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جغرافیا و توسعه ناحیه ای - سال پانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 28، بهار و تابستان 1396)

نشریه جغرافیا و توسعه ناحیه ای
سال پانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 28، بهار و تابستان 1396)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1396/07/07
  • تعداد عناوین: 11
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  • علمی - پژوهشی
  • محمدرحیم رهنما، محسن حجازی جوشقانی صفحات 1-24
    اهداف
    شهرداری ها از رویکرد وظیفه محور به سمت رویکرد بازارمحور، مشتری مدار و مشارکت کننده در فعالیت های اقتصادی در قالب مشارکت با سرمایه گذاران بخش خصوصی در احداث پروژه های مشارکتی، به منظور دستیابی به درآمدهای پایدار روی آورده اند. دراین میان، اعتماد سرمایه-گذاران به شهرداری در تداوم این حرکت، بسیار اساسی است. هدف این مقاله سنجش اعتماد سرمایه گذاران پروژه های مشارکتی شهرداری مشهد به شهرداری مشهد با ملاحظه 9 شاخص در 38 پروژه می باشد.
    روش
    روش تحقیق توصیفی تحلیلی و ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات، پرسش نامه است. برای تحلیل داده ها نیز از نرم افزار SPSS استفاده شده است. جامعه آماری نیز کلیه سرمایه گذاران در پروژه-های مشارکتی شهرداری مشهد می باشند و حجم نمونه نیز برابر با کلیه این سرمایه گذاران می باشد.
    یافته ها/
    نتایج
    برای سنجش این متغیرها در ابتدا، معناداری شاخص ها از طریق آزمون کای-اسکوئر بررسی و مشخص شد که پاسخ ها با سطح معناداری 99 درصد درمورد متغیرهای خیرخواهی، سهیم کردن و اهمیت دیدگاه مشتریان معنادار نمی باشند. همچنین شاخص های تمایلات همکاری-جویانه، پیش بینی پذیری، اعتبار و صداقت، صلاحیت، کیفیت مدیریت و صراحت به عنوان عوامل موثر بر جلب اعتماد سرمایه گذاران به شهرداری شناخته شدند.
    نتیجه گیری
    ارتباط میان اعتماد به شهرداری و تمایل به مشارکت سرمایه گذاران با استفاده از آزمون های همبستگی پیرسون و کندال تائوسی سنجیده شد که این ارتباط، در سطح 99 درصد معنادار است.
    کلیدواژگان: اعتماد نهادی، سرمایه گذاری بخش خصوصی، پروژه های مشارکتی، شهرداری مشهد
  • محمد اجزاء شکوهی، حمیدرضا وارثی، محمد قنبری، رضا صمدی صفحات 25-50
    اهداف
    هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی تاثیر ادغام روستاها و مهاجرت معکوس در توسعه شهر جدید بینالود و نیز تاثیرات این اقدام بر این دو روستا می باشد.
    روش
    روش پژوهش به کارگرفته شده در این مقاله «توصیفی تحلیلی» می باشد و جهت ترسیم نقشه، از نرم افزار Arc GIS و برای تحلیل پرسش نامه ها از نرم افزار PAWS و آزمون هایی مثل کروسکال-والیس استفاده شده است.
    یافته ها
    جمعیت شهر جدید بینالود در سال 1390 برابر با 5220 نفر بوده است که اغلب این جمعیت مربوط به ادغام روستاهای اوارشک و فخرداود در این شهر جدید است. ساخت شهر جدید بینالود در محدوده فعلی، باعث افزایش قیمت زمین و شکل گیری فرایند مهاجرت معکوس در این دو روستا گردیده است.
    نتیجه گیری
    پس از بررسی های اولیه مشخص گردید که تعداد 54 خانوار از ساکنان شهر جدید بینالود که از ساکنان روستاهای اوارشک و فخرداود بوده اند و جمعیت 205 نفری را تشکیل می دهند، جزو مهاجرین معکوس به شمار می آیند. مکان سکونت قبلی اغلب این افراد، شهر مشهد بوده است و انگیزه اصلی آنها برای مهاجرت به مکان قبلی سکونتشان و بازگشت دوباره به بینالود، اشتغال بوده است. در بررسی وضعیت اقتصادی این افراد قبل و بعد از مهاجرت به بینالود، مشخص گردید که وضعیت اقتصادی آنها بعد از بازگشت به بینالود نسبت به قبل بهتر شده است. علاوه بر این، وضعیت مسکن اغلب این افراد هم نسبت به قبل بسیار بهبود یافته است و مالک مسکن شده اند. همچنین میزان رضایت این افراد از وضع زندگی خود در شهر جدید بینالود نسبت به مکان قبلی سکونتشان، در حد بالایی قرار دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: مهاجرت معکوس، جمعیت، وضعیت اقتصادی، روستا، شهر جدید بینالود
  • مجتبی رفیعیان، عیسی ابراهیم زاده، سید احمد حسینی، دیمن کاشفی دوست صفحات 51-76
    اهداف
    شهر باید به گونه ای باشد که نیازهای جمعیتی را پاسخ گو باشد. براین اساس در مقوله مسکن به عنوان یکی از اساسی ترین نیازهای زندگی انسان، این امر باید به گونه ای تدوین گردد که افراد با کمترین شکاف و اعتراض نسبت به استحقاق حقوق خود مواجه باشند. بر این اساس پژوهش حاضر با هدف ارزیابی و تحلیل فضایی وضعیت کالبدی مسکن محلات شهری پیرانشهر صورت گرفته است.
    روش تحقیق: نوع تحقیق در این پژوهش «کاربردی توسعه ای» و روش بررسی «توصیفی تحلیلی» است. جامعه آماری محلات شهر پیرانشهر در سال 1391 می باشد. شاخص های موردبررسی شامل 5 دسته اصلی قدمت بنا، کیفیت ابنیه، ریزدانگی واحدهای مسکونی، تعداد طبقات و مصالح می باشد. جهت تجزیه وتحلیل اطلاعات مذکور، از مدل Fuzzy TOPSIS و ANP استفاده گردید.
    یافته ها و
    نتایج
    نتایج حاصل از تحلیل های انجام شده، نشان می دهد که 7/26 درصد از محلات شهر دارای تعداد طبقات با کیفیت مطلوب، 3/33 درصد با کیفیت متوسط و 40 درصد دارای کیفیت نامناسب می باشند.
    نتیجه گیری
    یافته های به دست آمده حاکی از آن است که بیشتر محلات در بخش جنوبی شهر به لحاظ شاخص های کلی مسکن، در وضعیت مناسبی نمی باشند. این خود نشان دهنده نوعی بی عدالتی فضایی می باشد. امید است هرچه سریع تر درجهت بهبود کلی وضعیت مسکن این منطقه، به خصوص نواحی محروم و بهبود کیفیت زندگی اقدامات لازم انجام شود.
    کلیدواژگان: وضعیت کالبدی مسکن، تحلیل فضایی، پیرانشهر، تحلیل شبکه، Fuzzy TOPSIS
  • رسول افسری، اسفندیار زبردست صفحات 77-100
    اهداف
    گردشگری یک عامل مهم در استقرار منابع گوناگون و توسعه مناطق کمتر توسعه یافته به-شمار می رود. با بهره گیری حساب شده از توسعه گردشگری، می توان زمینه توسعه اقتصادی، اجتماعی فرهنگی و محیط زیستی بسیاری از مناطق محروم را فراهم آورد. در این پژوهش، هدف این است که نخست نقش گردشگری در توسعه منطقه ای شهرستان مراغه بررسی گردد؛ سپس عوامل تاثیرگذار گردشگری در منطقه اولویت بندی شود. همچنین راهکارهایی برای توسعه پایدار گردشگری ارائه شود تا ضمن افزایش منافع حاصل از آن، بتوان تاثیرات منفی آن را به حداقل کاهش داد.
    روش
    این پژوهش با توجه به نوع هدف، کاربردی و از نظر ماهیت و روش، توصیفی تحلیلی و همبستگی است. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل کارشناسان، متخصصان (اساتید دانشگاهی رشته های مربوط)مسئولین سازمان ها و ادارات و مردم محلی شهرستان مراغه، با جامعه آماری 15000 نفر و تعداد نمونه 400 نفر است. روش گردآوری داده ها و اطلاعات در این پژوهش، روش کتابخانه ای و میدانی (پرسش‏نامه) است. برای تجزیه وتحلیل داده ها و آزمون فرضیات پژوهش از تحلیل رگرسیون خطی ساده، آزمون t و مدل F،ANP استفاده شده است.
    یافته ها/
    نتایج
    نتایج پژوهش حاکی از این است که ضریب تعیین بین متغیر مستقل (توسعه گردشگری) متغیر وابسته (توسعه اقتصادی) برابر 13/0 است. به عبارت دیگر، توسعه گردشگری 13درصد تغییرات متغیر وابسته را توجیه می کند. همچنین در بعد اجتماعی و فرهنگی نیز توسعه گردشگری 31 درصد تغییرات ایجادشده در متغیر وابسته را پیش بینی (توجیه) و خطی بودن رابطه بین دو متغیر توسعه گردشگری و توسعه اجتماعی فرهنگی را تایید کرده و نشان می دهد توسعه گردشگری همانند بعد اقتصادی، در بهبود وضعیت اجتماعی و فرهنگی شهرستان نیز تاثیر داشته است. همچنین در بعد زیست محیطی نیز گردشگری در محل تاثیر گذاشته است. نتایج رتبه بندی عوامل تاثیرگذار نیز براساس ترکیب تحلیل عاملی (FA) و تحلیل شبکه ای (ANP) به ترتیب عبارت اند از: افزایش کیفیت محیط‏زیست، گسترش امکانات بهداشتی و خدمات رفاهی، افزایش حساسیت به محیط، افزایش درآمد.
    نتیجه گیری
    نتایج به دست آمده از تحلیل آماری رگرسیون خطی و آزمون t نشان داد بین توسعه گردشگری و توسعه اجتماعی فرهنگی، اقتصادی و زیست محیطی منطقه رابطه معناداری وجود دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: گردشگری، توسعه پایدار، منطقه، مدل F، ANP، شهرستان مراغه
  • حجت الله شرفی، مرضیه جعفری، مسلم قاسمی صفحات 101-121
    اهداف
    امروزه صنعت گردشگری از ارکان توسعه پایدار در هر جامعه ای محسوب می شود. در این صنعت، وجود زیر ساخت های مناسب، مدیریت عاقلانه و مدبرانه در جنبه های مختلف سیاسی، فرهنگی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی، آمایش جاذبه ها و ایجاد تسهیلات، امکاناتی است که دسترسی را بیش ازپیش آسان می سازد. هدف تحقیق حاضر، سطح بندی دهستان های شهرستان کرمان از نظر زیر ساخت های موجود گردشگری است.
    روش
    روش شناسی تحقیق، توصیفی تحلیلی برمبنای شیوه اسنادی می باشد که در این مسیر، از تکنیک راف ست جهت رتبه بندی زیرساخت های گردشگری روستایی شهرستان کرمان استفاده شده است.
    یافته ها/
    نتایج
    یافته های تحقیق نشان می دهد که در بین دهستان های شهرستان کرمان براساس زیرساخت های گردشگری روستایی، دهستان های باغین و محی آباد، بالاترین سطح برخورداری و دهستان-های گروه، ده میرزا، هوتک، پایین ترین سطح زیرساخت گردشگری را به خود اختصاص داده اند. دهستان های کاظم آباد، سیرچ و لنگر در حالت بینابین، سطح و ناحیه مرزی را به خود اختصاص داده اند.
    نتیجه گیری
    در بین دهستان های شهرستان کرمان از نظر برخورداری زیر ساخت ها، توازن برقرار نیست و یک شکاف ملموس از نظر دسترسی به زیرساخت های گردشگری روستایی وجود دارد. بنابراین می توان دهستان های شهرستان کرمان را از نظر زیرساخت-های موجود گردشگری روستایی به سه سطح توسعه-یافته، نیمه‏برخوردار و محروم سطح بندی کرد. دهستان های گروه و ده میرزا(بخش راین)، هوتک(بخش چترود)، تقریب بالا را به خود اختصاص داده اند. دهستان های باغین(بخش مرکزی) و محی-آباد(بخش ماهان)، تقریب پایین مجموعه زیرساخت های موجود گردشگری را به خود اختصاص داد هاند. دهستان های کاظم آباد(بخش چترود)، سیرچ(بخش شهداد) و لنگر(بخش ماهان) با کسب سطح پایین زیر‏ساخت‏های گردشگری، ناحیه مرزی را به خود اختصاص داده اند.
    کلیدواژگان: گردشگری روستایی، زیرساخت های گردشگری، توسعه پایدار روستایی، رویکرد راف ست، شهرستان کرمان
  • مریم قاسمی، نشاط امیدوار، الهام عاشوری، زهرا نسیمی صفحات 123-149
    اهداف
    امروزه بهبود کیفیت زندگی هدف اصلی تمام برنامه ها و سیاست ها و مقصد مشترک توسعه در سطوح محلی، ملی و بین المللی است. مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی تطبیقی کیفیت زندگی روستائیان مهاجر به نواحی پیراشهری کلان شهر مشهد نسبت به قبل از مهاجرت، یعنی کیفیت زندگی آنها در مبدا مهاجرت، تدوین گردیده است.
    روش
    روش تحقیق توصیفی تحلیلی با رویکرد تطبیقی است. جهت پیگیری کیفیت زندگی مهاجران روستایی در طول زمان، از طرح تحقیق «شبه پانل» استفاده گردید. در این مطالعه، کیفیت زندگی به کمک 17 مولفه و 56 متغیر در دو بعد عینی و ذهنی در طیف لیکرت بررسی شد. آلفای کرونباخ 79/0 حاکی از پایایی مطلوب ابزار تحقیق است.
    یافته ها/
    نتایج
    براساس نتایج آزمون تی جفت نمونه ای، در بعد اقتصادی میانگین کیفیت زندگی از 03/2 به 41/2، در بعد اجتماعی از 64/2 به 79/2 و در بعد کالبدی از 02/2 به 58/2 در بعد از مهاجرت، به طور معناداری افزایش داشته است. اگرچه میانگین کیفیت زندگی روستائیان در قبل و بعد از مهاجرت به روستاهای پیراشهری پایین-تر از میانه نظری است، اما نتایج حاکی از آن است که بهبودی نسبی در کیفیت زندگی ساکنان روستاهای پیراشهری نسبت به گذشته ایجاد گردیده است، به طوری که میانگین کیفیت زندگی از 35/2 به 65/2 افزایش یافته است.
    نتیجه گیری
    روستاهای پیراشهری علی رغم اختلاف زیاد با مقوله توسعه پایدار روستایی به‏جهت مجاورت با کلان شهر مشهد، دارای امتیازات خاصی نسبت به سایر روستاهای شهرستان هستند. بدیهی است ریشه اصلی مهاجرت های روستاشهری در وضعیت نابسامان اقتصادی و معیشتی روستاهای کشور نهفته است.
    کلیدواژگان: شهرستان مشهد، دهستان تبادکان، روستاهای پیراشهری، مهاجرت، کیفیت زندگی
  • لیلا شمسی، کرامت الله زیاری صفحات 151-169
    اهداف
    مفهوم چندمرکزی یکی از مبهم ترین اصطلاحات در علوم منطقه ای است. بخشی از این ابهام به رویکردها و مقیاس های مختلف مربوط می شود. اگرچه اغلب پژوهش های اخیر، بر روی مقیاس شهری و به ویژه منطقه کلان شهری چندمرکزی تمرکز کرده اند، اما کمتر به سطوح ملی و استانی توجه شده است. بنابراین مقاله حاضر سعی دارد تا با برشمردن ابعاد و مولفه های این مفهوم در این مقیاس، به بخشی از این ابهامات پاسخ دهد و روش هایی را برای سنجش آن در کشور بیابد. سپس، قابلیت توسعه چندمرکزی را در سطح استان مازندران بسنجد.
    روش
    با توجه به ماهیت و هدف پژوهش، از روش توصیفی تحلیلی استفاده شده است. مطابق با ادبیات موضوع، دو بعد مورفولوژیک و عملکردی را می توان در سطح کلان برای سنجش چندمرکزیتی شناسایی کرد. در تحلیل ها، شاخص نخست شهری، شاخص تقوایی، شیب رتبه اندازه و تحلیل کانونی به عنوان شاخص های مورفولوژیک و شاخص واسانن، تراکم شبکه و آنتروپی به عنوان شاخص های عملکردی به کار رفته اند.
    یافته ها/
    نتایج
    نتایج تحلیل نشان می دهند مازندران دارای نظامی از مراکز متوازن و نسبتا هم اندازه در گروه های جمعیتی مختلف و فاقد ساختاری سلسله مراتبی است. به علاوه، مراکز شهری به طور نسبتا برابر در پهنه سرزمین پراکنده شده اند. از نقطه نظر عملکردی نیز، منطقه دارای همبستگی شبکه ای بالا، جریان ها و پیوندهای متوازن و دوطرفه و نظامی نسبتا شبکه ای است.
    نتیجه گیری
    استان مازندران را می توان چه به-لحاظ مورفولوژیک و چه به لحاظ عملکردی، تبلوری از یک ساختار فضایی چندمرکزی تعریف کرد.
    کلیدواژگان: چندمرکزیتی، فرامنطقه ای، بعد مورفولوژیک، بعد عملکردی، استان مازندران
  • یاسر امینی، اسدالله خورانی، مسعود بختیاری کیا، صالح آرخی صفحات 171-192
    اهداف
    پایش تغییرات کاربری ها و درک پویایی آن در یک حوضه آبخیز، از جایگاه خاصی در مدیریت پایدار آن حوضه برخوردار است. هدف تحقیق حاضر، استفاده از سنجش از دور و GIS جهت تهیه نقشه تغییرات و شناسایی انتقالات کاربری اراضی و پوشش زمین با به کارگیری ماتریس انتقال و تصاویر ماهواره لندست در حوضه آبخیز دریاچه ارومیه می باشد.
    روش
    جهت انجام تحقیق، از تصاویر ماهواره لندست در دوره زمانی 2015 1988 استفاده گردید. بدین منظور پس از انجام پیش پردازش های موردنظر، جهت انجام طبقه بندی از روش های ماشین بردار پشتیبان و روشیءگرا استفاده و سپس اعتبارسنجی گردیدند. همچنین جهت برآورد میزان انتقالات و دیگر ویژگی های حوضه آبخیز دریاچه ارومیه، ابتدا ماتریس انتقالی استخراج شده و سپس طبقه بندی شئ گرا بین دوره های زمانی 20151988 ارائه شد. سپس با استفاده از فرمول های موردنظر، میزان پایداری، افزایش، کاهش، تغییرات کل، تغییرات خالص و مبادله همزمان کاربری های اراضی و پوشش زمین مشخص گردید.
    یافته ها/
    نتایج
    پس از ارزیابی صحت، صحت کلی برای نقشه های حاصل از ماشین بردار پشتیبان و روش شئ گرا به ترتیب برابر با 94 و 92 درصد و مقدار کاپای آنها به ترتیب 92 و 89 برآورد شد که نشان دهنده برتری روش شئ گرا در مقایسه با روش ماشین بردار پشتیبان است. در کل، هر دو روش طبقه بندی توانستند صحت قابل قبولی برای نقشه های کاربری اراضی و پوشش زمین ارائه دهند. نتایج حاصل از انتقالات نشان داد به طور میانگین، 59 درصد از چهره زمین در حوضه آبخیز دریاچه ارومیه در فاصله زمانی 2015 1988 پایداری پوشش داشته است، که بیشترین میزان این تداوم براساس مقدار این کاربری در فاصله زمانی 20151988 مربوطه به مناطق مسکونی می-باشد. حدود 14 درصد از سطح حوزه آبخیز دریاچه ارومیه به صورت تبادل همزمان بوده است. همچنین سطوح آبی حوضه آبخیز دریاچه ارومیه در دوره زمانی فوق، بیشترین ازدست دادگی و کمترین تبادل همزمان را تجربه کرده است.
    نتیجه گیری
    حوضه آبخیز دریاچه ارومیه در این فاصله زمانی (20151988) تغییرات و انتقالات شدیدی را تجربه کرده است، تاجایی که تنها 59 درصد از چهره زمین، ثابت مانده و قسمت های دیگر، انواعی از انتقال ها را تجربه کرده اند. همچنین سطوح آبی و سپس مراتع، بیشترین آسیب-پذیری را تجربه کرده اند که نشان از افزایش اراضی فاقد پوشش و اراضی زراعی (کشاورزی) می-باشد. این تجزیه وتحلیل ما را به سنجش و تجسم میزان انتقالات عمده LULC درجهت برنامه ریزی آینده حوضه آبخیز دریاچه ارومیه توصیه می کند.
    کلیدواژگان: روش شئ گرا، ماتریس انتقال، آسیب پذیری و پایداری، حوضه آبخیز دریاچه ارومیه
  • فاطمه درگاهیان صفحات 193-211
    اهداف
    با توجه به اهمیت رخداد هوای پاک و نقش آن در برنامه ریزی ناحیه ای کارهای حساس به آلودگی هوا، در این پژوهش علت رخداد روزهای همراه با هوای پاک به منظور امکان پیش بینی آنها بررسی شده است.
    روش
    در این تحقیق، داده های مربوط به کیفیت هوای پاک، از بانک اطلاعات مربوط به شرکت کنترل کیفیت هوا و داده های اقلیمی مربوط به بارش و سمت و سرعت باد از سازمان هواشناسی کشور در دوره آماری 1393 1387 اخذ گردید. داده ها براساس یک الگوریتم به روش توصیفی آماری تجزیه وتحلیل شدند.
    یافته ها/
    نتایج
    بررسی توزیع فراوانی سالانه رخداد روزهای همراه با هوای پاک نشان داد که از توزیع خاصی پیروی نکرده و روند تغییرات معنی داری را نشان نمی دهند. توزیع ماهانه رخدادها بیشترین فراوانی را در فروردین ماه و سپس ماه هایی که ناپایداری های جوی بیشتر است، نشان داد. بنابراین رخداد هوای پاک را در دو عامل کلی، شامل عوامل طبیعی اقلیمی، سمت و سرعت باد و بارش و نیز عامل انسانی، روز تعطیلی جست وجو کردیم. براساس این عوامل، 13 ویژگی در یک الگوریتم تعریف و علت اصلی شرایط رخداد روز همراه با هوای پاک استخراج شد. درصد فراوانی هریک از ویژگی ها محاسبه و سهم هریک از عوامل استخراج گردید. با ترکیب 13 ویژگی، سه عامل به صورت انفرادی و چهار عامل به صورت ترکیبی و یک عامل هم به صورت جداگانه تعیین گردید.
    نتیجه گیری
    در تعیین علل رخداد روز همراه با هوای پاک، در بین عوامل انفرادی، عامل تعطیلی و در بین عوامل ترکیبی، عامل تعطیلی همراه با بارش بیشترین درصد را به خود اختصاص داده است. تجزیه وتحلیل داده ها نشان داد بعد از یک روز تعطیل همراه با بارش، رخداد یک روز همراه با هوای پاک جهت هرگونه برنامه ریزی از سطح کلان و ناحیه ای گرفته تا برنامه ریزی های روزمره افراد، به احتمال زیاد قابل‏پیش بینی است.
    کلیدواژگان: هوای پاک، عوامل اقلیمی، روزهای تعطیل
  • عباس امینی، زانیار گفتاری صفحات 213-236
    اهداف
    مطالعه حاضر به ارزیابی تاثیرات محیطی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی سد ژاوه در استان کردستان تا سال 1393 و آبگیری آن در آینده پرداخته است.
    روش
    ارزیابی نگرش ساکنین مناطق روستایی واقع در حوضه سد، نسبت به تاثیرات احداث آن تا زمان مطالعه و آبگیری آن در آینده، جداگانه صورت گرفته و داده ها با تکمیل پرسش نامه و مصاحبه با 250 سرپرست خانوار از 13 روستای نمونه، گردآوری شده است.
    یافته ها/
    نتایج
    آسیب پذیری های ادراک شده اقتصادی و محیطی احداث سد، متوجه وضعیت معیشتی و دارایی ها و منابع محیطی تولید کشاورزی روستاها بوده و با افزایش فاصله از سد، افزایش جمعیت و افزایش مقدار زمین، بیشتر ارزیابی شده است. به عبارتی، ساکنین برخوردارتر از مواهب و منابع محیطی، احداث سد ژاوه را مخاطره ای برای دیرپایی سکونت پذیری اکوسیستم سکونتگاهی و پایداری نظام معیشتی خود ارزیابی کرده و بیش از منافع آب سد، آسیب های آن را متوجه خود دانسته اند. باوجوداین، همچنان حس تعلق و انگیزه ماندگاری ساکنین آسیب ناپذیر باقی مانده است.
    نتیجه گیری
    مدیریت پایدار منابع محدود آب کشاورزی، با توجه به فزایندگی تقاضا و رخداد کم آبی های گسترده، ضرورتی اجتناب ناپذیر برای کشور به حساب می آید. سدسازی برای ذخیره منابع محدود آب، بالقوه می تواند امکان استفاده کارآمدتر از آنها را فراهم نماید. اما اجرای غیراصولی و بدون ارزیابی های همه جانبه از پیامدهای آن به ویژه برای جوامع هدف، اکوسیستم های محیطی و انسانی را از فواید آب های سطحی محروم کرده و پیامدهای ناگواری برای آنها خواهد داشت.
    کلیدواژگان: مدیریت منابع آب، سدسازی، مناطق روستایی، سد ژاوه، آسیب پذیری های محیطی و اقتصادی
  • مهناز رهبری، ناصر شفیعی ثابت، زینب رضایی صفحات 237-258
    اهداف
    تحقیق حاضر بر آن است تا عوامل بسترساز بخش غیرکشاورزی در ابعاد نظام محیطی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی، سیاسی و کالبدی و اثرات آن بر پایداری سکونتگاه های روستایی در دهستان سرولایت شهرستان نیشابور را بررسی و تجزیه‏و تحلیل کند.
    روش
    این پژوهش با استفاده از روش توصیفی تحلیلی و با بهره گیری از شیوه پیمایشی (پرسش نامه) در قالب 5 مولفه زمینه ساز اشتغال غیرکشاورزی (محیطی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی، کالبدی و سیاسی) و تاثیرات آن بر توسعه سکونتگاه های روستایی بخش سرولایت شهرستان نیشابور با استفاده از آزمون های آماری T تک‏نمونه ای، تااوبی کندال و رگرسیون چندگانه انجام گرفته است. تعداد روستاهای موردبررسی براساس میزان جمعیت (روستاهای بالای 50 خانوار) تعداد 13 روستا به صورت تصادفی انتخاب شدند که براساس فرمول کوکران، حجم نمونه 324 خانوار تعیین شد.
    یافته ها/
    نتایج
    یافته های حاصل از مطالعه میدانی نشان می دهد به غیر از مولفه های نظام های محیطی و کالبدی که شرایط مساعدی را به جهت ایجاد و گسترش مشاغل غیرکشاورزی در بخش موردمطالعه نشان داده است، دیگر مولفه های زمینه ساز اجتماعی، اقتصادی و سیاسی به گونه ای نبوده است که زمینه را جهت ایجاد و گسترش مشاغل غیرکشاورزی فراهم آورد.
    نتیجه گیری
    مساعدنبودن مولفه های زمینه ساز ایجاد و توسعه بخش غیرکشاورزی، به ویژه مولفه های اجتماعی، اقتصادی و سیاسی موجبات جابه جایی های گسترده روستایی شهری، به ویژه نیروهای جوان و تحصیل کرده به شهرستان نیشابور و دیگر شهرهای استان و به دنبال آن، ازدست رفتن فرصت های اقتصادی به ویژه در بخش کشاورزی را فراهم آورده و منجر به ناپایداری سکونتگاه های روستایی در ناحیه موردمطالعه شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: تنوع بخشی اقتصاد، اشتغال غیرکشاورزی، پایداری سکونتگاه های روستایی، بخش سرولایت شهرستان نیشابور
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  • Mohammad Rahim Rahnama, Mohsen Hejazi Joshaghani Pages 1-24
    IntroductionDevelopment plans and actions, including micro or macro plans, in the form of economic plans and through cooperative approaches, have resorted to various measures to induce cooperation in various levels; however, low rate of participation in such plans is still an issue for policy makers and other agents involved in urban planning. Achieving the goals of urban development and providing the services required by the citizens necessitates a partnership between the municipality and investors. Several factors, though, can affect this partnership, such as investors’ trust in the municipality. Therefore, the present study investigates the role of trust in municipality and the private sector’s willingness to invest in Mashhad municipality’s joint ventures.
    Theoretical FrameworkInglehart considers the relationship between trust and participation. From a sociological point of view, at least three forms of trust can be identified: a) interpersonal trust: interpersonal trust based on direct face to face relationships; b) generalized trust: having a favorable opinion of the community members, regardless of their attachment to ethnic and tribal groups; and c) institutional trust: the degree of favorability, effectiveness, and people’s trust in institutions.
    Trusting organizations is studied as a form of trust in institutions, so, in the present research, the mentioned indicators are studied as the ones pertaining to earning investors’ trust in Mashhad municipality.
    MethodologyThe present study is descriptive-analytical. The research population consists of all the investors in Mashhad municipality’s joint ventures and its sample size includes the investors with 23 people or organizations. The information is gathered through questionnaire and is then analyzed using χ2, Kendall’s tau-c, and Pearson correlation in SPSS.
    Findings1. Investor’s willingness to invest (participation in projects)
    The frequencies of the answers provided to the questions related to the willingness to invest in Mashhad municipality’s joint ventures are as follows: 5.3 percent very low, 52.6 percent average, 31.6 percent high, and 10.5 very high. “Very low” option was not adopted by any of the respondents.
    2. Investors’ trust in the municipality
    The components used to measure this item included 9 indicators and 23 items which were incorporated in the questionnaires, with a five-point Likert scale ranging from very low to very high, distributed among the investors.
    To test the indicator’s level of significance, χ2 test was performed using SPSS. Of the nine indicators used, three indicators of benevolence, participation, and the importance of customers’ viewpoints were not statistically significant and thus not influential in building the investors’ trust in the municipality. Among the indicators that were statistically significant, cooperative tendencies, with a significance level of 99 percent (sig = 0.000) had the highest level of significance followed by predictability, credibility and honesty, management quality and openness, which with a significance level of 95 percent, were respectively identified as the factors influencing the investors’ trust in the municipality.
    After running the “compute” command in SPSS, to integrate the items of each indicator, and recoding them, the frequencies of the items pertaining to each indicator are as follows:The frequency of items for each indicator:The indicator of credibility, honesty and keeping promises: very low: 5.3 percent, low: 5.3 percent, average: 15.8 percent, high: 47.4 percent, and very high 26.3 percent.
    Eligibility indicator: very low: 5.3 percent, low: 5.3 percent, average: 31.6 percent, high: 42.1 percent, very high: 10.5 percent.
    Benevolence indicator: very low: 21.1 percent, low: 42.1 percent, average: 21.1 percent, high: 5.3 percent. Very high was not chosen by any respondent.
    Openness indicator: very low: 5.3 percent, low: 15.8 percent, average: 42.1 percent, high: 21.1 percent, very high: 5.3 percent.
    Participation indicator: very low: 10.5 percent, low: 26.3 percent, average: 36.8 percent, high: 15.8 percent. Very high was not chosen by any respondent.
    Cooperative tendencies indicator: very low: 5.3 percent, low: 5.3 percent, average: 15.8 percent, high: 57.9 percent, very high: 5.3 percent.
    Quality management indicator: low: 5.3 percent, average: 10.5 percent, high: 47.4 percent, very high: 26.3 percent. Very low was not chosen by any respondent.
    Importance of customers’ viewpoint indicator: low: 5.3 percent, average: 10.5 percent, high: 47.4 percent, very high: 26.3 percent. Very low was not chosen by any respondent.
    Predictability indicator: very low: 5.3 percent, low: 5.3 percent, average: 5.3 percent, high: 31.6 percent, very high: 47.4 percent.
    The weighted average of the mentioned indicators is as follows:Credibility, honesty and keeping promises indicator: 3.8, eligibility indicator: 3.5, openness indicator: 3, cooperative tendencies indicator: 3.6, management quality indicator: 4, predictability indicator: 4.
    The indicators of benevolence, participation, and importance of customers’ viewpoints were not statistically significant in χ2 tests.
    The predictability indicator, with a weighted average of 4, is the most important one for the investors.
    Discussion and ConclusionThe findings of the study reveal that as the level of investors’ trust in the municipality increases, so does their willingness to participate in joint ventures.
    To increase the level of investors’ trust in the municipality, the following suggestions are made:• Explaining its ability and the method of keeping its promises to investors;
    • Increasing the expertise of the authorities responsible for defining projects and writing partnership agreements by the municipality;
    • Explaining completely the rules and laws of the project site and its future plans to the investors;
    • Drawing a statute to honor investors;
    • Drawing and publicizing the rules of engagement by the municipality and transparency regarding the drawing up of each contract;
    • Creating a committee for the modification or adjustment of the defined projects with the shared opinions of the investor and the municipality.
    Keywords: Institutional trust, Private sector investment, PPP project, Mashhad municipality
  • Mohammad Ajzae Shokouhi, Hamid Reza Varesi, Mohammad Ghanbari, Reza Samadi Pages 25-50
    IntroductionOne of the most important consequences of rapid growth of urbanization and physical expansion of cities in Iran in recent decades has been the disintegration of the distribution system of urban services centers. The increase of urban population and the need for creating new city centers which can accommodate the added population to large cities are effective factors in establishing new towns. Considering the growth of urbanization in the present century, the subject of establishing new towns has been introduced and implemented as a necessity for absorbing urban population overflow and de-centralizing population and employment in Iran and the world, which has had a lot of consequences. Increase in citie's population was the direct result of increase in migrants and population, particularly in developing and underdeveloped countries. The rapid population growth in developing countries during the last three decades has resulted in different consequences and problems such as density, pollution, unemployment, and shortage of housing and urban services. Expansion of urbanization and, consequently, the special problems of urban life made necessary the finding of some solutions for optimizing citizen’s lives. In the majority of historical periods, from the start of civilization, new towns have been built in different part of the world. Construction of the new towns in Iran can be studied in two periods of before and after the revolution. This research investigated the factors affecting reverse migration to the new town of Binalood as the second new town around Mashhad metropolis.
    Theoretical FrameworkIn the majority of historical periods, from the first civilization, new towns have been built across the world. Construction of new towns in Iran could be surveyed before and after the revolution. After revolution, the project of new towns construction with forward planning was proposed by Ministry of Housing and Urban Development as a solution to the problems of metropolises in the late 1980s, and was approved by the government. Therefore, in different provinces of the country, construction of 17 new towns and further construction of 12 new towns in later years were started.
    MethodologyThe descriptive-analytical research method was used in the present research. The main aim of the research was to study the impact of integration of villages on the development of Binalood new town and its economic effects on reverse migrants. Binalood new town which was built to accommodate Mashhad’s extra population is located 55 Km to the southwest of Mashhad city.
    FindingThe master plan of Binalood new town was approved by the Supreme Council of Architecture and Urbanism in 2002.2.28. Although this new town was anticipated to be populated from 2003, it had no population until 2005 and from this time onward, it started to be populated as a result of the primary provision of the required infrastructure so that its population reached 264 by the end of 2006. This number reached 3454 and 3818 by the end of 2008 and 2011, respectively. Primary investigations showed that 54 households of Binalood accounting for a population of 205 are considered as reverse migrants who were the inhabitants of Avareshk and Fakhr-e-Davood villages which are now integrated in Binalood new town. The previous city where these migrants have been living was Mashhad, and the main reason for returning to Binalood was employment. It should be noted that the reason for over 13-fold increase in the population of this new town is the addition of two villages of Avarshk and Fakhr-e-Davood to the legal limits of Binalood new town in order to use the potential of the population of these two villages. Personal satisfaction rate with living status in the new town of Binalood was higher than that of the previous place. The highest frequency based on the time duration of the returning inverse migrants to Binalood new town with 57/4% is related to more than 4 years. This time of their return was simultaneous with the start of the activities of Khorasan's Iran Khodro and the creation of appropriate occupational opportunities in the new town. The main motivation and reason for the return of migrants to Binalood has been employment with the highest frequency of 75/9%. The start of the activities of Khorasan's Iran Khodro and Binalood's Industrial Town created a suitable situation for native people seeking jobs.
    Discussion and ConclusionAccording to the results of this research, it was concluded that the master plan of Binalood was unsuccessful in achieving its aims by the end of 2011. Investigations on the evaluated indicators showed that none of them was realized completely, so that the rate of realization of the anticipated population was 5.66%. Analyzing the economic status of the migrants before and after immigration to Binalood showed that their economic status improved after returning to Binalood. Moreover, housing status of the majority of emigrants improved significantly compared to the past, and now they have their own houses. Furthermore, the satisfaction rate of these people with their living situation in the new town of Binalood was high in comparison with their previous place. Finally, in order to achieve the aims of this new town, the most important problems in the way of their implementation, i.e., insufficient infrastructures and equipment and shortage of different services, must be solved.
    Keywords: Reverse migration, Population, Economical status, Village, Binalood new town
  • Mojtaba Rafieian, Isa Ebrahimzadeh, Seyed Ahmad Hoseini, Diman Kashefidust Pages 51-76
    IntroductionIt may be asserted that housing problem is globally widespread. However, in developing countries, this problem has become critical because of population and urbanization's rapid growth, internal immigrations, lack of sufficient financial resources, problems regarding land supply, construction materials supply and lack of specialized human forces and, most importantly, lack of proper policy and planning concerning land and housing. As one of the developing countries, Iran is not an exception in this regard.
    The analysis of qualitative and quantitative problems of housing is done through items which are seen as variables named "housing indicators" which indicate the different economic, social, cultural, and physical dimensions of the housing as well as the key tool for portraying the perspective of the housing and its planning. The study of physical indicators and form of the housing has special importance. This research tried to study and evaluate the physical indicators of the housing in Piranshahr and analyze the features, characteristics, and generally, the physical condition of the city (based on 15 districts) from different aspects to the extent that the information can be extracted. Generally, the most important goals of this research can be summarized as follows:Correct and sufficient identification of the status quo of Piranshahr in order to achieve a proper and efficient planning for the physical condition of the housing;
    Identifying and understanding the physical condition of the neighborhoods in the city by emphasis on its effect on the spatial justice.
    Theoretical FrameworkHousing as one of the most important basic necessities of mankind is known to tremendously affect human health and well-being. It is widely acknowledged that adequate housing is essential for good life. Housing is a very complicated and widespread issue with different spatial, architectural, physical, economic, social, financial, psychological, and medical aspects. For this purpose, various definitions have been presented for it such that the housing is considered as a physical place and shelter as well as one of the basic and essential needs of family. The study of the housing indicators is one of the known tools and methods for understanding the nature of governing features on the housing which by its help, we can identify effective procedures in the housing. Based on this, housing indicators are the most important key tools in the housing planning which can be used to identify the effective parameters for housing and facilitate decision-making in the process of the housing planning. Housing indicators are divided into four major groups: 1-social, 2-economic, 3-physical, and 4-demographic.
    MethodologyThis research is of applied-developmental type which used the descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the neighborhoods was all the statistical and extracted data related to Piranshahr city in 2012. The studied indicators included 5 major categories: the age of buildings (in three levels of less than 10 years, 10 to 30 years, and more than 30 years); the quality of buildings (in four levels of repaired, ruined, renewed, and maintainable); the granularity of the residential units (in 7 levels); the number of the floors (1,2,3 and more than 4 floors); and aggregates (in 5 levels including clay, metal frame, wood-block, brick-block, and iron-brick). For this purpose, in order to weight the indicators, network analysis model was used, and in order to rank the urban neighborhoods and evaluate their condition, fuzzy TOPSIS model was used.
    Results & DiscussionThe study of the current condition in Piranshahr city shows that the condition of housing is not equal in different neighborhoods of the city and they have significant differences compared to each other. However, by a look to the condition of housing indicators in different neighborhoods, it becomes clear that a significant percentage of the houses has not been developed in accordance with the available standards. Also, the final indicator of the physical quality of housing in Piranshahr shows that 26.7% of the neighborhoods in the city have desired quality, 40% have moderate quality, and 33.3% have undesired quality indicating the relative difference of the neighborhoods in the city.
    Conclusions & SuggestionsRegarding the obtained results, we can claim that most of the neighborhoods are not in suitable conditions in terms of the number of floors indicating the spatial difference in the residence pattern of the urban neighborhoods. Furthermore, the findings showed that most urban neighborhoods are in an instable condition. Finally, it is hoped that the suitable condition is achieved in the urban development plans as soon as possible by the cooperation of authorities and people in the proper implementation of the urban development plan, land preparation, and renovation of the old texture.
    Keywords: Housing physical condition, Spatial analysis, Piranshahr, Network analysis, Fuzzy TOPSIS
  • Rasoul Afsari, Esfandiar Zebardast Pages 77-100
    IntroductionThe consequences of the industrial revolution, urbanism, development of routes and transportation networks, international relations, usage of new technologies, and the pursuant increased leisure time and security, all have led to the ever-growing expansion of tourism and have placed it at the center of humans’ attention. However, the expansion of tourism in developing countries necessitates meticulous, effective planning to lessen its negative effect as much as possible. To this end, a major approach in planning, in general, and in tourism planning, in particular, is that of sustainable development. Hence, in the present study, regardless of the prevalence of various tourism approaches such as economic, geographical, mass-oriented, etc., the approach of sustainable development in tourism is considered. The aim was to study and analyze the role of tourism in various aspects of Maragheh’s sustainable regional development and to rate the factors affecting it, using the opinion of experts, elites, and locals.
    Theoretical FrameworkVarious points of view have considered diverse effects and consequences of tourism in different regions. Some have emphasized its economic effects, while others have highlighted its social effects. Expansion of tourism in a region can have numerous results and outcomes in different sectors, from various aspects. The analysis of the effects of tourism from various viewpoints, as a collective whole and in line with sustainable regional development, has been materialized in economic, socio-cultural, environmental, and political aspects producing a multifaceted approach.
    MethodologyUsing a descriptive-analytical approach and utilizing the new method of F-ANP, the present study investigates the role of tourism and rates its influential factors in sustainable regional development. The data was gathered through library method (using Persian, non-Persian books, and magazines), field study, and questionnaires. Questionnaires were distributed among four groups of locals, authorities, specialists, and experts (university professors). Using Cochran’s formula, a sample size of 384 people for a confidence level of 95 percent with an estimation error of 0.05 percent was chosen. In the end, in order to increase the accuracy of the study, 400 questionnaires were prepared. To assess the validity of the questionnaire, following the initial analyses and assessments and comparisons with the previous literature, the questionnaire was revised and its validity was confirmed by the specialists and experts. To assess the reliability, questionnaire’s Cronbach's alpha was measured. To analyze the data and test the hypotheses, regression analysis and t-test in SPSS were used. Moreover, to rate the factors from the perspective of elites, specialists and locals F-ANP was utilized.
    Findings and DiscussionThe findings indicated that the development of tourism has been influential in the socio-cultural development of Maragheh County, and a linear relationship between the two variables of development of tourism and socio-cultural development was confirmed (the linear regression for tourism and social development showed that a one-unit increase in the independent variable changes the dependent variable by 0.56 units). From an economic perspective, tourism has had a positive effect on the county and the development of tourism has improved the economic situation of the region (a beta of 0.36 confirmed the significance of the relationship between the two variables). From an environmental perspective, contrary to expectation, not only hasn’t tourism resulted in destruction, but the findings indicated that it has increased sensitivity to the environment and that the development of tourism has led to the preservation and recovery of the resources (the coefficient of determination for the two variables is 43 percent, meaning that development of tourism predicts 43 percent of the variation in the dependent variable, i.e., environment). A higher-than-three mean in the t-test also confirms this relationship. Synthesis of the findings of factor analysis and F-ANP for rating the factors shows that improved quality of the environment, expansion of health facilities and welfare services, increased sensitivity to the environment, increased income, improved infrastructure, and increased value of the lands, respectively, are major influential factors prompted by the development of tourism in Maragheh County from the perspective of specialists, experts, and locals alike.
    Conclusions and SuggestionsThe findings of the study can help policy makers in the adoption of targeted policies, with the goal of improving regional development. The study investigated the role of tourism in the sustainable development of Maragheh and found that development of tourism has influenced all three aspects of sustainable development in the region. Furthermore, considering the results of the analyses, and in order to amplify the influence of tourism on the sustainable development of the region, we put forward several suggestions to address this issue of paramount importance from several aspects: first, creation of a website or a blog to introduce tourist attractions of the region; second, training a specific group of skilled and trained people to advertise the county's showplaces, particularly to visiting tourists. Accommodations (hotels and inns) and amenities are among the other problems which necessitate a good relationship between the private and public sectors, so that individual, institutional, and non-governmental cooperatives’ investments can be used to establish the required accommodations and amenities for tourists and attract more visitors.
    Keywords: Tourism, Sustainable development, Region, F-ANP, Maragheh county
  • Hojjatallah Sharafi, Marziyeh Jafari, Moslem Ghasemi Pages 101-121
    IntroductionIn many countries, tourism is one of the most complex trades and as a polyhedral activity has inclusive and various positive functions such as creating jobs, earning revenue, and strengthening the infrastructures. Rural tourism is one type of tourism that is linked with many other tourism patterns but the point of reference is its establishment in rural areas. The demand for the use of tourism capacity in rural areas has increased sharply in recent years. Media attention has grown to the originality of rural areas, which seems have been threatened by the spread of urban life. Nowadays, tourists are looking for virgin rural communities. Now the important point in planning based on attractions is how to prioritize development and how to develop them. To measure and prioritize attraction and elements, usually various criteria such as economic, social, cultural, infrastructural, environmental, institutional, legal, and geographic are taken into consideration, based on which decisions can be made on different attractions. The creation of a sustainable and successful tourism industry depends on the availability of appropriate infrastructure that directs the economic, social, and infrastructural objectives. The purpose of this study is to classify the Dehestans of Kerman in terms of the existing tourism infrastructure. Based on the subject matter and the purpose of the research, it was hypothesized that the existing rural tourism infrastructure is balanced in Dehestans of Kerman.
    Theoretical FrameworkIran villages, having good climate and human and natural resorses, are potentially exceptional for tourist attraction. Among other things helping rural tourism in Iran are physical patterns, particular architecture, geographical conditions, cultureal customs, economic activities, handicrafts, living pattern, silence and tranquility, and various pristine landscapes are many the invalvabli properties of these villager which help rural tourisem in iran. However, sustainable and sucessful tourism requires some infrastructures in order to facilitate social and economic growth. In this regard, there have been extensive activities so far to develop rural tourism to increase rural employment and income. As tourism infrastructures serve as tools to service tourists, passengers and guests, it is important to optimally utilize such infrastructures, to discover inequalities and to level tourism sites. This in return leads to better management in tourism. Hence, adjusting the number of tourist to tourism spaces (especially infrastructures) is very important.
    MethodologyThe applied method in this study is descriptive-analytical based on the documentary style. The analysis level was 12 districts of Kerman county and the analysis unit was the existing infrastructure of rural tourism sector. The indexes studied in this study included population number, number of residential centers (C1), number of intersections (C2), number of public parks (C3), number of passenger services (C4), recreational areas (C5), health services (C6), tourism sample areas (C7), and cooperative companies (C8). The required information has been collected from the Iranian Statistics Center, the Population and Housing Registry of Kerman in 2011, and the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Kerman province. In this research, using Rough Set method's ranking technique, the Dehestans of Kerman county have been prioritized according to the existing tourism infrastructure. The theory of Rough Collection was founded in the early 1980s by Professor Zedislow Pawlack. The Rough Collection Theory is a new mathematical method for intelligent data analysis. The main purpose of the analysis of Rough Collection is to obtain approximate concepts of the acquired data. The basis of the theory forms the concepts of the bottom approximation set, the upper approximation set, and the boundary region. In this technique, after specifying the indicators, in accordance with the rules for each indicator, the law pertinent to each of the indicators is defined in four levels (excellent, good, moderate, and weak) and finally each Dehestans is ranked and classified based on each index.
    Results & DiscussionThere is a connection and integration between the level of development and sustainability of each Dehestans . Therefore, the Rough Set method is used to assess the ability of rural areas. This method can be used in qualitative evaluations. The decision support system helps us to get a lot of information from a series of simple questions and the feedback available. In addition, decision-makers can well be supported through this method. In fact, the decision support system can solve broad issues and give more information about the decision. Therefore, sustainable rural development is a multi-dimensional concept; in this regard, the Rough Set method can improve the number of indices. Furthermore, the analysis of the Rough Set method showed that there is a high potential in the concept of management and planning, and the indicators of sustainable rural development. The city of Kerman, as the widest city of Kerman province, has provided sufficient opportunities and resources to attract tourists to create favorable conditions for their economic prosperity. Each year, the attraction of a significant amount of tourists (domestic and foreigners) has shown the enrichment and improvement of the economic ways. The purpose of the present study was to determine the level of Dehestans of Kerman based on their tourism infrastructure. The results of the research process based on the Rough Set method showed that there is no balance between the rural districts of Kerman county. There is also a tangible gap in terms of the access to rural tourism infrastructure. Therefore, the research hypothesis is rejected and it can be concluded that the Dehestans of Kerman can be classified into the three levels of developed, half- possessed, and deprived.
    Conclusions & SuggestionsThe county of Kerman, as the widest county in Kerman provinc, has had sufficient opportunites and resouces to attract tourists, which have provided favorable conditions for its economic prosperity. Each year, the attraction of a considerable number of tourists (domestic and foreigeners) has led to the enrichment and improvement of the economic ways. The purpose of the persent study was to determine the level of Dehestans of Kerman based on their tourism infrastructure. The results of the Rough set method showed that there is no balance among the Dehestans of Kerman county. There is also a tangible gap in terms of the access to rural tourism infrastucture . Therefore, the reserch hypothesis is accepted, and the Dehestans of Kerman can be classified into the three levels of developed, half- possessed, and deprived. In conclusion, the dehestans of Dehmirza and Hotak belong to the high approximate, Baghain and Mohiabad are among the low approximate Dehestans, and finally Kazemabad, Sirch, and Langar, which have a low index of tourism infrastructure, belong to the middle level.
    Keywords: Leveling, Rural Tourism, Rough set method, Infrastructures, Mahan, Kerman
  • Maryam Ghasemi, Neshat Omidvar, Elham Ashore, Zahra Nasimi Pages 123-149
    IntroductionQuality of life is one of the most important issues that our world is facing today. Human future will be based on a better understanding of factors that affect the quality of human life. In discussions about life quality, living is not the only goal, but its quality is also important. Currently, inappropriate living conditions in rural settlements have considerably lowered the quality of life. Obviously, the villagers hope for better living conditions, so that they leave their villages toward more desirable habitats. During this population flow and due to the lack of sufficient financial sources, rural communities logically move to suburban areas. Suburban villages of Tabadkan district as the entrance gates of North East of Mashhad have received important parts of immigrants. Since today, most migrations are performed to achieve a better quality of life; thus, the main research question arises: whether the quality of life among rural people living in suburban villages has changed compared with those living in rural areas?
    Theoretical FrameworkAccording to Fenwick, Naglieri, and Brown (1996), quality of life has a social concept, and has no meaning in itself. In 2000, a model was proposed to illustrate the concept of life quality. This model has generally focused on three realms of society, environment, and economy. The advantage of this model is that the contrast between areas have clearly been defined, and there is an image expressed form different concepts of livability, life quality, and stability (permanent) interacting with each other. In the present work, according to recent studies, the quality of life has been examined in the areas of socio-cultural, environmental, and economic. In a theoretical approach, life quality can be classified into two categories: descriptive and explanatory. Descriptive studies review the association between quality of life and variables such as gender, age, and education, and their central issue is the quality of life based on background variables, but explanatory studies are trying to understand the factors affecting the quality of life, and are divided into batch-oriented and structuralist approaches. It should be noted that in this research the explanatory studies have been considered with an emphasis on the structuralist approach.
    MethodologyA descriptive-analytical method with comparative approach was used as the research method. The "pseudo panel" research project was used, due to the fact that the quality of life of rural households cannot be followed over time (before movement toward suburban villages) and consequently due to the lack of data in this area. The unit of analysis was the "migrant's rural households" of the suburban villages of Tabadkan district. The questionnaire was conducted in order to compare the quality of life of the rural households before and after migration. The quality of life was also examined in Likert scale, with 17 components and 56 variables in view of economic, social, and physical aspects. According to Cronbach's alpha coefficients, the items designed to measure the variables had internal correlation with each other.
    Results & DiscussionGiven the normal distribution of characteristics, paired sample t-test was used to determine the presence or absence of a difference in the mean value of parameters and aspects of life quality. Due to the level of significance (sig≤0.05) in the paired sample t-test, the mean values of all components of social, economic and structural parameters were found to be significantly different. Paired sample t-test results, in view of life quality, showed that except for the social dimension of quality of life, the difference between the mean values of economic and structural dimensions and the structure of life quality were significant. On the economic side of the quality of life, the average increased from 2.10 to 2.40 after migration. Structurally, the mean value increased from 2.25 to 2.55 after migration. It can be seen that a physical and economic improvement has happened after migration toward suburban villages. In general, the quality of life of rural migrants improved with a significant increase in the mean value from 2.43 to 2.58.
    Conclusions & SuggestionsWidespread poverty, rapid population growth, unemployment, migration, urban marginalization, etc. were found to be due to the lack of quality of life in rural areas. Predictably, in order to achieve the desired level of life quality, rural people migrate to towns and urban areas. Although suburban villages are less developed and often face several challenges such as environmental pollution, etc., the results showed that the quality of life of migrants improved after migration. This reflects the poor situation in less-developed rural areas. Perpetuation of inequalities, lack of job opportunities, and poor quality of life in rural communities have revealed the necessity of achieving different but possible ways in planning and management.
    Keywords: Mashhad county, Tabadkan dehestan, Suburban villages, Migration, Quality of life
  • Leyla Shamsi, Keramatollah Ziari Pages 151-169
    IntroductionOver the past two decades, the multi-centered concept of cities has played a significant role in the literature of economic planning and geography. Therefore, the definition of multi-centered concepts with different scales and perspectives is a vital topic that should be addressed particularly. This concept thus became a widespread issue in the policy making documents in the mid-90s, and, concurrent with the European Space Development Prospect (ESDP), reports started to evaluate multi-centered development within European countries.
    Theoretical FrameworkMulti-centeredness as an empirical concept emerged in the 1930s, in line with the development of central location theory. The emergence of this concept originally came about in Leipzig, Germany in 1994, but the first concept of multi-centered expression unfolded in the early 1960s in France, which was developed to maintain the balance of metropolises with the goal of economic equilibrium at the national level. Subsequently, ESDP introduced Multi-centeredness as a way to ensure more appropriate spatial planning and a more balanced development in the European space. Thus, the term multi-centered concept, in addition to the strategic concept, refers to an analytical concept that has drawn a significant range of studies into itself.
    MethodologyAccording to the nature and purpose of the research, the descriptive-analytic method was applied. Library and documentary methods were used to collect data. Therefore, the study of the subject and its measurement at the macro level was performed based on two dimensions of morphology and functionalism. Hence, for measuring the morphological components, four urban metropolitan indexes, including Taghvaie index, Mahta index, rank-size index, and focal analysis method were considered. Furthermore, in order to measure the functional multi-centered dimension of the province in three stages, using hypothesized domain index for the analysis of centrality and vertices dominance, the network density index was utilized to analyze the component of network correlation, and entropy index was used for network distribution analysis. The data of 16 main cities with over 20,000 people in three periods of 1996, 2006, and 2011 were considered for the purpose of this research. In this way, every urban point was analyzed in relation to its neighboring points in a way that the distribution of cities grouping could be central and clustered, or multi-centered. The central distribution of cities is when the demographic distance is high between the province's superior cities and its surrounding towns, and the dominant city of the province acts as a central and powerful nucleus. But the clustering dispersion is the accumulation of cities with similar population close to each other as a cluster.
    Discussion and ResultsReview of the related literature showed that the concept of multi-center requires special attention from managers and planners, which aim to improve and balance different parts of urban areas. To this end, first, the different parts of the morphological and functional components had to be identified. In this study, multi-centeredness measurements in urban areas were investigated using descriptive-analytic method. Therefore, the results of the analysis of the two approaches (morphological and functional) showed that the first approach, which is basically referred to as morphological dimension, refers to the size of urban centers in the area of the land, and it sees its balanced distribution equal to a greater multi-centeredness. The second approach, which is called as the functional spatial equilibrium, takes into account the relationship between the centers. From this point of view, balanced and interconnected relationships between urban centers form a balanced urban area. Therefore, both views, distinct from the normative position, emphasize a shared principle that is the balance of the importance of urban centers in one region.
    Conclusions and SuggestionsFindings showed that Mazandaran province has a relatively high spatial equilibrium, both functionally and morphologically. Morphologically, in terms of the metropolitan indexes of Mehta, for cities over 20,000, there is evidence of a lack of concentration and superiority of a particular city in the province. As a result, Mazandaran should be regarded as a multi-centered province. However, the study of trends indicates a first-city increase in favor of first cities such as Sari, Babol, and Amol. On the basis of Taghvaie index in 1996, 2006, and 2011, for Mazandaran, it was 0.643, 0.679, and 0.713 respectively, and according to the Zipf index, for all cities of the province, the standard deviation was less than 0.3 showing the gentle and uniform slope of the size and rank of cities in the entire urban system of Mazandaran province.
    In the functional dimension, the Vasanen (2012) indices, the equilibrium area, and slope coefficient of the rank-size equation showed that the analysis of the province identified six potential convergence regions whose main centers ranged from west to east of the province. They are Behshahr, Golgah, Sari, Ghaemshahr, Babol, Amol, Noshahr, Chalous, Tonekabon, Ramsar, and their values are 12.5, 28.1, 15.6, 18.75, 12.5 and 12.5 respectively. Although these values, derived from the multi-center analysis of the Vasanen, show the dominance of Sari-Ghaemshahr district, they are still in good balance because of the location of the two important cities of the province in this potential convergent region. Therefore, provincial managers can integrate and adopt a relatively different view on this issue, and many economic and social processes take place at the level of "economic cores" of the same cities; hence for the province to enter balance in the region, the whole regions should be given priority in a wider perspective.
    Keywords: Multi-centered, Trans-regional, Morphological dimension, Functional dimension, Mazandaran province
  • Yaser Amini, Asadalah Khoorani, Masoud Bakhtyarikya, Saleh Arekhi Pages 171-192
    IntroductionMonitoring land use changes and understanding its dynamics in a watershed is a special issue in the sustainable management of watershed basins. In recent decades, rapid changes in land use and land cover in Urmia Lake basin is accompanied by important consequences such as the destruction of natural resources, environmental pollution, and rapid growth of cities. Understanding the ratio of changes as well as the systematic and random transitions of Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) over time can be used to determine the extent of degradation, manage these changes in a proper direction, predict future changes, and act properly. Detecting and modeling land use changes by using remotely sent data and GIS technology can provide a solid understanding of changes in land use and therefor can offer suitable management practices. The aim of the present study is the use of remote sensing and GIS for mapping land use and land cover changes and identification of their transitions using a transfer matrix and Landsat images in Urmia Lake basin. Therefor, the performance of pixel-based and object-oriented methods of land use and land cover classification specified in Urmia Lake basin is going to be compared. Also the spatial and temporal dynamics of LULC is going to be analysed for this basin. Another objective of this research is to identify the ratio of vulnerabilities of each land use relative to other land uses.
    Theoretical FrameworkLand-cover transitions can be classified into random and systematic changes. Random transitions are those influenced by coincidental or unique processes of change; for instance, the rapid and abrupt changes of land transformations in an ecosystem depending on resilience and feedback mechanisms. On the other hand, Systematic transitions are those due to regular or common processes of change. (Tucker et al., 1991; Lambin et al., 2003).
    MethodologyIn this study, Landsat TM and ETM images were used for the period of 1988 to 2015. First, some image pre-processing techniques were done including reducing the brightness of water, strips of pixels in images, and removing the cloud spots. The area of Urmia Lake basin is 5786 Km2 and contains eight Landsat image frames. So, for each period, 8 images were obtained and mosaicked based on band to band method and the coordinate of the region. After running the required pre-processing on the images, training samples were obtained and the images were classified based on vector machine and object-based classification methods. Then, the results of the classification were validated. Based on field observations and vegetation map of Urmia lake basin, the training samples were obtained from 6 land uses including the residential area, forests, agricultural fields, rangelands, water resources, and bare lands. Bias, Gama, Kernel functions, and pyramid levels and Penalty Pyramid Parameters were obtained from a cyclic kernel function for Support Vector Machine. Also, effective parameters of object-oriented approach were obtained including the window width, weighted mean factor, weighted variance factor with error, and similarity tolerance.
    In order to evaluate the results, Kappa coefficient and overall accuracy were used. For estimating the rate of transmission and other characteristics of the watershed of Urmia Lake, the transition matrix of object-oriented classification method was extracted for 1988-2015. After that, by using appropriate formula, the rate of gain, loss, persistence, net change, and swap (simultaneous exchange) was calculated for each land use/land cover. The swap represented changes in the location between land covers, whereas the net change was associated with a measurable irreversible change in the surface of one land cover to another; having these two components of change allowed the actual spatial dynamics of LULC change to be determined in the study area. In this manner, it was possible to determine the total change in LULC between 1988 and 2015 and highlight the land cover types that exhibited the greatest variation.
    Results & DiscussionThe overall accuracy of Support Vector Machine (SVM) and object-oriented approach were 94 and 92 respectively. Also, Kappa coefficient was 92 and 89 respectively, showing that although both methods show acceptable results, the object-oriented approach is stronger. The results of the transactions showed that coverage has been persisted in the 59 percent of the land in the catchment area of Lake Urmia during the period of 1988 to 2015, most of which was related to the residential areas. About 14 percent of the basin has experienced swap. Water resources has experienced the most loss and the less swap.
    For residential areas, agricultural fields, and water resources classes, the ratio of gain to persistence is more than 1 indicating that the amount of gains are due to the persistence of these classes. The ratio of net changes to persistence was negative for the classes of forest, rangelands, and water resources. The net reduction of water resources was almost contrary to the persistence of this landscape. Also, the net reduction of agricultural fields was almost the same but half the net gain.
    Conclusions & SuggestionsUrmia Lake basin has experienced rapid changes and transitions during 1988-2015; that is, only 59 percent of the land uses have been stable while the other areas have experienced a kind of transition. Due to the reduction of water resources and rangelands, bare lands and agricultural fields have been increased. The results should be noticed for an integrated watershed management of the basin.
    Keywords: Object-oriented approach, Transfer matrix, Vulnerability, persistence, Urmia lake basin
  • Fatemeh Dargahian Pages 193-211
    IntroductionRegarding the importance of the air, it needs to be mentioned that a human being is able to survive some days without food and water yet some seconds without air; thus, the quality of the air we breathe plays an important role in human health which affects all of his activities. In order to inform people of air quality daily and continuously, the Air Quality Index (AQI) is used; this is used to predict daily air quality and helps the society to comprehend the meaning of the effect of local air quality on health. The index classified into six groups indicates whether the air is clean or polluted as well as its relevance to human health.
    Theoretical FrameworkNatural and human factors are the most effective factors in Tehran's air pollution; natural-climatic factors, such as wind and rain, may improve air quality and make it clean. The most important sources of pollution in Tehran are movable resources, or automobiles, whose reduction of activity on holidays could be a reason for air clarity. Regarding the importance of enjoying clean air and its role in regional planning of sensitive tasks prone to contamination, this study surveys the event daily, monthly, and yearly to identify the causes of the occurrence of the days with clean air quality and pave the way to predict the event. Owing to the abundance of the occurrence of polluted days and its harmful damage on all aspects of human lives as well as the environment, most studies related to Tehran air pollution come in different titles. Nevertheless, the reasons for the occurrence of the days with clean air have not been studied so as to predict the occurrence.
    MethodologyDaily data related to air quality index were obtained from Tehran Air Quality Control Company as well as the climatic data related to downpour, wind direction, and the speed of Meteorological Organization in a 16-year period whose indicator value was between 0 to 50; these days were separated and selected as days with clean air. Thus, monthly and yearly distribution of days with clean air was extracted. The factors were selected and coded based on three factors of holidays, wind direction and speed, and downpour.
    Code 1: if wind speed is more than 10 meter/second (m/s)
    Code 2: if wind direction is the West and Northwest
    Code 3: if downpour happened the same day (a day with clean air)
    Code 4: if there is no downpour the same day yet it happened a day before
    Code 5: if there is downpour the same day yet no downpour happened the previous day
    Code 6: no downpour happened the same day or the previous one
    Code 7: if downpour happened both the same day and the previous one
    Code 8: if wind speed was more than 15 m/s the previous day and its direction is from the West or Northwest
    Code 9: if the same day is a holiday
    Code 10: if the previous day was a holiday
    Code 11: if both the same day and the previous one were holidays
    Code 12: if neither the same day nor the previous one were holidays
    Code 13: if the day with clean air or the previous day was a holiday
    After extracting 13 features according to wind, downpour, and holidays, the data were ready to enter the analysis stage; they were divided into two groups of individual data, i.e., wind, downpour, and holidays each presented separately, and combined data, i.e., wind and rain, wind and holidays, rain and wind and holidays, and rain and holidays, so that the effective factors on the event of clean air could be recognized in the order of priority and the possibility to predict a day with clean air in Tehran was determined.
    Results and DiscussionsNatural factors, downpour and wind, as well as human factors are taken as the reasons for the event of clean air. Automobiles are the most important sources of pollution, which constantly transfer pollutants inside the atmosphere every day. Hence, it could be claimed that dominant specific synoptic modes determine air clarity. Studying the days with clean air reveals the fact that wind and rain are effective in improving air quality, however, they are unable to change the conditions into the clean air and there is a possibility for other factors with more influence. Due to severe pollution of the city, one factor cannot merely eradicate massive amount of pollution and lead the air to reach the standard of clean air index. Studying the air quality of the days with clean air shows that a mixture of factors was able to aid cleaning the air.
    Conclusions and SuggestionsThe annual distribution of abundance of the days with clean air shows that the maximum number belongs to 2006 with 36 days while the minimum number goes back to 2000 with 1 day. Monthly distribution shows the maximum abundance in April with the most official and non-official holidays, after which are the months with maximum atmospheric instability. All features of the days with clean air are presented in an algorithm based on three factors of downpour, wind direction, and speed as well as holidays, which are divided into 13 codes; the results showed that in 52% of the cases with clean air and 22% of the cases with a one-day delay, downpour could be effective in air clarity; wind speed in 41.5% of the cases was more than 10 m/s and its direction in 72% of the cases were the West and Northwest; the days with clean air in 53% of the cases happened in holidays while in another 51% it happened when the previous day was a holiday and clarity happened with one day delay. Compared to two other factors, in 72% of the cases the days with clean air happened when the day, itself, or the day before was a holiday. The event of the day with clean air in a number of cases depended on one factor or multiple factors, simultaneously. The results showed that the factor of holiday, among other individual ones, was the primary one with the highest percentage. The factor of a holiday with downpour, among other combined factors, wined the biggest percentage. Eventually, based on individual and combined factors, it could be concluded that the most important factor in the event of the days with clean air is the factor of holiday in spite of the common belief naming wind and downpour as the most highlighted ones.
    Keywords: Clean air, Climatic factors, Holidays
  • Abbas Amini, Zaniar Goftari Pages 213-236
    IntroductionSustainable management of scarce agricultural water resources is an unavoidable necessity for countries facing the incremental water demands and suffering from water deficiencies, such as Iran. In order to reserve the limited existent water resources, dam building can potentially help the more efficient use and allocation of them. Nevertheless, implementing the policy without true comprehensive assessment of its consequences, especially for target communities, can practically lead to destruction of surface water resources and deprivation of natural and human ecosystems from these essential resources. This study aimed to evaluate the attitudes of the villagers residing at the basin of Zhaveh dam in Sanandaj township of Kurdestan province towards the environmental and socio-economic impacts of the project under construction. Implementation of a dynamic and stable program for rural communities entails comprehensive environmental and socioeconomic studies on water resources management projects, such as construction of dams.
    Theoretical FrameworkDamming projects are often believed as development attainment tools. The economic impacts of dams on neighboring communities and residents are usually improving the job and income opportunities and available water for agriculture. These positive economic impacts, assumed as the main objectives of dams, are obvious in short terms. Contrarily, negative impacts, which are imposing much more costs on the environment and society, are realized in longer terms. Due to the dominance of structural thinking in the opinion of policy makers, rivers have been the victims of aggressive human developments for enhancing regional economies, similar to the enclosed water bodies. Therefore, dams are built one after another to store water in reservoirs in order to support agricultural activities, increase power generation, and secure urban water supplies. Different experiences of serious ecosystem damages, water quality degradation, inundation of historic sites, land use changes, water seepage, and increased downstream development under the perception of increased water availability make the Iranian dam construction pride questionable. These problems are normally the products of the rapid investment and growth in one sector without considering the dynamic relationships of the growing sector (e.g., economy, agriculture, and infrastructure) with other sectors (e.g., water, environment, and ecosystem) in the absence of an integrated view of the complex human-natural system of systems. A paradigm of thought, which separates “development” from “environment” and implements such aggressive shortsighted regional development plans have resulted in unintended hydro-environmental problems whose long-term costs are significantly higher than their short-term benefits. As a result, growth in one sector has caused secondary negative impacts on other sectors (e.g., ecosystem losses) and a long-term negative feedback or impact on the original sector (e.g., forced migration due to increased water and air pollution). If timely regulatory actions are not taken in these cases, the unintended damages can become irreversible.
    MethodologyThe case studied here is the Zhaveh dam in Kurdestan western province of Iran, which was under construction by the year of study, 2014. The statistical population was the villagers of Sirvan District of Sanandaj County, which have directly or indirectly been exposed to the project impacts. 250 household heads were selected as the sample determined by Cronbach test. The required data was gathered primarily and secondary via survey and field operations. To do this, a detailed questionnaire was designed and validated to interview the respondents of 13 selected villages of the region, containing attitudes towards the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of the project. The impacts were evaluated considering two phases: the construction period, since the project’s beginning by the time of the study and the time of the dam water supplying in the future, separately.
    Results & DiscussionAccording to the results, some benefits, such as the relative increasing of cultivable lands around the dam, have occurred. Nevertheless, serious vulnerabilities such as loss of noticeable fertile lands, elimination of permanent surface water resources from the ecosystem, and changing other dam downstream land uses have been the considerable consequences of the project perceived and clarified by the residents. In this regard, attitudes towards the dam impacts after water supplying in the future, has been evaluated as more important by the residents, compared to the phase of its construction period. The economic and environmental damages of dam construction considered by the villagers were related to their livelihood instability, losing and inefficiency of their agricultural productive resources, and the undesired impacts on their social relations. However, the villagers’ sense of place and residency motivation remained invulnerable. Relating and assessing the respondents’ attitudes with the macro attributes of their villages revealed that the mentioned negative impacts are evaluated as more influential with regard to the increase in the villages’ population, arable lands, and the distance to the dam location. In fact, the construction of dam has been evaluated as a threat against the region’s dwelling capability and livelihood sustainability.
    Conclusions & SuggestionsDam projects are usually implemented considering the national and regional macro objectives, and contrarily the least participation of local communities, in spite of vast environmental and socioeconomic consequences for them. Taking regional and national necessities into account and prioritizing them over the local and rural socioeconomic situations in planning and implementing of dam projects deviates their consequences from their initial objectives. Hydro-environmental and settlement threats are the most important damages, which emerge due to a consideration of the national and regional needs and the infrastructural advantages of dams and neglecting the sustainability requisites of the involved local communities. Unavoidable feedbacks of such processes are irreversible and irremediable for the whole system viability in the long-term.
    Keywords: Water resources management, Dam building, Rural areas, Zhaveh dam, Environmental, economic vulnerabilities
  • Mahnaz Rahbari, Naser Shafie Sabet, Zeynab Rezaai Pages 237-258
    IntroductionStructural weakness of rural areas around the country leads villagers to migrate to urban areas looking for better opportunities; phrases like "having no future", or "lack of opportunity", which is clearly stated in comments of rural migrants, reveal the fact that a new paradigm must be taken into consideration in order to solve the problem of rural-urban migration. Sustainable rural development has a cross-sectoral nature in this paradigm which includes important issues like developing infrastructure, decentralization, strengthening local institutions, diversification of income sources as well as insisting on non-agricultural activities, in addition to agriculture and providing food security; this happens through providing infrastructure and empowering the villagers to have a tendency toward non-agricultural payrolls and removing their challenges, whether through empowering internal factors in villages or through state and external policies to control and reinforce bases and foundations of sustainable rural economy, etc.
    Theoretical FrameworkSustainable rural economy is an approach to develop in which efficiency, justice, and sustainability are mixed together in a manner that efficiency guarantees optimal use of natural resources, justice guarantees poverty alleviation and removing the gap between the rich and the poor yet the aim of sustainability is sustainable livelihood in keeping with the future livelihood through conserving natural resources. Traditionally, non-agricultural economy of a village is taken into consideration as a descending section with low productivity which rural farmer households consider as a supplementary to their income next to agriculture during the time, however, its role in reducing poverty and economic growth in developing countries has been clearly revealed since 1990s. The role of non-agricultural economy in the potential development of rural areas and recruiting unemployed rural workforce, etc. is highly studied in the previous two decades. Additionally, non-agricultural activities in rural areas not only reduce the flow of migration out of villages but also motivate the reverse flow.
    MethodologyThis study uses an analytical method and a survey in the form of 5 underlying components of non-agricultural payrolls (environmental, social, economic, structural, and political) and their effects on sustainability of rural settlements in Sarvelayat section of Neyshabur town. In order to analyze the underlying components of creation and development of non-agricultural payrolls, this study takes advantage of 5 components of environmental, social, economic, structural-infrastructural and political systems; afterwards, survey techniques, such as targeted interviews and questionnaire, were used to analyze the role of underlying components of non-agricultural payrolls on the sustainability of rural settlements which include questionnaire of rural familie's heads and rural questionnaire. Therefore, the single-sample t-test in SPSS software was used to survey the relationship among underlying components of non-agricultural payrolls and, in the next step, measure of Kendall Tau link was used to survey the relation between underlying components of non-agricultural payrolls and sustainability of rural settlements. Finally, the multivariate regression test was used to survey the effects of underlying components of non-agricultural payrolls on sustainability of rural settlements of Sarvelayat section. In the end, direct and indirect effects of underlying components on developing and distributing non-agricultural payrolls were analyzed.
    Results & DiscussionGenerally, findings reveal the unfavorable situation of the underlying components of non-agricultural payrolls in a manner that except the components of the environmental system and structural-infrastructural system which is related to the natural and infrastructural network, the rest of underlying social, economic, and political components show a level lower than average which reveals an apparent contradiction with the sustainable approach in the studied area.
    Conclusions & SuggestionsGenerally, the findings reveal the unfavorable situation of non-agricultural underlying components so that components of social, economic, and political systems, such as state institutions investment and information dispersion forces in both social (empowering villagers in the dimensions of education, awareness of social and economic issues of their own village and …) and economic (investment, distribution of credits and government's financial support in providing bank facilities and loans to villagers and …) dimensions, the amount of agricultural production as well as availability of animal and agricultural products in order to create transformative and supplementary industries in villages, financial and the earning situation of villagers due to agricultural activities as the facilitating agent to create non-agricultural activities, motivation among villagers to create non-agricultural payrolls, effectiveness of young and skilled workforce in villages, social and economic cooperation of villagers in local organizations, etc. was not enough to pave the way for the creation and dispersion of non-agricultural payrolls. Therefore, it is essential that the following presuppositions and suggestions are more noticed in relation to facilitating indices of social, economic, and political empowerment:Improving cognitive and skilled fields of villagers through empowering educational sources and a suitable system of dispersion and information to reach a rural society of aware, wise, creative, entrepreneur, and flexible people.
    Encouraging villagers to participate in group activities in various economic and social fields as well as understanding the economic and social benefits of collective work compared to individual work to lead villagers to create and develop non-agricultural activities, etc.
    Keywords: Economy diversification, Non-agricultural occupation, sustainability of rural settlements, Sarvelayat section of Neyshabur town