرفته شده است. جامعه آماری تحقیق در سطح دهستان صائین قلعه 5 7 0 2 نفر برآورد شده است که با استفاده از فرمول اصلاح شده کوکران، تعداد 1 4 9 نمونه به صورت تصادفی ازبین جمعیت روستایی محدوده موردمطالعه انتخاب شده اند.
    یافته های تحقیق نشان می دهد که میانگین معیارهای به کارگرفته شده بالاتر از حد متوسط ارزیابی شده است؛ بنابراین، سرمایه گذاری توانسته است زمینه را برای بهبود اشتغال زایی، درآمد زایی، مشارکت و همکاری و کاهش مهاجرت فراهم کند و توسعه پایدار را در محدوده موردمطالعه به همراه داشته باشد. این یافته نشان می دهد که روستا با تحولات گسترده ای در زیرساخت و پروژه های عمرانی روبه رو بوده اند.
    کلیدواژگان: سرمایه گذاری خانوادگی، منشا شهری، توسعه پایدار روستایی، دهستان صائین قلعه
  • محمد میره ای، مهدی پیله ور * صفحات 45-70
    هدف این پژوهش ارزیابی و بررسی نابرابری ناحیه ای سلامت، ازنظر سطح توسعه بهداشتی درمانی در شهرستان های استان خراسان رضوی است.
    این مقاله به لحاظ هدف، از نوع تحقیقات توسعه ای و دارای ماهیت توصیفی تحلیلی است. جمع آوری اطلاعات به صورت اسنادی- کتابخانه ای و منبع اصلی اطلاعات، سالنامه آماری استان خراسان رضوی (1 3 9 2) بوده است.
    برای سنجش و تعیین نابرابری ها، از تکنیک ویکور و 2 0 شاخص استفاده شده است. برمبنای محاسبات انجام شده، توسعه یافتگی شهرستان ها طبق شاخص های بهداشتی درمانی در چهار سطح محروم، درحال توسعه، توسعه متوسط و توسعه یافته رتبه بندی شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: بهداشت و درمان، استان خراسان رضوی، مدل ویکور، نابرابری فضایی
  • فرامرز بریمانی، حمید جلالیان، وحید ریاحی، مرتضی مهرعلی تبار فیروزجایی* صفحات 71-94
    پژوهش حاضر با هدف تحلیل جایگاه سازمان های محلی اجتماع محور بر سرمایه اجتماعی، تاثیر انجمن های اعتبار و پس انداز را بر مولفه های سرمایه اجتماعی در ناحیه روستایی بخش بندپی شرقی شهرستان بابل بررسی کرده است.
    پژوهش ازنظر هدف، کاربردی و ازحیث گردآوری داده ها، توصیفی ? پیمایشی و ازلحاظ نوع داده، کمی است. اعضای انجمن ها جامعه آماری پژوهش هستند که مطابق با فرمول کوکران، 2 1 5 نفر به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند و داده ها ازطریق پرسش نامه گردآوری شده است. داده ها با استفاده از تحلیل عاملی تاییدی مرتبه اول و دوم و آزمون آماری فریدمن در چهارچوب نرم افزارهای بسته آماری برای داده های اجتماعی و مدل-سازی معادلات ساختاری تجزیه وتحلیل شده است.
    بیشترین تاثیر انجمن ها بر سرمایه اجتماعی مربوط به بعد حمایت می شود که نمره میانگین آن برابر با 3 8 /4 است. پس از آن، ابعاد آگاهی، مشارکت، انسجام و اعتماد به ترتیب با نمرات میانگین 2 /4 ، 1 /4 ، 9 1 /3 ، 8 3 /3 به ترتیب در رتبه های دوم تا پنجم قرار گرفته اند. همچنین، یافته ها نشان می دهد که الگوی نظری تاییدشده قابلیت تبیین 6 9 درصد از تغییرات متغیر مشارکت، 7 0 درصد از تغییرات متغیر انسجام، 5 9 درصد از متغیر آگاهی، 6 8 درصد از متغیر حمایت و 8 0 درصد از تغییرات متغیر اعتماد را دارا است.
    کلیدواژگان: سازمان اجتماع محور، انجمن اعتبار و پس انداز، سرمایه اجتماعی، بندپی شرقی، شهرستان بابل
  • محسن جان پرور * صفحات 95-118
    از آنجا که ایران دارای مرزهای طولانی و همسایگان متعدد است، کنترل مرزها در آن در امنیت ملی از جایگاه برجسته ای برخودار است. البته، این تعدد همسایگان، علاوه بر کاهش کارآمدی کنترل مرزها، هزینه های جانی و مالی گسترده ای را به کشور تحمیل می کند.
    پژوهش حاضر با هدف افزایش کارآمدی و کاهش هزینه های جانی و مالی کنترل مرزها، راهبرد سامان دهی ساکنان مرزی برای کنترل مرزهای کشور را پیشنهاد داده است و تحقیق با استفاده از روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و مبتنی بر داده های نظری و میدانی انجام شده است.
    نتایج نشان دهنده آن است که 6 0 عامل موثر بر سامان دهی ساکنان مرزی در مرزهای ایران و ترکمنستان در محدوده استان خراسان شمالی برای کنترل مرزها هستند که می توان آن ها را درقالب شش بخش سرزمینی، جمعیتی، اجتماعی- فرهنگی، اقتصادی، سیاسی و نظامی- امنیتی تنظیم کرد. این عوامل موردارزیابی صاحب نظران و مسئولان مرتبط، با پرسش نامه و با استفاده از آزمون تی تایید شده است. این عوامل دارای سه وجه مثبت، منفی و هر دو متناسب با زمان هستند که در بازه زمانی انجام ازطریق صاحب نظران و مسئولان مرتبط، این عوامل متناسب با این وجوه تنظیم شده اند.
    کلیدواژگان: ساکنان مرزي، کنترل مرز، مرزهاي جمهوري اسلامي ايران، خراسان شمالي
  • علی شماعی *، امیر کرم، نازیلا یعقوب نژاد اصل، شهرام لطفی مقدم صفحات 119-148
    در این پژوهش، به تحلیل فضایی پهنه های مستعد وقوع زمین لغزش در دامنه های شمال غرب کلان شهر تهران با هدف برنامه ریزی های مناسب توسعه کالبدی ? فضایی شهر و کاهش مخاطرات محیطی و پایداری فضاهای شهری پرداخته شده است.
    متغیرها و شاخص های موردمطالعه عبارت اند از: شیب، فاصله از گسل ، سازندهای زمین شناسی، کاربری زمین، فاصله از رودخانه ها، میزان بارش، ارتفاع، جهت دامنه ها و فاصله از راه های ارتباطی است. روش پژوهش توصیفی، تحلیلی با بهره گیری از مدل فازی در جی آی اس است.
    یافته های پژوهش نشان می دهد که پهنه های خطر زمین لغزش در مناطق شمال غرب تهران، حدود 4 7 /1 4 درصد از مساحت محدوده موردمطالعه با درجه زیاد و بسیار زیاد و حدود 3 8 /1 2 درصد از مساحت محدوده موردمطالعه در پهنه با خطر متوسط است. بقیه این منطقه که شامل حدود 1 6 /7 3 درصد می شود، پهنه با خطر کم و بسیار کم است.
    کلیدواژگان: تحلیل فضایی، پهنه های آسیب پذیر، زمین لغزش، پایداری، کلان شهر تهران
  • محمدحسن یزدانی *، اصغر پاشازاده صفحات 149-172
    هدف این پژوهش، سنجش میزان تاب آوری شهرهای ایرانی- اسلامی با بررسی موردی شهر تبریز و رتبه بندی مناطق شهری تبریز دربرابر مخاطرات محیطی با توجه به ابعاد تاب آوری شهرهای اسلامی است.
    روش پژوهش، توصیفی- تحلیلی و مبتنیبر منابع اسنادی و پرسش نامه ای است. کارشناسان و خبرگان شاغل در شهرداری های ده گانه شهر تبریز جامعه آماری تحقیق را تشکیل می دهند. به روش نمونه گیری ساده و هدفمند، 7 4 پرسش نامه تکمیل شد و با استفاده از نرم افزارهای اکسل، اس. پی. اس. اس (آزمون همبستگی پیرسون) ، اکسپرت چویس (روش تحلیل سلسله مراتبی) و با بهره گیری از مدل تصمیم گیری چندمعیاره ویکور، وضعیت تاب آوری شهر ایرانی- اسلامی تبریز و مناطق شهری آن مشخص شدند.
    با توجه به یافته های پژوهش، میزان تاب آوری شهر تبریز 4 3 /4 به دست آمده است که پایین تر از حد متوسط است. یافته های پژوهش در مدل ویکور نشان می دهند که منطقه شهرداری یک با امتیاز 0 0 0 /0 بالاترین مقدار تاب آوری معیار های شهرهای ایرانی- اسلامی را در بین مناطق شهرداری شهر تبریز دارد. همچنین، ضریب همبستگی پیرسون نشان داد که ارتباط معکوسی بین بعد معنوی با سایر ابعاد تاب آوری (اجتماعی، نهادی و کالبدی) وجود دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: تاب آوری شهری، مناطق شهری، شهرهای اسلامی، شهر تبریز، مدل ویکور
  • مسیح مرادی زاده، کورش شیرانی *، عباس علی پور، دانیال دبیری، سید مصطفی هاشمی صفحات 173-196
    در مفهومی گسترده، آمایش زمینه را برای کاربری اراضی و توسعه درخلال مجموعه ای از کنترل های قانونی مهیا می کند. ژئومورفولوژی بر مکان گزینی، مورفولوژی و ساخت وسازهای مسکونی و جهات توسعه فیزیکی سکونتگاه ها، اثر می گذارد؛ بنابراین، هدف از این پژوهش، شناخت قابلیت ها و محدودیت های ژئومورفولوژیک منطقه برای ایجاد و توسعه سکونتگاه های انسانی در شمال شرق یزد است.
    در این پژوهش، برای شناسایی مناطق مستعد توسعه و ایجاد سکونتگاه ها براساس واحدهای ژئومورفولوژیک، از پارامتر های شیب، جهت شیب، ارتفاع، زمین‏شناسی، خاک، کاربری اراضی، فاصله از گسل، فاصله از رودخانه، فاصله از جاده، فاصله از سکونتگاه و ژئومورفولوژی به عنوان عوامل موثر در آمایش استفاده شد. درنهایت، پس از استانداردسازی، تلفیق و پهنه بندی براساس مدل فازی و آمایش ژئومورفولوژیک، نقشه پهنه بندی آمایشی برای توسعه سکونتگاه ها به دست آمد.
    نتایج نشان داد که حدود 7 4 درصد از مساحت منطقه موردمطالعه در طبقات بسیار نامناسب و نامناسب، حدود 8 5 /8 درصد دارای شرایط متوسط و حدود 1 7 درصد در طبقات بسیار مناسب و مناسب قرارگرفته اند. بخش عمده ای از ناحیه توسط دشت های نسبتا صاف و هموار با واحداهای ژئومورفولوژیک بیابانی و اقلیم فراخشک فراگرفته شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: آمایش، توسعه مسکونی، ژئومورفولوژی، منطق فازی
  • علی بهزادیان مهر*، بهلول علیجانی، محمدرحیم رهنما صفحات 197-216
    هدف از انجام این پژوهش، تعیین بهترین جهت آرایش فضایی ساختمان ها و خیابان ها با توجه به انرژی دریافتی و ایجاد شرایط آسایش، به عنوان اصلی برای تصمیم گیری در فرایند توسعه پایدار شهری است.
    پس از تعیین وضعیت آسایش اقلیمی توسط شاخص های حرارتی PET و PM، و بعد از تفکیک سال به دوره های سرد و گرم، برای تعیین میزان انرژی دریافتی جهت های مختلف ساختمان ها از انرژی دریافتی، از روش روابط کسینوسی استفاده شد.
    شهر مشهد، در بیش از 5 5 درصد از موارد ایام سال در محدوده تنش سرد قرار می گیرد. ماه سپتامبر حداکثر انرژی معادل 1 3 3 2 0 BTU را درطول سال دریافت می کند. جهت جنوب شرقی بهترین جهت برای نمای اصلی ساختمان ها و جهت شمال شرقی- جنوب غربی بهترین گزینه برای کشیدگی خیابان ها و معابر است.
    کلیدواژگان: طراحی اقلیمی، تابش، شهر مشهد، جهت گیری ساختمان ها، کشیدگی خیابان ها
  • محمد علی فیروزی*، مصطفی محمدی ده چشمه، صادق مختاری چلچه صفحات 217-240
    هدف اصلی این پژوهش، سنجش درجه توسعه یافتگی شهرستان های استان خوزستان براساس برخی شاخص های توسعه با هدف دستیابی به میزان نابرابری های منطقه ای، همراه با ارائه راهکارهایی برای کاهش توسعه نیافتگی مناطق است.
    رویکرد حاکم بر پژوهش حاضر، توسعه ای- کاربردی و روش انجام آن، توصیفی- تحلیلی است. برای بررسی توسعه منطقه ای استان خوزستان از 1 0 4 مولفه استفاده شد و برای تجزیه وتحلیل داده ها و درنهایت، رتبه بندی شهرستان ها از مدل های ویکور، تاپسیس، الکترا و مدل های ادغام (میانگین رتبه ها، بردا و کپ لند) بهره گرفته شد.
    براساس تجزیه وتحلیلی که با استفاده از مدل های ویکور، تاپسیس و الکترا انجام شد، شهرستان های استان خوزستان از توسعه یافتگی متفاوتی برخوردار بودند. با استفاده از روش ادغام، شهرستان های هفتگل، بهبهان و هندیجان در سطوح بالای برخورداری و شهرستان های دزفول، شادگان و باوی، در سطح محروم ترین شهرستان ها ازلحاظ برخورداری از شاخص های توسعه قرار گرفته اند.
    کلیدواژگان: توسعه، نابرابری، مدل ادغام، استان خوزستان
  • سمانه مسیبی، حمید برقی *، داریوش رحیمی، یوسف قنبری صفحات 241-267
    مدیریت گردشگری روستایی، وزنه تعادلی در چهارچوب دست یابی به گردشگری پایدار روستایی است. در مدیریت گردشگری، کنش جمعی می تواند یکی از راه های رسیدن به توسعه پایدار روستایی باشد. طی سال ها، الینور استروم به مطالعه و بررسی کنش های جمعی در جوامع مختلف پرداخته است و هشت اصل اساسی را در رابطه با مدیریت موفق منابع مشترک یکسان می داند. در این پژوهش، با الهام از مطالعات استروم، میزان اجرایی شدن اصول هشتگانه وی در کمپ گردشگری متین آباد که به صورت کاملا مردم نهاد تشکیل شده است و ازطریق کنش جمعی مدیریت می شود، بررسی شده است.
    بنیان روش تحقیق پراگماتیسم بوده و پژوهش در چهارچوب تحلیل نهادی انجام شده است. داده ها با استفاده از مطالعات کتابخانه ای و پیمایش میدانی و با کمک مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته با انجام 5 0 مصاحبه با خانوارهای روستایی فعال در کمپ و مسئولان به-دست آمد. برای تجزیه وتحلیل اطلاعات از روش آمیخته استفاده شد. بدین صورت که ابتدا با داده های آماری (آزمون نسبت) به بررسی و سنجش میزان موفقیت سیستم در کمپ گردشگری متین آباد پرداخته شد و سپس، برای بررسی مجموعه متغیرهای بیرونی تاثیرگذار بر وضعیت کنش و همچنین، برای بررسی اصول استروم به عنوان ویژگی نهادی، از روش کیفی گراندد تئوری (استراس و کوربین) استفاده شد.
    بر اساس یافته ها از نظر مدیریت، سیستم موفق عمل کرده است و اصول استروم در آن به خوبی اجرا شده اند و فقط رعایت نکردن اصل هشتم که بر بنگاه های ادغام شده تمرکز دارد، در منطقه مشهود است.
    کلیدواژگان: کنش جمعی، اصول استروم، مدیریت مشارکتی، مدیریت گردشگری، متین آباد
  • غلامعلی خمر، عبدالرشید نمازی * صفحات 269-287
    در مدیریت بحران زلزله، موضوع اسکان موقت اهمیت فراوانی دارد؛ بهطوری که استفاده از آن می تواند باعث کاهش چشمگیری در تلفات جانی ناشی از زلزله شود. در برهه زمانی خاص، این شیوه از سکونت مطرح است و با گذر زمان کارکرد اصلی خود را ازدست می دهد؛ اما، فرایند مکان گزینی آن بسیار دارای اهمیت است؛ براین اساس، هدف پژوهش حاضر این است که مکان های بهینه اسکان موقت آسیبدیدگان زلزله احتمالی شهر چابهار را پیش بینی کند و با تلفیق برنامه ریزی صحیح و علمی، مدیریت بحران زلزله را با ایجاد تسهیلات لازم برای شناخت مکان های مناسب اسکان موقت یاری کند.
    در این مقاله، با استفاده از 1 1 معیار و از روش مثلثی فولر و فازی سازی آن در محیط سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی، به مکان یابی مناطق اسکان موقت در شهر چابهار پرداخته شده است.
    در فرایند گزینش سایت های اسکان موقت، معیارهای تراکم جمعیت و فضاهای باز (پارک ها) ، بیشترین میزان اهمیت و معیارهای شیب زمین و آبراهه، کمترین میزان اهمیت را از دیدگاه برنامه ریزان در حوزه تصمیم گیری داشتند.
    کلیدواژگان: اسکان موقت، فرایند مثلثی فولر فازی، سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS)، چابهار
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  • Mohammad Rahim Rahnama *, Foroozan Taheri Pages 1-20
    Introduction
    Today, there are rather deep concerns in every city regarding the reduction of nonrenewable resources, the negative external impacts of pollution, and the serious threat of worldwide ecosystem irreversibility (Hall & Pfeiffer, 2000, p. 115). The incorrect utilization of unique, environmental and cultural resources for tourism purposes in less-developed countries have caused irrecoverable damages. Tolerance capacity takes into account the ability of both the natural and manmade systems to support various uses and demands (Godschalk & Parker, 1975, p. 163). In the past decade, Shandiz city has witnessed a considerable growth in population and physical development. The principles on which the management and planning strategies of Shandiz city has been drawn on are majorly centered around providing for the needs and requirements of humanitarian beneficiary groups; what is neglected here meanwhile, is the environmental thresholds and the tolerance capacity of ecosystem facing with a large entry of matter, energy, land use alterations and wastes produced by tourist and civilian activities. Given the changes in the effective conditions and factors of urban expansion and development in the recent era, manmade residential districts have played a significant role in forming cities. In this study, the determining factors of ecosystem tolerance capacity are considered in five factors including green environments, water and wastewater supplies and storage, disposal and recycling of wastes, energy consumption and efficiency (gas network), electricity supplies and resources, and the amount of said variables’ consumption with regards to population per capita as well as the impacts caused by unnecessary consumption on the standard and influencing the natural ecosystem of Shandiz city. To this end, the purpose of the present study is to evaluate the environmental tolerance capacity of ecosystem in Shandiz city by taking into account the spatial controlling and monitoring of the urban ecosystem’s health in the process of sustainable planning and management.
    Theoretical Framework: Planners usually define tolerance capacity as the ability of a natural or artificial system to attract population growth and physical development without considerable damage or development (Schneider et al. 1978). In other words, tolerance capacity is a criterion which demonstrates the maximum range of using places, recreational locations or any particular source without damaging them (Baud Bovy & Lawson, 1998; Parfect & Power, 1997). The estimation of tolerance capacity is an index which provides tolerable limits for accepting additional loads caused by utilization to planners for decision making processes (Tabibian et al., 2006, p. 18).
    Methology: The method of the study is descriptive-analytical. The five responsible factors considered for ecosystem tolerance capacity include green environments, water and wastewater supplies and storage, disposal and recycling of wastes, energy consumption and efficiency (gas network), and electricity supplies and resources. Map outputs in the GIS software along with the extent of consumptions relative to said variable standards with regards to population per capita, the impacts caused by unnecessary consumptions, and influencing the natural ecosystem of Shandiz city are taken into account.
    Results And Discussion
    According to the results, it was shown that the amount of water, gas, and electricity consumptions along with waste production and green environment areas are, respectively, 3.08, 2.83, 45.45, 1.5 and 32.12 times more than those of standard values. Service allocation in Shandiz city has not been based on its ecosystem tolerance capacity; furthermore, the obtained statistics regarding each variable demonstrated the fact that the infrastructure and services sections for the residents and tourists of Shandiz city are at undesirable state. The excessive consumptions which are more than standard values have been putting the ecosystem under pressure and are beyond its environmental capacity tolerance, which has led to environmental pollutions.
    Conclusion & Suggestions: Investigations conducted on the aforementioned five factors shows that in Shandiz, water and gas supplies are consumed more than predetermined standards. The wastewater treatment system of the city is also not standard. Regarding the green environment variable, it was discovered that Shandiz city entails such areas more than the global standard for individuals per capita. Waste production has exceeded the permissible limit and waste recycling is far from indicated standards. Fortunately, electricity consumption is lower than the global standard. In terms of infrastructure and service provisions, the city is facing a set of problems; in this regard, the obtained statistics on each variable demonstrates the fact that the residents and tourists of Shandiz city are witnessing an unfavorable state. In case such patterns of consumption are not controlled, it may lead to an increase in the production of high amounts of wastes as well as a higher level of unsustainability in the city. The duty of administrators and executive authorities include the implementation of infrastructures and services that are in compliance with global standards as well as the needs of tourists and residents. It also entails drawing proper measures for culturalization in relation to the standards for consumers linked to aforementioned factors.
    Keywords: Tolerance Capacity, Environmental Pollution, Population Pressure, Standards, Shandiz City
  • Ahmad Roumiani *, Hamid Shayna, Akbar Dehbanzadeh, Hamed Roushanai Pages 21-44
    Introduction
    The issue of poverty reduction, income generation and employment are among the most important issues in the field of rural development. Therefore, the goal of development can be specifically diminishing poverty and reducing its level by creating employment for the poor, ensuring the minimum basic needs for everyone, increasing productivity, establishing more balance between the geographical areas and the social and economic classes, decentralization and people's intervention in decision-making, emphasis on collective and national self-confidence, and balance and improvement of the quality of the living environment.
    Theoretical Framework: The development of multidimensional flows entail major changes in social construction, public opinion and national institutions, as well as accelerating economic growth, reducing inequality and eradicating absolute poverty; and it aims at achieving a type of sustainability and at the same time moving forward, and hence the concept of providing wishes and ideas in relation to the insights and requirements of human beings (Roomiani, 2013. The opportunity to initiate informal financial flows from urban investors to rural relatives is one of the most important motivations of rural-urban migration as urban residents send money to help their relatives during a year (Rezvani, Akbarian Roniz, & Rajai, 2007). This flow of capital from the city to rural areas is majorly carried out in several stages. In the first stage, there should be national-regional investment in the development areas that provides the basis for the economic cost-effectiveness of small-scale owners of capital, and in the next stages, in appropriate markets in rural areas with motivating policies that can facilitate growth and development (Iranian Urban and Rural Management Research Center, 2011). Therefore, the process of individual investment with urban origin is an appropriate response to the challenges of diversifying the economy of the rural regions and improvement of a process of integrated development, noted by development planners (IFAD, 2012).
    Methology: This applied research used descriptive-analytical framework. It combined the library and field methods to collect data (questionnaire). For analyzing the data, descriptive (mean, standard deviation and variance) and inferential (Friedman, Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis, and two-sample independent t) were applied. Also, the three villages of Arhan, Amidabad and Pirzagheh are geographic spaces in the studied area. The reason of selecting the villages was the fact that they were in the intended area and close to the main roads of the industrial zones of Abhar-Zanjan, so the urban investment flow was expected to be more in these villages compared to other villages. The selection of three sample villages has been due to the fact that given the geographical location and being beside the main roads of the industrial zones of Abhar-Zanjan, the urban investment flow in these compared to other villages around the city. The statistical population of this study is the villagers of these villages. According to the census of 2011, there are over 5202 people. Accordingly, 149 questionnaires were selected through the modified Cochran formula, where q=30, p=70 and D=0.05 (sig level=0.95). Therefore, the selection of individuals at the level of each village was carried out in a simple random manner so that the principle of equal opportunity was applied for a fair selection. Finally, Cronbach's alpha test was used to assess the reliability of the data. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated to be 84.5%. The results showed a high correlation for data analysis and questionnaire.
    Results And Discussion
    Over the recent decades, urban-rural relations in developing countries, due to the improvement of communication infrastructures and access devices, have caused many problems. The use of rural settlements from urban resources in the form of reverse investment has helped a lot. One of the most important functions of family investment is providing food for society, creating widespread and low-cost employment, and creating a balance in the labor market and capital. Therefore, the transferred capital from the city to the countryside is considered as an important source of family investment and the promotion of entrepreneurship and skills. Also, in order to answer the questions raised in the research, the results of the research showed that the investments made by urban settlements in the immigration criteria of 2.21 and income of less than 2.33, respectively, were at the lowest level before investments. The most influences and measures after investment were participation, co-operation and employment, with a mean of 3.66, and 3.55. Also, Friedman test shows that employment, participation and cooperation criteria are the highest priority with a mean of 5.31 and 4.90. Infrastructure and utilization criteria with a mean of 2.20 and 2.93 had the fewest effects in the studied area. The Kruskal-Wallis test shows that in the villages of Amidabad, Pirezagheh and Arhan, the largest family investments have been made, respectively.
    Conclusion and Suggestions: The results of the research show that in the immigration criteria, the investments with urban origin had respectively the least amount prior to the investment with 21.2 and income in the amount of 33.2, respectively, were the least before investment. The Friedman test shows that the employment, participation and the cooperation had the highest priority with 5.31 and 4.90, respectively. Also, a statistical survey of 1966-2004 showed that the villages surveyed did not meet the expected population growth rate, and there were opportunity immigrants on each level. Therefore, the urban investments alone couldn’t stabilize the population, and due to the potential of the area under study in such issues as sand mining, the possibility of growing various crops, and the ability to improve livestock products, it seems necessary to promote investment activities for rural development. According to the findings of the research, the following solutions are suggested: - Increased cooperation and participation of local people in attracting urban-based investments
    - Encouraging investors to invest in rural centers of the region regarding the establishment of the villages under study in the Abhar-Zanjan communication path
    - Local people engagement with investments to attract labor force in the countryside to stop unemployment and harness young people in the countryside
    - Improving rural equipment with the aim of quality road communication for public transportation
    - Attention to the potential and capabilities of the studied villages with regard to the natural characteristics, variety of crops and livestock products
    - Establishing the relationship between people and urban investors in agricultural and livestock activities to increase the impact of industries, and increasing economic diversification and economic revenues.
    Keywords: Family investment, urban origin, Sustainable rural development, Sain Qaleh Village
  • Mohammad Mirehei, Mehdi Pilevar * Pages 45-70
    Introduction
    The main aim of all schematizations is to reach measurable improvement as well as achieving balance; the principle of social justice is one the fundamental principles in most ideologies. Ideologies of institutions and those of planner's form based on social justice, which is one the principles leading to the fair distribution of achievements among urban and rural citizens. Convenient access to health services plays an important role in improving society's level of health, safety and peace of mind, which is considered as an important index in realization of social justice as well. Regarding the availability of health services to all segments of the society, this is taken into account in underdeveloped and developing countries. Studies reveal substantial inequality among social groups as well as geographic areas in spite of the considerable growth of health indicators in the national average (Vaez Mahdvai, p. 73, 2009). For instance, the published statistics by Ministry of Health about the number of health centers in Khorasan Razavi province reveal that approximately half of the clinics and hospitals are located in the city of Mashhad with the rest in other 26 towns. General condition of healthcare highlights huge gaps in Khorasan Razavi province; what makes this study a necessity is devising provincial plans for healthcare service-provision so that the towns of the province benefit from a steady level public health, which leads to the development of the province's situation in the country.
    Theoretical Framework: In the general sense of the word, development means improving people’s quality of lives in every aspect, i.e. something more than income, which is continuous education, improving hygiene and nourishment standards, alleviating poverty, better environment as well as economic and social equality in enjoying equipment and opportunities, more personal freedom and richer cultural life (Taheri, p. 34, 2001). Developing healthcare services and its location in improving societies is one of the main aspects of social development. One the most highlighted problems in providing healthcare services is improper distribution in urban and rural areas (Taghvaii & Shahivandi, p. 38, 2010). Proper distribution and benefitting from healthcare services reflects proportionality among some factors, such as the ability to pay as well as the availability of services traditionally with criteria such as the number of doctors and beds in a hospital divided by a unit of population (Karimi et al., p. 52, 2009).
    Methology: In terms of methodology, the current study is considered to be a descriptive-analytical one whose method of data collection, literature review and field studies is quantitative. In order to survey development of Khorasan Razavi’s towns in terms of having healthcare indicators, 18 criteria are used while the collected data are analyzed through VIKOR model. Furthermore, Excel and ARC MAP 10.1 software are used to analyze data and draw maps. Shannon entropy model is used to determine weight research indices. In order to measure development of towns in Khorasan Razavi based on healthcare indices, the latest data published by Iran’s Bureau of Census (2013) in Khorasan Razavi’s statistical yearbook is used.
    Results And Discussion
    In the first step, decision-making matrix were formed. Accordingly, the required raw data of the study is extracted from Statistical Yearbook of Khorasan Razavi Province in 2013. Afterwards, the acquired data was standardized in relation to the population of each town. Secondly, decision-making matrix data were normalized and thirdly, the amount of efficiency (S) and regret (R) is measured for each option; Shanon entropy model is used to determine the weight of calculations in the third level. After that, ideal positive and negative points are determined for each index with amounts of S and R for each town. Finally, the final VIKOR factor (Q) is measured, according to which ranking of options happened; the best town is the one with minimum Q.
    Conclusion and Suggestions: The results gained from performing the model in ranking the towns based on healthcare indices show that three towns of Mashhad, Neyshabur and Gonabad enjoy the highest level of development regarding healthcare facilities and services as well as preventive measures, after which are towns of Sabzevar, Torbat Heydarieh, Bardeskan, Bejestan, Kashmar, Dargaz, Sarakhs and Joqatay. Central, religious and tourist position of Mashhad and towns with the high percentage of population, such as Neyshabur, Gonabad and Sabzevar, are effective in attracting healthcare services. Towns of Mahvelat, Khalilabad, Bakharz, Roshtkhar and Zaveh are ranked among the lowest towns in healthcare services and worst health status compared to other towns, which reveals low level and poor access of citizens to health services, coverage, first aids and suitable securing. Totally, presence of spatial equality in healthcare among town in Khorasan Razavi, especially central and border town, reveal that the implemented plans are far from principle of social justice leading to regional health inequalities around the province.
    Keywords: Healthcare, Khorasan Razavi Province, VIKOR model, Spatial Inequality
  • Faramarz Barimani, Hamid Jalalian, Vahid Riahi, Morteza Mehrali Tabar Firouzjaei * Pages 71-94
    Introduction
    Nowadays, in the issues of development in general and rural development in particular, the importance of social capital is very evident. So many experts in rural development consider the promotion of social capital as one of the strategies for rural development. But the question is that, given the importance of social capital, how can we enhance its level in rural areas? In fact, the discussion is about finding out the providing resources of social capital and strengthening them. In this regard, researchers refer to resources such as family, schools and other educational institutions, guilds and businesses, and civic institutions and local communities. These resources are all of great importance in generating social capital, but the importance of civic institutions or community-based organizations is more than other sources. In this regard, this study aimed to analyze the position of local community-based organizations regarding the social capital in rural areas. The functioning of the credit and savings associations has been investigated in the case of the rural area of the eastern Bandpey of the county of Babol.
    Theoretical Framework: Fukuyama believes that social capital is the set norms of social organization that promotes cooperation of its members and thereby reduces the costs of communication and exchanges between members. Putnam considers social capital as the various aspects of social organization such as trust, norms and networks that can create and facilitate coordination and improve the efficiency of society. In his view, social capital lies in civic and religious groups, family ties, informal social networks, friends and relatives, norms of reciprocity, and trust. Narayan widely uses cooperatives and non-governmental organizations in society as strengthening the foundations of social capital. He believes that cooperation and participation can be considered as the evidence of social capital because social capital refers to capital that, through the creation of strong links between members of a group, creates consequences such as the transfer of knowledge and technology trying to solve the common problems. These features can be found in the people-centered organizations. Bourdieu also knows social capital as the potential and actual sources that the result of property is an enduring network of institutional relations between individuals or in simpler terms, a member of a group to achieve its resource group. Of course, the existence of social capital requires conditions beyond the mere existence of networks and social communication organizations. Sources of social capital for Bourdieu, the location, the relationship in groups and social networks that provide access to opportunities, information, resources, and social status are increased for individuals.
    Methology: This study, in terms of the purpose, is functional and in terms of collecting the data is descriptive-survey and regarding the data type, it is qualitative. The study population were the members of the association that in accordance with Cochran formula, 215 subjects were selected and the required data were collected through a questionnaire. This data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tests in the framework of SPSS software and also by using structural equation modeling in partial least squares approach with the help of smart-PLS software.
    Results And Discussion
    The findings of research adopting a community-based model for measuring the impact of local organizations on social capital show that they have knowledge, trust, partnership, support, and cohesion in rural areas . In setting priorities, reviewing the effectiveness of community-based organizations, findings show that the greatest impact of forums on social capital is related to the dimension of support in rural areas that its average score is equal to 4.38. After this dimension of social capital, the dimension of awareness with an average score of 4.2, dimension of partnering with average score of 4.1, dimension of integration with 3.91, and the dimension of trust with a mean score of 3.83 are ranked second to fourth. The findings also show that the theoretical model can explain 69 percent of variance in the participation variable changes, 70 percent of the variations of cohesiveness, 59% of the variable of knowledge, 68 percent of the support variable, and 80 percent of the variable of trust.
    Conclusion and Suggestions: Local community-based organizations in rural areas are a suitable model for the production of social capital. In fact, they are creating a mass communication objective manifestation of social capital such as knowledge, support, trust, partnership, and solidarity. The results show that the impact of community-based organizations on different components of social capital is different. So that the village support component has the greatest impact from local community-based organizations. And after this component, the components of awareness, participation, trust, and coherence are in the next rank. Finally, it is suggested that, given the emphasis on community-based approaches in rural development planning, these institutions should be considered and empowered as appropriate tools for achieving rural development through social capital strengthening.
    Keywords: Community-based organizations, Community credit, savings, Social capital, County of Babol, Eastern Bandpey
  • Mohsen Janparvar * Pages 95-118
    Introduction
    The developments in the global level have led to the relationship of countries to each others to achieve national security and interest in a common and international arena. This has affected the political border of countries and border area and provided trade exchange development among countries in legal or illegal forms and increased considerable transition among countries by using this new situation and the efficiency of the globalization process. Iran has a prominent place in national security among the countries that have long borders and various neighboring border control. However, the number of neighbors reduces the effectiveness of border control and imposes vast human and financial costs on the country. To manage and better control the borders in different ways, countries use new equipment border outpost's developmentas well as border forces for border control that have different strengths and weaknesses. In the meantime, the use and application of inhabitants of borders, due to their high capacity and potential for the management and control of borders, can be one of the options of countries. Islamic Republic of Iran with long border annually pays significant money to control and manage its borders and unfortunately no positive attitude and tendency exist for contributting it to control and manage of its borders, so residents of border have been a marginal player for controlling and management of border. In this paper, we try to examine the border resident's place in controlling Iran and Turkmenistan borders in North Khorasan province.
    Theoretical Framework: Border residents: All persons have permanent residence within the depth of the border line and adjacent islands in any country are called border residents.
    Border control: After demarcation of borders between two countries, governments for preventing to inter insecurity, problems of the borders of neighboring countries and for not affecting national security on sovereignty and national interests, control their borders.
    Methodology
    This research is descriptive-analytical. The data were collected through library (use of the resources available in libraries and documents on the subject and exploring the Internet sites) and field research (questionnaire).
    Results And Discussion
    Derivation of effective factors on border control by border residents in the past time have been done through theories, books, thesis and articles. These factors include 60 factors shown in the form of six sections for a better understanding. It should be noted that these factors are associated with each other and affect and from each other; On the other hand it should be noted that the borders are two-way phenomena and their existence depends on the existence of one side or the other side. As a result, due to the specific characteristics of the borders, it is necessary for each of the neighboring countries in its region to have strong territorial sovereignty and border control. So, if one of the neighboring countries for various reasons, including civil unrest, economic problems, corruption or the existence of feudal rule (non-integrated), cannot exert strong authority over their lands, neighboring country cannot achieve the desired result in securing its borders. Therefore, any factor should be considered in the context of border controls based on the bilateral and multilateral views. In the following, it's attempted to look at the factors affecting border residents based on border controls along the borders of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkmenistan in North Khorasan province.
    Conclusion and Suggestions: The process of accomplished changes through recent decades such as globalization and entering into the information era, etc. in different ways provided enhancement ties and proximity between geographical spaces to some extent. This affect in different ways oneach sides of border and provide the increasing importance of cross-border spaces instead of border line. The extraction of the factors of organizing the border residents for border controls along the borders of North Khorasan Province with Turkmenistan is accomplished by exploring theories. These factors include 60 factors set in the six territorial, demographic, socio-cultural, economic, political, and military security sections. These research findings confirm the theoretical part. In the field, the data collected via the questionnaire and evaluated by T-test shows that all 60 factors considered by the scientific experts and administrators affected the organization of border residents in controlling the borders of Iran and Turkmenistan across the borders of North Khorasan province. Thus, in order to use the approach to organize the border residents to control the country's borders, these factors should be considered in the border area. Another point that has been evaluated is multidimensional factors affecting border residents to control the country's borders. It should be noted that these factors has different aspects (positive, negative, or both) and each of these factors according specific conditions and geographical space can act as positive or negative factor in some period of time.
    Keywords: Residents of borders, Border control, Borders of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Turkmenistan, North Khorasan
  • Ali Shamai *, Amir Karam, Nazila Yaghoob Nejad Asl, Shahram Lotfi Moghadam Pages 119-148
    Introduction
    Today, urban planning, including detailed plans, unfortunately landslide hazard zones are not well recognized. Despite the occurrence of several landslides in the north west of Tehran, a comprehensive and transparent study has not been yet done on zonation and identification of landslide-prone areas. However, the role of the geomorphological studies and zonation of landslide is considered especially during the last three decades. Landslide hazard zonation map for the North West of Tehran metropolis has not been identified separately and has not been updated. Zonation of environmental hazards is one of the ways that can identify critical zones and in various urban development plans, the necessary measures for these areas should be considered. This study analyzes the spatial distribution of landslide prone zones in the north west slopes of Tehran.
    Theoretical Framework: The theoretical framework is spatial analysis. Spatial analysis analyzes the spatial patterns, spatial geographic phenomena, and the study of the formation, dispersion, interrelations, differences and similarities, the evolution of patterns, and how they are planned. The spatial schools is one of the main schools in geographic studies. The spatial analysis includes two important stages of the study, which include knowing how to explain the causes of dispersion, and identifying spatial patterns or zones and spatial relationships between them that lead to the theory's discovery or confirmation of a theory based on existing data.
    Methodology
    The following data is used in this research: 1. library documents,
    2. digital elevation model,
    3. digital geological map of Tehran Province,
    4. digital landuse map of Tehran Province,
    5. climatic and synoptic statistics of Tehran Province stations.
    According to the field study, 9 critical criteria were identified in the occurrence of landslides in the study area. These criteria are slope, distance from the faults, geological formations, land use, distance from the rivers, precipitation, elevation, aspect and distance from the roads.
    Fuzzy logic is based on the concept of partial truth. In the classical set theory, membership is defined as 1 = true or 0 = false. The classical set theory does not allow thresholds. Thus slope is susceptible for landslides (1) or not (0). In a fuzzy set, membership is expressed on a continuous scale from 1 full to 0 full Non-membership. In landslide susceptibility mapping, fuzzy logic defines the instability factors as members of a set reaching from 1, expressing the highest susceptibility, to 0, expressing no susceptibility of landsliding, allowing different degrees of membership.
    Findings: Using the above mentioned methods, the results showed that landslide hazard zones in north west of Tehran are about 14 percent of the area studied, and are high and very high. About 12 percent of the study area is in moderate risk zone, too, and the rest of the region that includes about 72 percent is in low and very low risk zone. Effective factors in the occurrence of landslides in the study area are: 1. Slope: Forty three percent of landslide movements have occurred on 30 to 50 degrees which may be due to the relatively steep slopes at the height of 1800 meters to 2000 meters. Which it facilitates the movement of the landslide mass. 2. Distance from the faults: The result of map intersection of classes distance from the faults in the study area and sliding movements suggests that 62.88% of the landslides have occurred less than 500 meters from the faults. The presence of active faults in the study area indicates tectonic activities. Therefore, there is a possibility of landslides if faults are active during an earthquake. 3. Geological formations: Most of the landslides have occurred in Karaj Formation, which can be due to the loosening of deposits under the influence of weathering. Due to the topography of the study area and the destruction of its vegetation, it is likely that these sediments are exposed to weather, and may be weathered. The least landslides have occurred in volcanic formations such as Andesitic and Basaltic volcanic rocks. These formations are resistant against erosion and degradation. 4. Land use: Studying the map of land use and survey in relation to land cover map showed that about 96.8 percent of the sliding movements have occurred in medium and poor pastures vegetation. Destruction of vegetation and its lack not only causes leaching the slopes during precipitation, but also the soil on the slopes is exposed directly to the air, they easily weathered, which causes the soil instability in the study area. Field surveys taken from the watershed suggest that the soil instability as a result of the native vegetation degradation5. Distance from the rivers: 72.46 percent of landslides have been observed in less than 500 meters distance from the rivers. The river flow and its drainage networks can cause leaching the soil-foot slopes and it causes unstable soil. 6. Precipitation: About 48 percent of landslides have occurred in precipitation greater than 300 mm. The high and excessive precipitation can cause leaching the soil-foot slopes especially for those slopes that have been cleared of vegetation. Given the fact that the vegetation has been destroyed in much of the study area, and the fact that the relatively high precipitation occurs in the mountainous area, precipitation via rapture in the slopes can lead to the occurrence of landslides in the area under study. 7. Elevation: Most of landslides have occurred in the range of 1600 to 2500 meters elevation. An increase in precipitation with elevation may be a risk factor for the occurrence of landslides in the zones. the high and the excessive precipitation causes leaching the slopes and its instability. Moreover, in the highland and mountainous areas, rocks and soil weathering is easy, which causes soil instability in these areas. 8. Aspect: Most landslides have occurred in southern directions (south, southwest and south east). Due to the mountainous nature and the thin air in the high elevation, especially in late winter and early spring, the sun will melt the snow in these areas which causes soil become moist in these parts of directions. The expansion of the soil during the day and its contraction during the night provide unstable slopes and loosen the soil in these directions, too. 9. Distance from the roads: most landslides have occurred in the distance of 1000 meters to 5000 meters from the main roads. Therefore, the impact of the roads on the landslides will be determined significantly.
    Discussion and
    Conclusion
    The result of the present study showed that about 14 percent of the studied area is high and very high. About 12 percent of the studied area is in moderate risk zone, and the rest of the region that includes about 72 percent is in low and very low risk zone. Spatial analysis of landslide hazard zones shows that the morphology of these zones follows the morphology of topographical and hydrological factors. The analytical results show that due to the topography, tectonic activities and geology, heavy precipitation and the lack of observance distance from drainage networks including valleys and inappropriate land uses, especially tower construction in the hot spots, the risk of landslides is very high. Therefore, reformation and stabilization of slopes is proposed.
    Keywords: Spatial analysis, Mapping vulnerability, Landslide, Tehran Metropolitan
  • Mohammad Hasan Yazdani *, Asghar Pashazadeh Pages 149-172
    Introduction
    Natural and abnormal natural disasters are one of the most important issues in the planning and urban planning areas for managing crisis and risk, reducing the risk and damages, and increasing the safety and quality of life; hence, today, communities are struggling to find conditions that will have the necessary resiliency in the event of a crisis. In the meantime, for the management of Islamic cities in the period of crisis, in addition to attending to the physical dimension that has been paid more attention, other dimensions such as the spiritual dimension should also be noted because in discussing the management of crisis, all aspects and dimensions should be considered. So, the aim of this study was to assess the resiliency of Iranian-Islamic cities with the case study of Tabriz city and ranking urban areas of this city against environmental hazards according to the resilience dimensions of Islamic cities.
    Theoretical Framework: The rise of community resilience to environmental hazards and disaster management is one of the most important and extensive fields of crisis management. Crisis management refers to interventions that occur before, during, and after an accident, to minimize the effects and side effects. In this regard, when human face with risks, always different measures and approaches to deal with environmental hazards (natural, technological, and social disasters) have been taken to manage the crisis, that one of the important cases of these approaches is city resiliency. A resilient city is a community that has the ability to withstand the impacts of a risk so that risks dont turn into disasters and yet have the ability or capacity to come back to normal, during and after the accident and also have the possibility for change and adaptation after the accident.
    Methodology
    This study is exploratory and applies the descriptive-analytic method falling in the group of applied researches regarding the goal of the study. In this research, first, indicators and factors affecting resiliency were identified based on Islamic principles and values through library studies. Moreover, a questionnaire was designed and the operational requirements were collected from the statistical study population, experts, and municipal specialists of ten districts of Tabriz city. In this regard, purposeful sampling was done due to the uncertainty of the number of experts and finally 74 completed questionnaires were collected. Also, using a questionnaire to determine the preference, the final weight of the indicators was determined by experts and then by the AHP model (Analytical Hierarchy Process) in Expert Choice software. Then, the obtained data were entered in excel environment. Consequently, using VIKOR model and its process, ten districts of Tabriz city were ranked in terms of urban resiliency. Finally, the relationship between quintet dimensions of Islamic citie's resiliency was analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient using SPSS software.
    Results And Discussion
    According to the findings, the resiliency of Tabriz city is 43.4 that is lower than average. The findings on quintet dimensions of Islamic citie's resiliency within VIKOR model showed that the region of municipality one with a score of 0.000 have the highest and region of municipality eight with a score of 844.0 have the lowest amount of resiliency of the indicators of Iranian -Islamic cities among Tabriz city's municipality districts. Furthermore, the average of Q calculated for 10 rural areas of Tabriz was equal to 574.0 showing that the total resiliency of Tabriz Islamic city is lower than average. Also, Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that there is an inverse relationship between the spiritual dimension with other dimensions of resiliency (social, institutional, and physical).
    Conclusion and Suggestions: The study concluded that along with the physical dimensions, social, spiritual, economic, and institutional dimensions should be taken into consideration. As a result, Tabriz city can be among the resilient cities when it has a tangible, balanced, and close growth at all quintet aspects of the study. In general, according to the ranking of urban areas of Tabriz city's districts in terms of resiliency, it can be concluded that regarding the physical dimensions, the areas with newer construction and with a program are resilient, while regarding the spiritual dimension, old areas with rusty texture that have indigenous peoples with more religious beliefs are resilient.
    In this regard, it is suggested to empower citizens through awareness, culture, and training skills in order to reduce their vulnerability raised during an earthquake. Furthermore, while respecting the principles and rules of construction, people's access to vital and open arteries, overcrowding, and building congestion must be taken into consideration. In addition, in some cases, such as the law of determining the supervisor engineer (which is carried out by the owners), it is necessary that the amended laws and the appointment of the engineers be delegated to the public sector to influence the quality of the construction of the buildings.
    Keywords: City resiliency, Urban areas, Islamic cities, Tabriz city, VIKOR model
  • Masih Moradizadeh, Kourosh Shirani *, Abbas Alipour, Danial Dabiri, Seyed Mostafa Hashemi Pages 173-196
    Introduction
    Traditional style of life and geomorphologic unfamiliarity in coping with environment has made human communities to search for new places to dominate and utilize its potential for settlement. Thus, it can be said that such settlements were initially based on natural potential and in a close relation with it. Stuyding the natural environment of these settlements is important because their development depends on their natural condition. While the rapid development of cities is an undeniable fact, determining the proper places for cities expansion is critical. While most of cities are growing fast and have a physical development process, identifying suitable sites for development is essential. To control and guide the development of urban and rural areas to determine the optimal development, directions, locations, and appropriate protective measures are necessary. In order to control and direct city expansion, it is vital to define the appropriate orientation of the development, proper sites, and protection practices. The facing problem is that which places are suitable for settlement expansion according to their resistancy condition. Consequently, this paper aims to delineate sites with high potential of settlement development.
    Theoretical Framework: Data were analyzed by Fuzzy Logic and geomorphologic planning techniques. In the Fuzzy set, zero means any member doesnt exist in the set and one means all the members exist in the set. The AND, OR, Product, Sum, and Gamma functions are used in modeling.
    Methodology
    In order to provide the layers of the desired parameters, first of all, the desired images were geo-referenced using the same system (UTM: WGS 1984, Zone 40N) and layers with common pixel size of 30 m were produced. Information resources used in this study consisted of written documents and statistical data. (Visual documentation and interviews are shown in a flow chart. The data included topographic maps (1/50000, 1/250000), geology (1/250000, 1/100000), soil map (1/250000), land use (1/250000), and air lab (1/55000). Digital resources included digital elevation model (DEM) 30 meters and TM's satellite images. Also, much of the information related to the area such as lithology and faults, soil, land use, hypsometric, political subdivisions maps, towns and villages, a variety of maps, aerial photos and satellite images, and DEM were extracted. In an attempt to determine proper places for settlement expansion, several environmental parameters were selected including slope degree and aspect, altitude, geology, soil, land use, distance to fault, distance to river, distance to road, distance to nearby settlement, and geomorphology. A digitized layer was prepared for each parameter using GIS technique. Available maps, layers, and images were initially georeferenced by using the same georeference system that is UTM: WGS 1984, zone 40N. Produced layers have the same pixel size of 30 m2. Data were then analyzed by fuzzy logic and geomorphologic planning techniques.
    Results And Discussion
    Determined parameters were overlayed in fuzzy models with gamma=0.9 as the best criteria. Using natural fracture method, the generated map was then classified in five groups of totally inappropriate (0-0.184), inappropriate (0.184-0.332), average (0.332-0.498), proper (0.498-0.625), very suitable (0.625-0.986). The group named totally inappropriate with 72.79% has the maximum area. Following it, proper group with 9.92% has the second ranking of area. Inappropriate, proper, and average groups have 1.18, 7.25 and 8.85 percent area respectively. Comparing these points with the final map shows that the most settlement sites are located in the average group. However, the least numbers of settlement points are found in inappropriate group. However, these few sites were remained abandoned in recent decades due to the unfavorable environmental condition.
    Conclusion and Suggestions: Results show that the assessment of factors affecting the forming and trend of groups has a main role in determining proper or inappropriate sites for human settlement. According to the final zoning map, south and south east of the study area are suitable for settlement expansion. Also, most settlement sites were located in the average group, while the least numbers of settlement sites were found in the inappropriate group. A typical example of such unfavorable environmental condition is Kheirabad village which was abandoned due to desertification problems. Results show that inappropriate sites were seen in mountains, playa, clay valley, badlands, and sand dunes units. These areas do not have an acceptable condition for development due to steep slopes, rugged topography, badlands, and lithology. Proper areas for development match with alluvial fans and hillsides that have gentle slays, smooth topography, fertile soil, and so on.
    Keywords: Geomorphology, Planning, Residential development, Fuzzy logic
  • Ali Behzadianmehr *, Bohloul Alijani, Mohammad Rahim Rahnama Pages 197-216
    Introduction
    The issue of climate comfort and urban locations is one of the fundamental issues of sustainable development. Due to not using the climate principles such as solar radiation in building establishments and passages, energy consumption has increased to adjust the temperature and led to the reduction of the presence of people in open spaces. This is particularly true for cities such as Mashhad with cold climate which is of a special significance.
    Theoretical Framework: Climate design can be considered as one of the branches of applied climatology. By it, making changes in the physical environment can create comfort condition through changing the climatic elements of any location. Creating comfort conditions is the establishment of thermal balance between the body and the surrounding environment and making climate adaptation is essential for this goal. For this purpose, it is necessary to recognize the comfort zone first. One of the effective factors on providing climate comfort is controlling the amount of energy received during cold and hot periods. Accordingly, scientific methods, including the method used in this research should be used to design houses and passages compatible with the climate. Making such a process while providing comfort will save expenditure and is a long step towards sustainable development.
    Methodology
    To achieve the aim of this research, with the use of synoptic meteorological station data like temperature, relative humidity, cloudiness of the sky, and wind speed in Mashhad during a period of 30 years and with the use of two thermal indices of PET and PMV, Rayman software model, and also setting of the frequency distribution table, the climate prevailing tension was determined. Heat Indices calculation measures comfort situation and prevailing stress conditions of temperature, but it is not applied to determine the amount of energy in each of the directions by vertical surfaces. So, to determine this, the computational approach of the Law of Cosines was used. In this way, using the relevant formulas and transfering them to the tables, the amount of energy received in each month for 24 of the geographical direction was determined. Then using the effective temperature chart and determining the temperature of 21 degree, the cold and warm periods of Mashhad in the whole year was obtained. Then, in order to understand more easily the radiation values in different directions for hot and cold periods in separation, the radiation values chart was drawn on different directions of buildings over the year. Considering that the aim of this study was to determine the best direction for the establishment of buildings and streets, the difference between cold and warm periods was calculated based on BTU/h/ft2 in a table. This makes it easier to prioritize the main facade of the buildings direction to get more radiation during the period of cold and less during the period of warm. With regard to the mentioned priorities, the chart of determining the best direction for the establishment of buildings was drawn. Finally, one part of the city map was introduced as a pattern consistent with the research results.
    Results And Discussion
    Based on the output of the calculation of PET and PMV indices, all tension classes with the exception of extreme heat stress can be seen during the year in Mashhad. On the basis of calculated thermal indices, in 55% of cases and more in the city of Mashhad, the dominant tension is the type of cold. A review of the findings of the calculations table, related to the amount of real incoming energy, showed that the month of September receives utmost energy 13320 BTU throughout the year. However, due to the lack of uniformity in energy received over the years, the volume of energy received cannot be considered as a criterion in the orientation of buildings and streets. Hence, the distribution of energy over the year will be the real criterion for the decision. On the basis of the studies of the calculated tables, the highest and the lowest amount of energy during the cold period belong to directions of 힝 and -15 and warm to -105 and north. In spite of this, considering that the best direction is to get the minimum energy in times of hot and maximum in cold situation, according to the difference between the hot and cold periods in any of the directions, the most suitable direction for the establishment of the main facade of buildings is south east. Because, despite receiving less energy in cold periods relative to the direction of 힝, less energy is received with respect to the same direction in the warm time. For the next priorities, 흭 and 힝 degrees can also be taken into consideration. Therefore, the best stretch for the streets will be northeast and southwest and in the next priorities it will be the azimuth degrees of 30 -210 and 60 -240. In the end, after reviewing the current state of the city map, among the 5 selected polygons A, B, C, D, and E, case A was introduced as a pattern compatible with the results of the research based on its proximity to the optimal state.
    Conclusion and Suggestions: The calculation of heat indices PMV and PET showed that the city of Mashhad is placed in the range of cold stress. Thus, to adapt to such a situation and achieve the desired goals, especially its application in building design, by using the Law of Cosines, it was determined that south east is the best direction for one-sided buildings, and the best elongation is north east to the south west. Also, studying the urban map and comparing it with the optimal pattern of this study showed that the new and old textures of this city do not follow its radiant optimal climate conditions. Therefore, it is suggested that the results of this research be considered in the orientation of buildings and the elongation of streets and passages in new designs and rebuilding the old urban texture.
    Keywords: Climatic design, Radiation, Mashhad, Orientation of buildings, Elongation of streets
  • Mohammd Ali Firoozi *, Mostafa Mohamadi Dehcheshmeh, Sadegh Mokhtari Cholcheh Pages 217-240
    Introduction
    Development means a consciously institutionalized effort, based on planning for the social and economic development of societies. It is dedicated to the twentieth century which first began in 1917 in the former Soviet Union. Today, the argument of development is the main concern of many countries. In principle, development means a fundamental change in the economic, social, and cultural variables of each society and its realization involves the coordination among its various dimensions.
    Theoretical Framework: The problem of inequality is the major challenge toward development in many countries, particularly for those countries whose governance realm includes wide geographic areas. These inequalities ¬ are a serious threat to the achievement of balanced development of regions and make the achievement at national unity and integrity difficult. People who live in the suburb of the countries arent generally considered in the development plans and policies, resulting in degradation of their social and economic development. Presence of these inequalities leads to increasing the development gap among the developed and non-developed regions and eliminating the concept of social and economic justice. Deprivation of deprived regions will be continued and central regions will concentrate their facilities. This not only has not led to the growth of the country but also made the overall development process more unfair and slower.
    Methodology
    The approach employed in this study is developmental-applied approach and the method used is descriptive-analytical. It tries to determine and analyze the regional development levels of 24 towns of Khuzestan province in 2013. In this study, in order to study the regional development of ¬ this province, 104 components related to economic, health, communicational, installation-service, cultural, educational, and social – demographic indices derived from statistical yearbook 2013 were used. In order to analyze the data and finally rate the towns, VIKOR, TOPSIS, Electra models and Models of Integration (average of ranks, Borda, and Kaplan) have been used. Also, to make the development situation more evident by using ArcGIS software, towns were classified into five categories as developed, relatively developed, developing, relatively undeveloped, and undeveloped and a map of development level has been drawn for the towns.
    Results And Discussion
    The main objective of this research is to analyze the level of regional development in the towns of ¬ Khuzestan province in 2013. To this end, in order to specify the level of development ¬ in the towns ¬of Khuzestan province, 104 indicators of development across 24 towns were used by using VIKOR, TOPSIS, Electra models as well as the integration model (average of ratings, the Breda method, and the Caplan model) to measure the development ¬and rank of each province. According to the VICOR model, the two cities of Behbahan and Baghmalek are in the fully developed region and three cities including Shadegan, Bawi, and Andika are in the less-developed region. Based on Topsis model, Haftegal, Hendijan, Behbahan, Lali, and Masjedsoleiman have been in the developing cities and Dasht-e- ¬Azadegan, Omidieh, Abadan, Baghmalek, Gotvand, Hoveizeh, Ramhormoz, Ramshir, Ahvaz, Andimeshk, Khorramshahr, ¬ Mahshahr Port, Shushtar, Indika, Shush, Izeh, Shush, Dezful, Shadegan, and Bavi have been in the relatively undeveloped cities. Based on Electra model, cities including ¬ Haftegal, Behbahan, Hendijan, Masjed Soleiman, and Lali are in the developed region and cities including Dezful, Izeh, Hoveizeh, and Shadegan are in the less-developed region, respectively. By combining the final results of these three methods (VIKOR, TOPSIS, Electra) through integration method, the cities of this province are classified into various development levels where the cities of ¬ Hafgal, Behbahan, and Hendijan are the developed and the cities of Dezful, Shadegan, and Bavi are the least developed ones in terms of the development indices.
    Conclusion and Suggestions: From Long ago, development has been in all areas of man's life simultaneous with decision and thinking of man for upgrading the level of life quality. To know the level of development of areas, it is necessary to first examine the existing status of each area so that the causes of the difference can be identified in the next step and regional planning is done in order to reduce or eliminate them. The results of this research about the level of development ¬ are consistent with those of other researchers (Antonescu, 2012; Ghaedi et al., 2013; Hosseini et al., 2015; Salvati et al., 2016) mentioned in the literature section. All the presented studies confirm this issue that¬ because of the lack of fair distribution of services and facilities as well as lack of accurate planning for the development of regions, inequality of the regions - and the lack of integrated development are created, hence it is necessary to rate the regions in terms of development in order to infer the regional inequality ¬ and eliminate this inequality. Recognizing the regional inequalities and rating them in the regional level lead to better management of regions. With regard to the findings, the followings are suggested: 1. Creating the planning areas in the province and city levels. This is because of the fact that it is impossible to implement the province plans due to the extent of areas and departments and they need to be operated at a lower level. Therefore, creating the intermediate areas between the province and the city to reach the optimal level that considers the interests of the region in line with the province plan is necessary. ¬
    2. Implementing bottom-top policies and plans. Given that most decisions of Khuzestan province are made in Ahvaz city, these concentrated policies should become less.
    Since each province has its own opportunities, limitations, and expertise, what can help reduce the inequality across Khuzestan province is the specialization of each region toward achieving the development ground and creating the regional balances.
    Keywords: Development, Inequality, Integration model, Khuzestan province
  • Samaneh Mosayebi, Hamid Barghi *, Dariyosh Rahimi, Yousof Ghanbari Pages 241-267
    Introduction
    According to classical economics, market needs to take care of providing private goods while providing public goods and managing mutual resources is on the government. But governments’ inefficiency in these responsibilities had made participatory management and collective action approach important and attractive among new theories. Several researches had been administered within last decades about collective action which was directly related to management of natural resources. Meanwhile, Ostrom, 2009 Noble Prize winner, offered eight design principles in order to create a stable organization capable of managing mutual resources by using INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK (IAD). She believed that using such principles make a successful management on mutual resources. This paper tries to evaluate the development of Esfahan north-western villages using tourism development strategy according to Ostrom principles.
    Theoretical Framework: There are three methods for managing mutual resources: governmental management, private management, self-organization (participatory management). collective action is best for organizing and managing mutual resources for people whose income is dependent on that mutual resource (and it forms a direct interaction between system and its employees; so, in this research, employees of this camp are called either members or users of the system). Ostrom, accordingly, studied subjects related to institutional approach of collective action. Ostrom empirically proved self-organization and its triumph in different cases and she also studied it in a lab economy using Transactional Analysis theory (TA) in human behavior in action environment and proved possibility of people cooperation and participation in mutual goods supplement.
    Methodology
    This research studies the performance of Matin Abaad eco-camp and its characteristics, level of Ostrom principle being used, and its achievements. Institutional analysis and development framework was used for collecting data and analyzing them because the objectivet of this study was to check the level of success when applying Ostrom principles. Factor limit forms were used for the analysis of principles; in this method, only two limit extremes are checked that it does not consider factors as a specter but checks the factor existence or non-existence. Two classes of internal and external factors that influence tourism management in the area are the two variables of this study. The internal part of this research is compatible with variables that theorists use in order to analyze an official game. External variables had been questioned in the questionnaire too, even though they were not related to the objectives of current research. Considering characteristics of investigating system, questions were selected that were associated with physical and societal characteristics and also compatible with criteria questionnaire. In-use rules and operational rules were included in the questionnaire. It needed indexes for measuring success in the system. Three indexes of reliability in wage and sufficient salary and beneficiary, level of rule violation of personnel, and ordinary behavior explanation of system personnel regarding current rules are the final success indicators that were selected among many indexes for determining the level of success in systems.
    Sample capacity is fifty and they were selected randomly. They responded to the questionnaire. Data was analyzed by checking system rules and regulations, assessing system performance and determining the level of system success and ultimately the level of Ostrom principle running in the system.
    Results And Discussion
    This research has two main
    Objectives
    The first main objective is to evaluate success in Matin Abaad tourism system. Hence, two sets of internal dependent variables influencing on action status were identified: 1. Rules being used within the system and 2. System performance observation. These two variables are also included in this study because they are influencing factors on action status and will help to have a better analysis even though this is a Ostrom-principle-based study. So, these two variables are assessed by adding them to research’s questionnaire and statistical tests in form of some sub-variables. Based on the ratio test (binomial), the rules used in the system with a significant level of 0.005 are strictly observed. The correlation coefficient of the system rules is 1.00. So, it is concluded that the rules running in the system are well employed. In other words, it was indicated that there are no governmental restrictions for consuming water, land and, etc. Salary and benefits sufficiency and the level of law breaking and members’ behavior results indicate that system had an acceptable performance. The second main objective was to analyze eight principles of Ostrom in Matin Abaad eco-camp. So, a set of external variables influencing on action status were assessed and studied based on Ostrom principles. Questionnaire outputs indicate that Matin Abaad tourism system had been quite successful and had administered perfectly and according to Ostrom principles (Ostrom design has eight principles and Matin Abaad eco camp had followed all but the eighth principle which deals with merged enterprises).
    Conclusion and Suggestions: Matin Abaad Village is one of desert villages in the city of Natanz, Esfahan Province that used collective action and participatory management for utilizing region’s tourism capacities. The camp’s most important feature is its collective action and local management. Results indicate that Matin Abaad touristic eco-camp is a successful and developing example of collective action. Results indicate that Ostrom model brought success to the management of mutual resources by using institutional analysis pattern and developing a stable organization for managing mutual resources. It has a proper potential for activating touristic abilities in rural development. As a matter of fact, this method of managing resources is capable of turning into a proper management pattern in stable development because it is coordinated with traditions of participation, co-contribution and cooperation and also because it lasted in time, evolved and it is now compatible with geographical conditions of region and its society.
    So it is suggested that: - In order to improve tourism, the government will provide facilities for the creation of self-organizing systems.
    - To support these types of systems, the government can consider special financial facilities
    Keywords: Collective action, Ostrom design principles, Participatory management, Tourism management, Matin Abaad
  • Gholamali Khammar, Abd Al-Rashid Namazi * Pages 269-287
    Introduction
    An earthquake is one of the most dangerous natural disasters of the present age, which has always shown its importance objectively, and based on its magnitude, it can create huge disasters spontaneously. Due to geographical circumstances, our country is constantly threatened. According to official statistics, in the past 25 years, %6 of the country's casualties have been caused by an earthquake, and an average of 6 earthquakes per year and a 10-year earthquake of 7 degrees occur in the country. ‘Temporary settlement’ is of paramount importance in earthquake crisis management as it may reduce casualties caused by earthquakes considerably. Although this type of settlement is the case during a certain period and it loses its main application over time, its location process is very important. The present research attempts to predict optimal temporary settlement sites for victims of a probable earthquake in the city of Chabahar. It also aims at helping earthquake crisis management through combining a proper and scientific plan and creating necessary facilities for identifying suitable locations for temporary settlement.
    Theoretical Framework: The problem of positioning and allocating locations is not a recent issue, yet it still has numerous functions. From the early beginning of human creation, one of the most fundamental priorities of every man has been the issue of finding a good way to position and allocate different sites. Thus, in analyzing the location, valuation and formulation of such criteria is regarded as a crucial stage, and its recognition is of great importance.
    Methodology
    The research method of this study was descriptive- analytical, so in the process of gathering initial data, library surveys and field studies and observations along with interviews with the experts were used. Then, a questionnaire was distributed between the relevant elites. Meanwhile, enough accuracy was taken for choosing the criteria so that a comprehensive and systemic perspective was obtained on selecting the most desirable site. Moreover, Fuller's triangular module and their fuzzification in the geographic information system (GIS) environment were selected as the criterion value model. Next, the layers were overlapped through combining the above- mentioned criteria and fuzzification of the data using the ARC GIS analysis functions. The result extracted the final map which represented the suitable lands for the most optimal positioning of temporary accommodation sites.
    Findings : In this research, based on the location criteria of urban green spaces and in accordance with the type of the applied model suitable for this type of research (Fuller) and the recognition of the geographical, socioeconomic and physical aspects of the study area, the factors affecting positioning temporary accommodation for gathering information layers and identifying the sites with the highest priority for locating temporary accommodation are identified.
    The results indicate that the criteria such as population density, and open spaces (parks) have the maximum importance and the criteria such as soil slope and waterway have the minimum importance in a selection process of temporary settlement areas in the decision-making field from the perspective of planners.
    Conclusion & Suggestions: The purpose of this article was to present and develop a scientific and precise framework for locating temporary sites. Hence, 11 indicators affecting the locating process of such accommodation centers were introduced and evaluated, and the relevant criteria were selected and weighted. The main objective of weighing is expressing the significance of each criterion in comparison with other criteria. In this study, weighing the criteria was conducted according to the mean of the expert's opinions. First, a questionnaire was distributed among several individuals who were specialized in the field of research. Next, necessary explanations were offered. Then, they were asked to prioritize the desired criteria in terms of their viewpoints, as previously described in detail. Finally, they allocated the required points based on comparing the criteria.
    Finally, the Fuller triangular method was used to evaluate the criteria and obtain the final score points and values. These final scores were inserted in the Calculator Raster environment and the layer map effective in selecting the most optimal site for temporary accommodation was extracted. In addition, for the purpose of layer overlapping, the fuzzy model was used so that the best place to locate the city was introduced and the significance coefficients of each criterion were measured respectively using Fuzzy Fuller Hierarchical Triangle.
    The results of the study indicated that in the process of selecting the temporary accommodation sites and in terms of the planner's opinions, criteria such as population density and open spaces (parks) had the highest levels of significance in decision making domain, while the least levels of significance were recorded in the criteria of land gradient and water canal.
    Keywords: Temporary settlement, Fuller's Fuzzy Triangle Process, Geographic Information System (GIS), Chabahar