فهرست مطالب

Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Volume:3 Issue: 4, Autumn 2004

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1383/12/20
  • تعداد عناوین: 11
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  • Seyed Alireza Mortazavi, Ali Rezaei Mokarram Page 133
    Preparation of chitosan (CS) microspheres as a novel drug delivery vehicle for intranasal immunization using high, medium and low CS molecular weight (MW) was investigated in this study. Diphtheria toxoid (DT) was used as a model antigen. The emulsion-solidification method was adopted for microencapsulation of DT. In the first step, following the purification of semi-crude DT by the ion-exchange column chromatography technique, the antigenicity and biological characteristics of DT were investigated by the bicinchoninic acid protein assay, ELISA and western blot techniques. Results showed that the purification process was successful and the purified toxoid gave an activity of 1500 Lf/ml; which was three times more than that of the semi-crude toxoid. Next, DT-loaded microspheres were prepared and characterized for their surface morphology, particle size distribution, loading efficiency and in-vitro antigenically active DT release. This study showed that the loading efficiency of CS microspheres depends on the MW, as well as the type of cross-linker used, such that, microspheres prepared by high MW CS and glutaraldehyde (cross-linking agent) had the highest DT loading level (95.61±3.57 percent). Size distribution studies showed that the particle size of microspheres prepared by low and medium MW CS solutions with a concentration of 1 %w/v was below 10 mm. These microspheres also had a smoother surface morphology than those prepared using high MW CS solutions with concentrations above 1 %w/v. In addition, by investigating the antigenicity of the prepared CS microsphere, no significant reduction in the activity of DT before and after microencapsulation was noted. Finally, in-vitro release studies showed an initial burst effect followed by an extended release of antigenically active DT over a period of 15 days.
  • Soliman Mohammadi, Samani*, Ahmadreza Boostanian Page 145
    It is possible to alter the permeability of ethyl cellulose membrane with certain materials such as surfactants. In this study the effect of surfactant concentration and different HLB values on the release rate of atenolol from ethyl cellulose-coated tablets was evaluated. The results showed that when the concentration of surfactant increased, the rate of drug release also increased. The kinetics of atenolol release from these tablets also depended on surfactant concentration and their total HLB value. The data showed that there was an optimum HLB for an optimum rate of drug release. When the HLB value was increased to 9, the release rate increased and the kinetics of drug release approached a zero order model. But, further increase in HLB value up to 15 did not have any additional significant effect on the release rate of atenolol from these film-coated tablets. .
  • Ali Asghar Moshtaghie, Mohammad Afrang, Manuchehr Mesripour Page 149
    The short and long term effects of chromium toxicity on brain catecholamines and acetylcholinesterase levels were investigated. Rats were injected daily with varying amounts of chromium. The short term (2 h) administration of chromium (8 mmol/kg) reduced catecholamines level of cerebellum, mid-brain and brain-cortex by 22.8, 19.4 and 21.2% respectively. Acetylcholinesterase activity was also reduced by 36.1, 29.0 and 26.7%. Administration of 38 mmol/kg chromium for 15, to 60 days, reduced catecholamine levels of cerebellum (8.3-32.8%), midbrain (4.5-20.3%) and brain cortex (6.1-21.3%) respectively. Acetylcholinesterase activity of cerebellum, mid-brain and brain cortex was reduced by 9.4-27.1, 6.8-22.6 and 7.2-24.9 percent respectively. It might be concluded that brain disturbances in chromium treated rat occurred through the reduction in catecholamines and acetylcholinesterase levels
  • Alireza Jahangiria, Masoud Mahmoudianb, Hassan Jalalizadeha, Abbas Shafieea Page 155
    There are many evidences that human serum paraoxonase activity modifies plasma lipid profile and paraoxonase has an antiatherogenic property. Non-selective beta-blockers affect plasma lipid profile too, but they have atherogenic property when patients take these drugs in long term. In this study the effect of propranolol, a non-selective beta-blocker, on paraoxonase activity was investigated. Lineweaver-Burk and secondary plots were drawn and showed that propranolol is a mixed non-competitive inhibitor of paraoxonase.
  • Daryoush Abedia, Mohammad Reza Fazelib, Abbas Jafariana Page 159
    aDepartment of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Penicillin G acylase from E. coli TA1 was immobilized by Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates (CLEA), a new method for immobilization. This biocatalyst and commercial immobilized penicillin G acylase (PGA-450) were used to study the effect of pH, temperature and substrate concentration on the synthesis of ampicillin from phenyl glycine methyl ester (PGME) and 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA). Compared with PGA-450, this immobilized enzyme showed a high synthesis activity. The optimum conditions for synthetic activity was at pH 6, 25°C and 2:6 (6-APA:PGME) substrate ratio.
  • Alireza Garjaini, Nasrin Maleki, Hossein Nazemiyeh Page 165
    Recently a potent anti-inflammatory effect of hydroalcoholic extract of the aerial parts of the sterile stems of Stachys inflata has been reported. This study examined whether hydroalcoholic extract isolated from aerial parts of non-flowering stems of Stachys inflata (standardized to contain 4.5% caffeic acid derivatives) reduce myocardial infarct size arising from coronary artery occlusion (30min) and reperfusion (2 h) in anaesthetized rats. In addition, the extract was also tested on the incidence and severity of ischaemic arrhythmias. Infusion of the extract (1.35 mg/kg/min) 5 min before coronary artery ligation and for the duration of the ischaemic (30 min) and reperfusion (2 h) periods resulted in a marked (p<0.001) decrease in infarct size (from 48.2 1% in control to 29.3 2.7% in treated rats). However, an infarct size of 46.7 3.4% was seen with the higher dose of the extract (2.70 mg/kg/min). The extract had no effect either on the severity and incidence of ischaemic arrhythmias or on the blood pressure. These results suggest that the hydroalcoholic extract of aerial parts of Stachys inflata attenuates the infarct size following ischaemia and reperfusion without any effect on the cardiovascular system. Anti-inflammatory actions of the extract may play a major role in reducing the infarct size.
  • Valiollah Hajhashemi, Mohammad Rabbani, Gholam, Reza Asghari, Zaman Karami, Saravi Page 171
    Effect of Otostegia persica on naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal syndrome was studied in male mice. Dependence was induced using daily subcutaneous injections of morphine for three days. Morphine was injected to mice at doses of 30 and 45mg/kg on day 1 and 60 and 90mg/kg on day 2 (8:00 am and 6:00 pm). On day 3, morphine (90mg/kg) was injected 1h before oral administration and 1.5h before intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of hydroalcoholic and hexane extracts of the plant. Naloxone was injected (5mg/kg, i.p.) 2h after the final dose of morphine and the withdrawal signs including jumping, rearing, diarrhoea, piloerection, tremor and ptosis were recorded during a period of 30 minutes. While oral and i.p. administration of hydroalcoholic extract reduced the number of jumping and rearing, the hexane extract could not exert any significant change. Also the hydroalcoholic extract (1500mg/kg) significantly (p<0.05) reduced diarrhoea, piloerection, tremor and ptosis. The hexane extract only significantly (p<0.05) inhibited diarrhoea. Results of this study indicated that the extract of Otostegia persica contained component(s) that alleviate morphine withdrawal syndrome and the responsible constituent(s) is(are) found in polar fraction since the hexane extract had only a negligible effect.
  • Hamid Reza Monsef, Esfahani, Yaghoob Amanzade, Zahra Alhani, Homa Hajimehdipour, Mohammad Ali Faramarzi Page 177
    The chemical composition of the Hydrolate of Citrus aurantium L. (Rutaceae) flowers (neroli) grown in Iran, and two commercial hydrolates were analyzed by GC/MS. Thirty compounds (90.3%) were identified in the Hydrolate by the use of laboratory apparatus, thirty-eight compounds (83.4%) in the Hydrolate from the traditional method and fifteen compounds (98.3%) in the industrially produced sample. The major compounds within the Hydrolate obtained in the laboratory were geraniol (26.6%), a-terpineol (20.7%), linalool (15.4%) and benzene acetaldehyde (5.5%). Linalool (44.1%), methyl anthranilate (11.8%) and cis-linalool oxide (6.1%) were found in high percentages in the Hydrolate from the obtained traditional sample. 1,8-Cineol (15.9%), linalool (13.8%) and a-terpineol (6.6%) were more than other constituents in the industrially obtained hydrolate..
  • Hassan Rakhshandah, Mahmoud Hosseini, Karim Dolati Page 181
    Rosa damascena (Rosaceae) has been found to act on central nervous system including the brain. Several studies confirm that Rosa damascena inhibits the reactivity of the hypothalamus and pituitary systems in rat and can suppress the reactivity of central nervous system. In traditional medicine the hypnotic effect of rose is also suggested. In the present study hypnotic effect of ethanolic, aqueous and chloroformic extracts of Rosa damascena was investigated in mice. Hypnotic method was based on potentiation of pentobarbital induced sleeping time by extracts. Three doses of extracts (100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally in comparison with diazepam (3 mg/kg) as the positive control and saline as the negative control. Thirty min after injection of extracts, pentobarbital (30 mg/kg) was injected and any increase in the sleeping time due to the extracts was recorded. Results showed that the ethanolic and aqueous extracts in doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg significantly increased the pentobarbital induced sleeping time (P<0.001, compared to the negative control), which was comparable to diazepam. The chloroformic extract showed no hypnotic effect.
  • Mohammad Taher Boroushaki A., Mohammad Hosein Boskabadyb, Farhad Maleka Page 187
    Several therapeutic effects including diuretic, anti-pyretic and anti-scurvy have been reported for Portulaca oleracea. In previous studies the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, anti-oxidant, muscle relaxant effects and neuropharmacological effects of the aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea have been demonstrated on experimental animals. In the present study the antitussive effect of this plant was evaluated. The antitussive effects of aerosols of two different concentrations of boiled extract, codeine, and saline were tested by counting the number of coughs induced by citric acid aerosol 10 min following exposure of animals. The effective concentration of extract causing 50% reduction of cough number (EC50) was also determined. The results showed significant reduction (p<0.001) in cough numbers following the use of both concentrations of the boiled extract (10.7 0.16 and 6.7 0.33 for %2.5 and %5 extracts respectively) compared to saline (14.8 0.30). In addition there was a significant difference (p<0.01) between the cough numbers of the 5% extract with that of codeine (10.2 0.38). In this study, EC50 of the plant extract was 4.5%. These results showed that the antitussive effect of Portulaca oleracea L. was comparable to codeine.