فهرست مطالب

Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Volume:3 Issue: 1, Winter 2004

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1382/12/20
  • تعداد عناوین: 12
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  • J. Salamzadeh Page 1
  • Rina Chokshi, Hossein Zia Page 3
    Hot-melt extrusion is one of the most widely applied processing technologies in the plastic, rubber and food industry. Today this technology has found its place in the array of pharmaceutical manufacturing operations. Melt extrusion process are currently applied in the pharmaceutical field for the manufacture of a variety of dosage forms and formulations such as granules, pellets, tablets, suppositories, implants, stents, transdermal systems and ophthalmic inserts. This review article in detail describes the melt extrusion equipment and process. Industrial application of this process along with specific areas on pharmaceutical industry is illustrated. This article concludes with the overview of published examples of the melt extrusion process.
  • Study on the Effect of Paliurus spina-christi on Cholesterol, Triglyceride and HDL Levels in Diabetic Male Rats Fed a High Cholesterol Diet
    Mahmoud Mosaddegh A., Mohammad Javad Khoshnoodb, Mohammad Kamalinejada, Elham Alizadehb Page 9
    Paliurus spina-christi Mill (Rhamnaceae) has been used in folk medicine as a hypocholesterolemic agent. In this study, the effect of total fruit extract on lowering lipid content of serum was investigated. Male rats were introduced streptozocin, subsequently fed with a high cholesterol diet and concomitantly treated with various doses of the extract. After 8 days, serum levels of cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL were measured. It was found that the administration of 100 mg/kg/day of the extract had reduced the amount of total cholesterol by 45.5% and the administration of 50 mg/kg/day reduced the amount of triglyceride by 48.73%. No significant enhancement was found in the amount of HDL. It was concluded that of Paliurus spina-christi extract can inhibit the enhancement of cholesterol and triglyceride.
  • Chemical Constituents of the Essential Oil of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl from Iran
    Katayoun Javidnia A., Faraz Mojabb, Seyed Ali Mojahedic Page 11
    The essential oil of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl (Lamiaceae) was isolated by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of the plant, with a yield of 0.25%. The chemical composition of volatile oil was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/ MS. The main components were germacrene-D (13.2%), β-phellandrene (12.7%), β-pinene (10.2%), myrcene (9.4%), α-pinene (8.4%) and Z-β-ocimene (5.8%).
  • Hamidreza Moghimi*Ab., Nasrin Noorania, Afshin Zarghia, B Page 17
    Many properties of chemicals depend on their stereochemistry. Among these, the effects of stereoisomerism on percutaneous absorption of drugs are not well studied. We have previously shown that permeation of tretinoin and isotretinoin (two geometric isomers) through hydrophilic enhancers-treated rat skin is stereoselective. As, depending on their lipophilicity, penetration enhancers can change permeation pathway of drugs, it was decided here to investigate permeation of the same stereoisomers through lipophilic enhancer-treated skin.Oleic acid, that mainly affects stratum corneum intercellular lipids, was chosen as the lipophilic penetration enhancer for this study. Permeation of retinoids through untreated and enhancer-treated rat skin was studied at room temperature. These studies employed static diffusion cells, saturated drugs in propylene glycol:water mixture (75:25, v/v) as the donor phase and aqueous solution of Tween20 as the receptor phase.Permeation of retinoids through untreated skin was too low to be detected in the receptor phase even by the used HPLC method with sensitivity of 10 ng ml-1. Oleic acid increased the permabilities of retinoids to measurable values. In oleic acid-treated skin, tretinoin permeated by about 1.3 times faster than isotretinoin (P<0.0001). However, permeability coefficients, that are concentration-normalized fluxes, showed a reverse order. Permeability coefficient of isotretinoin through the same membrane was significantly (P=0.0002) higher than that of tretinoin. On the other hand, the difference between permeation lag-times of retinoids was not that significant (P=0.062). These data show that stereoselctive permeation of these retinoids through oleic acid-treated rat skin is mainly a partitioning-related phenomenon. Diffusion coefficient might play only a minor role.Present results are partly different from those of our previous study on hydrophilic enhancers and clearly show that the type of enhancer and its mode of action can affect stereoselective permeation of drugs through the skin.
  • Abolghasem Jouyban A., Hak, Kim Chanb, Maryam Khoubnasabjafaric Page 23
    The phenomenological model of Khossravi and Connors (1992) has been adopted to calculate the electrophoretic mobility of drugs at different concentrations of solvents in a binary mixture. The accuracy and predictability of the model have been evaluated employing 14 experimental data sets by using average percentage mean deviation (APMD). The obtained APMD for correlative and predictive studies are within an acceptable error range and the results show that the model can be used in method development stage to speed up the optimisation process.
  • Jamshid Salamzadeh A._Ian C. K Wongbc._Henry Chrystync Page 29
    Practice appointment rates could have a significant impact on national health care costs and services offered by doctors. In this respect a study was designed to determine the relationship between practice appointments and possible predictors in high-risk asthmatics. An observational retrospective analysis of the predictors for the practice appointments in asthmatic patients with at least one hospital admission between years 1994-1998 was carried out. This study was performed in a local district general hospital and consenting practices in the UK. 115 asthmatics, aged over 5 years, admitted to the hospital for asthma exacerbations, between years 1994-1998, were enrolled in the study. Multivariate ridge regression was used to build the final model. Analysis revealed that the predictors age and the number of prednisolone rescue courses could remain in the final model (p=0.002, r=0.46). As a conclusion, frequent oral steroid users and elderly asthmatics were found to have higher practice appointment rates. This is highly likely due to a more severe asthma condition as well as age-related problems in these groups of patients. These findings represent the importance of asthma management in unstable asthmatics and elderly patients in primary care level.
  • N. Hadavand, M. Mojtahedzadeh, S. Sadray, R. Shariat Moharreri, B. Shafaghi, Mr Khajavi, P. Salari Page 35

    The effect of Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) on the hepatic elimination of low to moderate extraction ratio drugs has not been clearly defined. We prospectively investigated the effect of PEEP on the clearance of theophylline in 30 (20 males and 10 females) intubated critically ill adult patients with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS). The Mean (±SD) age was 57±17 years, creatinine clearance 86±36 ml/min, serum albumin 3.2±0.57 mg/dl and the median APACHE (acute physiology and chronic health evaluation) II score was 25 (with a range of 16 to 34). Critically ill patients who had met the diagnostic criteria for ALI/ARDS were enrolled on PEEP in low (5-9 cmH2O) and high (10-15 cmH2O) levels. All patients received the ordered dose of aminophylline infusion (3 mg/kg over 30 min and then 15 mg/h) after 2 h of initiating PEEP. Blood samples were collected after the loading dose, 2 and 6 h the aminophylline continuous infusion. Vital signs were recorded before and after 2 h of PEEP and each blood sampling interval. Cirrhotic patients and those who had received any drug which could interact with the metabolism and clearance of theophylline, were not included. The Mean(±SD) value of the pharmacokinetic key parameters of theophylline in high (n=17) and low (n=13) PEEP groups were as follows: Vd=0.42(±0.15) L/kg and 0.54(±0.13) L/kg, clearance = 0.035(±0.024) L/h/kg and 0.056 (±0.025) L/h/kg. Mean measured theophylline concentrations following loading dose were 7.08 mg/L and 5.09 mg/L. The calculated volume of distribution (P<0.03), clearance (P<0.05) and theophylline serum concentration (P<0.05), in high versus low peep group, were found to be significantly different. Positive ventilation tends to reduce Vd and clearance of theophylline in critically ill patients.

  • Ebrahim Zabihi Neishabouria, Zuhair M. Hassanb, Seyed Naser Ostad A Page 41
    Propoxure (PPX) is a well-known carbamate insecticide, which has been used for several decades in the world and Iran in agriculture and public health programs. However, there is no clear investigation toward its immunotoxicity as yet. In this study, we examined the effects of subchronic i.p. exposure of PPX on humoral (PFC & HA) and cellular (DTH) responses, and also monitored T-Cell subtypes using FACS technique. Briefly, female C57b1/6 inbred mice were administered PPX (0.2, 2 and 10 mg/kg/day i.p. [5 inj/wk] for 28 days) or positive and negative controls. On the day 28, mice were examined for DTH, PFC and HA responses to SRBC. Splenocyte single cell suspension was used for measuring the spleen CD4/CD8 percentage and absolute number. In vitro lymphocyte proliferation response to non-specific antigen (PHA) was also measured using MTT method.Results showed that PPX at 10 mg/kg/day could suppress DTH response and could increase the spleen CD4-/CD8+ T-cell percentage. On the other hand, PPX at medium dose (2 mg/kg) could increase the antibody formation response against SRBC as determined by PFC and HA. Subchronic PPX at low dose (0.2 mg/kg/day) could not show any significant effects on humoral or cellular responses. It could be concluded that, subchronic PPX at high dose (10 mg/kg), possessed cellular immunosuppressive effect. However, PPX at 2 mg/kg does not change cellular response to antigen but can stimulate humoral responses. It seems that PPX has no adverse effects on mice immune system at low doses as 0.2 mg/kg, which is 10 fold greater than PPX Allowed Daily Intake limit.
  • Mohammad Reza Fazeli A., Nasrin Samadib, Mina Fattahia Page 47
    Pharmaceutical products prepared in pharmacies have the potential of contamination with different microorganisms. This is in part due to the unhygienic environment and also lack of a suitable preservative system. In this study, microbial quality of Eucerin-Urea ointments prepared at different pharmacies in Tehran, at the point of sale and also after two weeks storage at room temperature was examined. All the samples examined immediately after purchase found to have total viable counts of lower than 102 cfu/g. The objectionable organisms e.g. Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however, were found in about 77%, 45.5%, 9.1% and 4.5% of the samples, respectively. After two weeks storage, contamination levels increased such that about 36.4% of samples were found to have the total viable counts greater than 102 cfu/g and Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. were isolated from 86%, 59%, 18.2% and 9.1% of the samples. Depicted results show that significant microbial contamination of unhygienically produced or poorly formulated products in pharmacies can occur and because of lacking a suitable preservative system, the microbial population will increase during storage which may be harmful to the consumers or patients
  • Effat Souria, Gholamreza Aminb, Anahita Dehmobed, Sharifabadic, Atefeh Nazifia, Hassan Farsama Page 55
    Antioxidants are vital substances which possess the ability to protect the body from damage caused by free radical-induced oxidative stress. A variety of free radical scavenging antioxidants exist within the body which many of them are derived from dietary sources like fruits, vegetables and teas.This article describes a test method for screening the antioxidant activity of 60 Iranian plants of Iran by linoleic acid peroxidation test using 1, 3-diethyl-2-thiobarbituric acid as the reagent. Some plants including Achillea wilhelmsii, Berberis crataegina, Buxus hyrcana, Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, Colutea persica, Hyoscyamus niger, Mentha pulegium, Nerium oleander, Pteropyrum aucheri, Rhus coriaria, Rosa canina, Scutellaria pinnatifida, Thymus pubescens, Verbascum alceoides and Ziziphora clinopodioides subsp. rigida showed antioxidant activity (0.41
  • Omid Sadeghpour A., Gholamreza Asgharib, Mohammad Reza Shams Ardekanic Page 65
    The steam-distilled essential oil from Artemisia persica growing wild in Iran was analyzed by GC/MS. In all 50 compounds were identified; Davanone (60.56%), Cis Chrysanthenyl acetate (8.65%), Limonene (5.68%), α Pinene (3.74%), Davanone ether isomer + (3.6%) and α Thujene (3.6%) were the main components of the oil respectively.