فصلنامه اندیشه دینی
پیاپی 20 (پاییز 1385)

Analytic philosophy is the predominant philosophical movement of the 20th century in English- speaking countries. The most important characteristic of this movement is to analyze the structure of thought via linguistic analysis. In view of many of analytic philosophers, to reveal philosophical concepts and propositions is a way to solving the philosophical problems. Analytic philosophy has three important branches: Cambridge school, logical positivism, and Oxford school. Analytic philosophers's views have a deep influence on different braches of knowledge including ethics, politics, law, and education. In this essay we broadly introduce analytic philosophy and, then, consider its influence on education.

Many researchers believe that Averrors is the last philosopher in intellectual history of Islamic civilization. Therefore they did not pay attention to rational heritage in Shiism. Whereas Shiite world was the more paradigm of Islamic intellectual life in philosophy and sciences, but was neglected. This neglection caused the decline theory and thought in Islamic world post 615(AH).This discourse engaged to explain and prove the invalidity of the theory by researching in Nasirodin's role in renewed birth of intellectual life in seventh century. His efforts in philosophy and ethics in the decadence period should be significant.Scientific research will prove Nasirodin's prominence in emerging intelectual schools (Shiraz, Isfehan and Tehran). Akhlaghe Naseri is the first and most important work of him in ethics science. He compiled it as an independent work, considering his reasoning that Tahzib-al-Achlagh has some deficiency, particular in demostic economy and politics. Three fundamental subjects are researched in Akhlaghe Naseri: knowledge of self (Rational faculty), virtues and prosperity, and justice. He believes that prosperity is subject and ultimate object of ethics. This believe caused him to allocate most part of first chapter in pondering salvation sense, perfect and deficiency of nous, and finally good deeds and self-knowledge. His critique on Aristotle and Averroes in counting virtues species and describing rascalities kinds basis on Quranic thoughts, is distinguished.

The salvation affair of religion followers has a history as old as religion history, and it has always been a part of mental and cultural exchanges of religions and partially the cause of religious disagreements and disputes.Although religions commonly claim the exclusive truth, but the salvational religious exclusivism in Christianity has the importance and special protuberance.Against this exclusive attitude. Some of the religion philosophers supported the view of salvational religious pluralism.What is the reality of salvation?What are the different attitudes about it?And what are the criteria is expressed for salvation by Islam?By comparative investigation and critical analysis of salvation affair in the sight of Christian salvational exclusivism and salvational religious pluralism of John Hick, this paper tries to research about salvation affair in the sight of Allameh Tabatabayi and Murtaza Mutahhari.

Feminism as a social movement and a epistemological system has challenged the religion as legitimating element of patriarchal structure. The feminist theologists present a new category in religious studies by serious critics toward religions and emphasize on issues of gender of God. They presented a new approach in religious studies as feminist theology and the idea of feminization of religion. The data shows that the feminist critical approach in Christianity, the increase of women consciousness and their participation in society, especially the design of feminization of religion, the emphasis on the pluralism of religions, and personal religions with feminine approach, the conflict to fundamentalism, the presentation of female alternatives for the God and structural elements of feminist theology that in which emphasis on this world and human life in it substitute to the religious approaches, are all the effects of the feminist theology on the secularization in the western world.

The new theological questions are the questions which were paid less attentions in the traditional Muslim theology. They have mainly entered Muslim world under the influence of ideological development in Christian world. Parts of these thoughts entered Iranian scientific spheres after the victory of Islamic Revolution and establishment of religious government.Having a glance at the process of stabilization of Christian instructions, this article tries to prove that a large part of theological doubts and their replies have a root in the basis of Christian thoughts brought about by Paul in the first century. So most of the so-called new theological questions, indeed are the ones that have always challenged Christian scholars. Putting aside of religion from social life and separating of holiness from the life of human and even from religion itself, is the method offered by western to answer these challenges. Historical evidence shows that both the questions and doubts as well as the answers to them have a deep root in religion and thoughts found by Paul and related to Jesus Christ.

Among the allegorical verses of the Quran (mutashabihat), are the verses of attributes (Ayat al-sifat). Dealing with these verses, Muslim scholars have different positions. Indeed, in this respect there are three major views: Tashbih, Tafvidh and Tawil. Tashbih (assimilating) is the comparison of God to created things. Tafvidh is the consigning [the meaning] of the verses of attributes [to Allāh] and do not liken them to the creation nor negate them. Tawil is the interpreting of these verses according to what befits His Majesty Most High. The people of tradition (Ahl al-hadith) hold the positions of Tashbih and Tafvidh.In this essay, the author criticizes ahl al-hadith's views and attempts to demonstrate that Tawil is the best way concerning above mentioned verses, and not only Imams of Shiah but also a number of distinguished companions, successors and even some ahl al-hadith scholars have accepted it as the appropriate method for interpreting the allegorical verses.