فصلنامه ژنتیک نوین
سال یازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 47، زمستان 1395)

Papaverace family includes valuable alkaloids with commercial importance and Papaver bracteatum belongs to this family. Elicitors are useful tool to enhance the production of secondary metabolites and benzophenanthridine in the poppy plants. In this study, two different elicitors, Salicylic acid and Methyl jasmonate were evaluated on the root’s explants, in order to increase the production of alkaloids in Persian poppy. Time had a great effect on the treatment of both elicitors. Overall, treatment with Methyl jasmonate has increased the amount of morphine alkaloid more than salicylic acid in cell culture. Moreover, the highest concentration of morphine was obtained by increasing the expression of TYDC and COR genes under both elicitor treatments. Having codeine and morphine in the cell culture may be attributed to the expression of TYDC as specific gene in the root. The results of this study showed that the use of biotic elicitors can motivate biosynthetic cycle of the production and accumulation of morphine alkaloid as secondary metabolite in the plant and high levels of this alkaloid can be obtained comparing to control plants.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) widely are used in animal and poultry industries. Application of these particles can led to apoptosis, oxidative damages, immune/inflammatory responses, histopathological changes and affect transcription, translation, cell cycle and differentiation. Detoxification of endogenous and exogenous toxins is catalyzed by cytochrome P450s (CYPs) in the cell. CYP1A is induced by many of biological contaminants and used as a biomarker in contamination assays. TOJ3 (homolog of MCRS1) behave as an oncogene and plays an important role in Jun-induced cell transformation and tumorigenesis. In the present study, we analyzed probable changes in expression of CYP1A4 and TOJ3 genes of Japanese quail after exposing to TiO2NPs and vitamin E. Semi quantitative RT_PCR results showed that in animals treated with 500 and 1000 mg/kg of TiO2NPs in the diet, after 90 days of feeding, level of expression of both genes significantly increased. Expressions of CYP1A4and TOJ3 genes significantly decreased in diet including 1000 mg/kg of TiO2NPs and 200mg/kg of vitamin E. While only expression of TOJ3 significantly decreased in diet including 500 mg/kg of TiO2NPs and 200mg/kg of vitamin E. Expression of both genes significantly decreased in diet including 200mg/kg of vitamin E. In conclusion, TiO2NPs treatment can change expression of different genes.

In this study, to determine polymorphism of high molecular weight glutenin subunits in 8 tetraploid and 32 hexaploid landraces, released by Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in 2012-2013, were studied. Glutenin was extracted by sequential extraction procedure and electrophoresis was carried out using two-step one dimensional SDS-PAGE with 4.8-15 percent acrylamide gels. At Glu-1 locus, in hexaploid wheats, the null, 7 and 2 alleles had the highest frequencies of 0.73, 0.45 and 0.47, respectively, and the subunits of null and 14 were predominantly observed with 0.75 and 0.50 frequency, respectively in durum wheats. The hexaploid and tetraploid wheat landraces divided into 24 and 6 groups, respectively based on allelic compositions. The Glu-1 loci quality score ranged from 4-10 in hexaploid and 3-6 in tetraploid wheats. The results of this research can be used in breeding programs in order to improve the quality of wheat.

Alpha lactalbumin is one of the major protein of camel milk whey. The aim of this project is to analysis of alpha lactalbumin gene promoter region with about 1020 bp length which probably are present in both Iranian bactrians and dromedaries camel species. Blood samples were collected from 10 persons dromedaries camel from Research Center of Fariman,Mashhad,Iran and 5 persons bactrians camel from Research Center of Meshkin Shahr, Ardebil, Iran. Region of interest was amplified and sequenced by using of specific primers. After the analysis of obtained results, 5 haplotypes (4mutation) in dromedaries and 4haplotypes (3 mutation) in bactrians were detected. Also 7 motif transcription factor binding in dromedaries and 7 motif in bactrians were seen.

Salinity is one of the abiotic stresses which make the imbalances in growth and ultimately reduce the crop yield and agricultural products. In this research, to investigate the yield and yield components, seven Iranian bread wheat cultivars along with their hybrids derived from full diallel crosses were conducted in randomized complete blocks design in both normal and saline conditions in the field of National Salinity Research Center located in Yazd province, Iran, during 2014 year season. The results of ANOVA showed that all of characteristics such as grain yield, biomass, spike length, number of seed per spike, number of tillers, number of spikelet per spike and weight of 100 seeds had significantly differences among all 49 genotypes at 0.01 probability level for both normal and saline conditions. The diallel analysis results showed that additive variance and GCA for all characters in both environments were significant. Dominance effects were significant for the most of traits in both conditions, indicating that selection for those traits would be effective in later generations and led to improvement of traits in saline environment. The Roshan cultivar for grain yield, biomass weight and number of tillers, the Bam cultivar for weight of 100 seeds and the Kavir cultivar for number of spikelet per spike were the best combiner for regarding traits in both conditions, respectively. High broad sense heritabilites and moderate to high narrow sense heritabilites for evaluated traits in these materials indicated that improving and breeding potential for wheat in normal and salt condition does exist.

The members of the genus Alburnoides, a member of cyprinids, have very similar external morphology which make their identification difficult. Therefore, application of the modern techniques such as genetic markers can help better understanding of their taxonomic status. In the present study, DNA barcoding method was used to identify taxonomic statue of Namak spirlin, Alburnoides namaki. For this purpose, the specimens of this species were collected from the Qara-Chai and Ab-kamar rivers (Namak Lake basin) using electrofishing device. Then, DNA barcoding of this species was reported and phylogenetic relationships of the members of this genus in Iran were reconstructed. Based on the DNA barcoding results, the validity and identification of this species that has been described based on the morphological characters, were confirmed. According to the results, the highest and lowest genetic distances were calculated between A. namaki and A. holciki, and A. namaki and A. coadi with 6.67% and 0.53%, respectively, suggesting A. coadi as junior synonym of A. namaki. The results also revealed that COI sequence can be used to identify and reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships in the members of the genus Alburnoides.

GTP cyclohydrolase I (gtpch I, EC 3.5.4.16) catalyzes the conversion of GTP to dihydroneopterin triphosphate and formic acid through a complex series of reactions. This reaction is the first committed step in the biosynthesis of FH4 (tetrahydrofolate) in plants and certain microorganisms, and BH4 (tetrahydrobiopterin) in mammals. Folates are comprised of a pABA (p-aminobenzoate) unit condensed with a pterin ring derived from GTP and a variable number of glutamate moieties. The expression analysis of a gtpch I gene was studied under abiotic and oxidative stress conditions in grape (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Askari) leaf by Semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The grape gtpch I gene was found to be differentially induced under abiotic stress conditions. The transcript level of Vvgtpch I was decrease under abiotic stress conditions such as drought, salt, and heat. Under diamide, AlCl3, ABA, and SA treatments, it was also decreased the transcripts amount of Vvgtpch I, whereas its expression was increased under H2O2, CuSO4, CdCl3, and CoCl2.

Yellow or stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is the most important disease in terms of the amount of damages to wheat crop in the worldwide. The best method used to control this disease is the application of resistant cultivars. So, It is absolutely necessary for determine the virulence factors of stripe rust and evaluation of host resistance in different growing level. To study evaluation of resistance sources to stripe rust, twenty wheat genotypes were separately evaluated in the forms of randomized complete block design with three replications in the seedling stage under greenhouse condition with 20 races of stripe rust 6E158A, 230E158A, 198E150A, 134E150A, 6E150A, 166E150A, 198E130A, 166E158A, 70E0A, 6E16A, 102E134A, 6E134A, 6E130A, 6E150A, 6E6A, 70E50A, 6E18A, 134E22A, 166E254A and166E134A. The components of resistance including latent period and infection type were recorded under greenhouse condition. Results indicated genotypes were evaluated in terms of both traits were significant at 1% level. 30% genotypes (Mv17, M-85-7, Aflak, Morvarid, Sivand and Parsi) were completing resistant to all races studied. Probably, in resistant genotypes each of the resistance genes, Yr1, Yr3, Yr4, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15,Yr24 or the other unknown genes which are types of seedling resistance are either alone or in combination of one another cause strength in resistant genotypes. Resistant genotypes have seedling resistance genes, which could be used as resistance source in breeding programs.

Determination of genetic diversity in plant material is the initial step to identify and preservation of genetic resources and also is important in conducting of breeding programs. In order to study genetic variation among 25 grapevine cultivars of Shahrood and Sisakht regions, nine retrotransposonal primer combinations including 3 IRAP primers and 6 REMAP primers combination were used. Totally, 87 bands produced that 79 bands were polymorphic among cultivars. Numbers of polymorphic bands varied from 4 (Tvv1Fa㋍) to 12 (Vin1Fa) bands per primer. Expected heterozygosis ranged from 0.29 (Tvv1Fa Ms8) to 0.45 (Vine1Fa Ms3) with an average of 0.35. Average of polymorphism percentage among evaluated cultivars was 95.83%. Principle coordinates analysis (PCoA) showed that first five components explained 68.5% of total variance. Cluster analysis using UPGMA method based on Jaccard similarity coefficient with cophenetic correlation coefficient of 0.89, divided grapevine cultivars into 6 different groups. In the first to sixth group, 13, 4, 2, 3, 2 and 1 cultivars were assigned respectively. According to this grouping, cultivars named Syah-Daneh Boland, Syah-Daneh Gerd and Asgari from SySakht city were assigned in three different groups that showed genetic differences among these cultivars. The results of this study indicated that IRAP and REMAP markers developed based on active retrotransposons in the grapevine genome can be used as efficient molecular markers to accelerate grapevine breeding programs.

The purpose of this research was to locate quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with skeletal traits on chromosome 5 in an F2 population of Japanese quail. The population consisted of 472 birds, phenotypic data were measured for all birds and using three microsatellite markers considered for identify QTL affecting skeletal traits. QTL analysis was performed with least squares interval mapping method fitting nine various statistical models.Genotypic and phenotypic data were analyzed for QTL mapping with interval mapping method based on regression. Significance levels were estimated at the 5 and 1% chromosome-wise. The results were detected significant QTLs for 9 traits (left leg diameter, femur bone weight, right leg length, right leg diameter, femur bone diameter, right leg weight, tibia bone weight, left leg weight and cold carcass weight). Closest marker for the major QTLs was GUJ0049 marker. More research is needed to find genes associated with these traits. Results show the non-Mendelian inheritance rule (genomic imprinting) and pleiotropic and single gene effects in several traits of bones that are important to quail breeding.

The genetic variation was studied for 13 genotypes of Lolium multiflorum using molecular and cytogenetical markers. karyotype were prepared for 5 metaphases cells in each genotype. The studying genotypes had an asymmetry karyotype and variation was significant between genotypes for karyotypic characters. The results of compare means showed that the diploid genotypes had an average chromosome length more than tetraploid genotypes. The tetraploid genotypes had the intrachromosomal asymmetry more than diploid genotypes. Karyotypic evolution for L. multiflorum was more from intrachromosomal asymmetry, considering studied genotypes and intrachromosomal asymmetry increased by development of ploidy level. The genotypes of 390, 374, vi and plc had the most karyotypic evolution and the genotypes of 1624 and 1765 had the lowest karyotypic evolution. Genetic variations for studying genotypes were surveyed using 12 ISSR primers, that the number of nine primers can be scored. The ISSR primers can be produced the number of 66 bands, which the polymorphisms were showed for the number of 56 bands. The primers of IS9 and IS12 showed the highest number of band (10 bands) and IS15 showed the lowest number of band (3 bands). A desirable polymorphism between genotype observed based on ISSR markers, which the primers of IS9, IS10, IS13, IS14 and IS16 were determined for genetic variation study in Lolium multiflorum as desirable primers. The tetraploid and diploid genotypes separated based on surveyed primers. The diploid genotypes of 393 and 374" merely were grouping with tetraploid genotypes. Grouping of genotypes based on markers don’t agreement with geographical origin of genotypes.

Wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporium f.sp. ciceri (Foc) is one of the most important diseases of chickpea in Kermanshah Provinces. For determining of genetic diversity in Foc populations, Chickpea plants with wilt and yellowing symptoms were randomly sampled from different farms such as: Islamabad, Sarpolezahab, Dorodfaraman, Mahidasht and Harsin. A total of 45 Foc isolates were obtained from infected samples by potato dextrose agar media (PDA). Five Simple sequence repeat (SSR) paired primers were used for study of genetic structure of isolates. (SSR) markers showed 100 polymorphic percent. A total of 15 alleles were revealed in Foc isolates. The average of polymorphic information content was 91% for all markers. Based on dendrogram with neighbor joining method, the isolates were divided into nine groups. A comparison of the parameter related to genetic diversity including Shannon's information index (I) of populations indicated that Drodfaraman have the highest genetic diversity. The smallest genetic distance was observed between Drodfaraman and Harsin. The AMOVA analysis of genetic variation in Foc populations revealed that 93% of the variance occurred within populations and 7% occurred among populations. Knowledge of genetic diversity in Foc provides different levels of information which is important in the management of germplasm resources. Results from this study will be useful in breeding for chickpea resistant cultivars and developing necessary quarantine regulations.

Prevalence of heart valve defects about 25 to 30% in cardiovascular disorders. Mitral valve prolapse is one of the most common valve disorders that it′s prevalence about 4.2% in world population. Understanding the genetic basis of MVP can help to early diagnosis of it. Recently Smad6 and NFATc1 genes added to the list of genes which are involved in congenital heart disease and are very important genes interfering in valve cellular development. The aim of this research is to Study the upstream of Smad6 and NFATc1 genes polymorphism and correlation of it with Mitral Valve Prolapse in Iranian patients. After careful counseling and informed consent, peripheral blood samples were taken from 30 patients and 10 controls, and total DNA was extracted from white blood cells. Promoter regions of Smad6 and NFATc1 were amplified by standard PCR. PCR products were screened by Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. In this study we didn’t found any polymorphism in upstream region of Smad6 and NFATc1 genes in 25-50 old years Iranian patients with Mitral Valve Prolapse. Association between genetic polymorphism in promoter regions of Smad6 and NFATc1 genes and MVP is unknown and need to more study. Functional polymorphisms in this region may interfere with life and we propose study on neonates. A correlation between polymorphism in control region of these genes with childhood types of Mitral valve prolapsed is expected.

In this study, the genetic diversity was investigated among eleven accessions of Agropyron intermedium using both cytogenetical and morphological characteristics. Based on the results of cytogenetical experiments, the basic chromosome number was x=7 in all of the accessions, but their karyotypic formula (K. F.) was varied. Based on the results of analysis of variance the accessions were significantly different for all traits except for short arm (SA). The Cluster analysis based on cytogenetical data, classified all accessions into three distinct groups. Analysis of morphological data showed significant differences among all the traits, Comparison of means revealed that the 890-4 and 890-13 accessions produced the highest Dry Weight (DW). Cluster analysis based on morphological data classified the accessions into three separate groups.

Selection via genetic marker increases annual genetic progress. One of these markers is IGF-I gene which plays an important role in growth, milk production, and reproductive activities. IGF-I gene of cow is located in chromosome 5. The aim of this study was to evaluate the polymorphism of exon 1 of IGF-I gene and its relation with insulin and blood serum glucose concentrations in Khuzestan crossbreed cow. To study the polymorphism of IGF-I gene, the jugular vein of 3 to 4 years old 93 crossbreed cows were blood sampled. DNA was extracted and polymerase chain reaction was performed to amplify a 249 base pair segment of exon 1 of the gene. SnaBI restriction enzyme was used for enzymatic digestion. Results showed that the frequency of genotypes AA, AB, and BB were 0.06, 0.53, and 0.41, respectively. AB genotype had the highest and AA genotype had the lowest frequency in the herd. The frequency of A and B alleles in this population were estimated 0.33 and 0.67, respectively. Observed heterozygosity of IGF-I gene in crossbreed cows was 0.526 while expected heterozygosity was 0.441. Serum IGF-I and insulin concentrations were significantly higher in BB genotype than AB and AA genotypes (P