مجله پژوهش در علوم توانبخشی
سال دهم شماره 2 (1393)

Headache is one of the most complaints of patients and 47% of headaches are tension type. This type of headache is associated with skeletal muscles condition. Tightness of muscles in head and neck regions can lead to tension type headache. The purpose of this study was to compare the cervical active range of motion and muscular endurance in flexion and extension directions، in patients suffer from tension type headache with healthy subjects. fifty two healthy girls and 52 girls with tension type headache between 20 to 25 years old participated in this study. The active flexion & extension range of motion and the endurance of flexor & extensor muscles were measured. There were no significant differences between patients and healthy subjects in active range of motion or neck muscles endurance (P>0. 05). Patients between 20-25 Y/O with tension type headache and match healthy ones are similar in cervical active range of motion and muscle endurance. Likely، changes in muscles and vertebral column in these patients may occur gradually over the time.

There are various types of clefts of the primary and secondary palate and various degrees of severity. Despite the relatively long history of palatal surgery، little consensus has been reached regarding the best surgical techniques، and even less regarding optimal timing. There are still no standard protocols to address the issues of ideal timing for cleft palate repair to attain optimal speech. This study was conducted to examine the frequency of preschoolers with cleft palate who demonstrate hypernasality. The impact of the time of primary palatal surgery and cleft type on moderate to severe hypernasality was also examined. A group of 46 preschoolers aged 3-6 years with repaired cleft palate was assessed using Universal Parameters for Reporting Speech Outcomes in Individuals with Cleft Palate – Farsi Edition. Cleft types were bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP; n=5، 10/9%)، unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP; n=20، 43/6%)، complete cleft palate (CP; n=10، 21/7%)، cleft of the soft palate only (SPO; n=6، 13%) and submucous cleft palate (SubMC; n=5، 10/9%). Judgments of hypernasality were made by a certified speech and language pathologist and were made using a 4-point rating scale. 32 Had a primary palatal surgery prior to 12 months of age، 8 had surgery at 12-18 months of age، and 6 had surgery after 18 months. 78/3 percent of the children demonstrate moderate to severe hypernasality. There were no significant differences between 5 groups for hypernasality based on cleft type. The analysis، also، revealed no significant relationship between age of primary palatal surgery and number of children with significant hypernasality. Because of the high amount of hypernasality in all children، the need for research documenting the efficacy of surgeries employed with these children is essential. In this study the age range was wide، and there was the small number of children in each cleft palate group. The Additional research is needed to determine if there are variables that might have masked the influence of timing of primary surgery and cleft type (should be deleted).

Working memory is one of the most fundamental cognitive processes underlying thinking and learning. Auditory and visual working memory have similar and different infrastructures that evolve in different ages. The aim of the present study was to investigate the evolution of auditory and visual working memory in primary school-aged children. This comparative، cross-sectional study was conducted on 180 students from six grades of primary school selected by available sampling. Auditory and visual working memory performances were assessed by N-back test. Two way anova was used for data analysis. There was significant difference between auditory and visual working memory and aging (p<0. 001). The performance speed increased with age in auditory task (p<0. 001)، while there was no significant difference in visual performance speed in different age groups. No meaningful relationship was found between gender and memory scores. The auditory and visual working memory performances improve with age in primary school children، suggesting functional maturation of underlying cognitive processes and brain areas، but gender not affecting memory performance.

One of the main properties of vibrational systems is natural frequency، which has major influenceon transmitted vibration. When an excited frequency of a vehicle be among the natural frequency of operator''s body parts، the acceleration value on operator''s body parts will be increased and cause to damageshis body parts. Meanwhile use of vibration in optimum domain and frequency caused to increase muscle''s dynamic power، reduce its pain and chronicbackache، osteitis and flexibility of muscles. Therefore aim of this research is calculate of the natural frequency of human body parts. A research was done due to calculate the natural frequency of operator''s body parts in vertical، lateral and longitudinal directions. Three operators with 55، 70 and 85 kg mass were participated in experiments. Tests were done at four excited vibration of 0. 5، 1، 1. 5 and 2 ms-2 in different frequencies and transmitted vibration to operator''s body parts were measured. Natural frequency of different body parts in vertical، lateral and longitudinal directions were calculated. Also this natural frequency were estimated by multi degree regression method with operator''s mass and excited frequency factors in every direction. Results showed that vibration value in longitudinal direction were increased at 3-4 Hz. In vertical direction two mode were appeared. First mode occurred in 13-17 Hz and second mode in 9-11 Hz. Also in lateral direction، two mode in 14-17 Hz and 2. 5-4. 5 Hz were appeared. Due to finding of this research، using vibration in order to increase muscle''s functional parameters of different body parts should be done above 20 Hz to avoid the damage of body parts. Also estimated of natural frequency of different body parts by driver mass and excited frequency factors has the best match to results of stationary experiments.

Balance is one of the most important contexts in ageing. Improving balance in middle age can prevent falling down in elderly which impose the financial and mental costs to society. Imbalance between dominant and non-dominant leg can lead to some problems. That’s way; studying effects of similar exercise on dominant and non-dominant legs of body can prevent problems caused by imbalance between two limbs. Twenty-two middle age women، (mean age 54. 50±4. 48)، with no history of illness participated in this study. In the first session dynamic balance was measured by Star Excursion Balance Test and static balance was measured by Stork stand test in either dominant or non-dominant leg. Participants did practice 24 sessions of yoga classes. In the last session static and dynamic balance test were repeated. The results of T test showed that static and dynamic balance in dominant and non-dominant legs improved significantly after 8 weeks yoga exercise (P=0. 05). Also the significant difference was observed in dynamic balance in dominant and non-dominant legs (p<0. 05). But، the improvement of both legs in static balance was the same. It can be concluded that yoga Exercise increase static and dynamic balance in both legs. The balance of non-dominant legs improved more than dominant legs. But، the improvement of both legs in static balance was the same. So، it appears that differences in dominant and non-dominant leg in effects of clinical therapy and exercise training should be considered.

Standardized tests in speech therapy mostly focus onlanguage structure rather than the use of language in social context. So، there is a clear need for instruments to assess pragmatic aspects of language. Children’s CommunicationChecklist (CCC) and its revised version، CCC-2، was developed to address this need، however، its psychometric features are unknown in Iran. The current study aims to adapt CCC-2 in Persian by providing its content validity and two types of reliability، internal consistency and test-retest. This study is anon-experimental validation study. In the process of determining content validity، back translation by three linguists and speech، language therapists (SLT) was used. Also، 28 parents of seven to nine years old children with normal language development involved to judge about the simplicity and comprehensibility of the items. The translated form، then، was sent to 10 linguists and SLTs to judge about its content and then content validity index (CVI) were computed for each item. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were determined by asking the parents of 100 children between seven and nine years old to complete the form. All items but four were calculated with a CVI higher than. 85. After revision، those four items improved their scores. Content validity index was higher than. 75. Internal consistency of each item was calculated between. 66 and. 74. Test-retest reliability was calculated higher than. 90 after two weeks interval. Results show that Persian adaptation of CCC-2 possesses acceptable content validity and reliability in 7 to 9 year-olds. Its psychometric values، however، need to be improved by conducting further studies on larger sample sizes and across other ranges of age.

In Some individuals because of the poor functioning leg muscles، plantar arch drooping suffered and it seems that ground reaction force individuals with flat foot than to those with normal foot، due to reduced recruitment is altered by the arc. The aim of the present study the effect of corrective exercise program on the ground reaction force of student with flat food during gait cycle. In this study، 30 subjects with flat foot deformity the randomly and homogeneously divided in both intervention and control groups. Flat feet was measured by navicular droop test. The intervention group participated corrective exercises in 24 sessions of two months. Force plate apparatus for measuring ground reaction force were used before and after corrective exercises. For statistical analysis was used of parametric independent t-test and paired sample t-test (P ≤0/05). The results showed that the vertical component of ground reaction in time weight transfer on the heel (P=0/01) and toe weight transfer (P=0/03) stance phase in the intervention group after 8 weeks corrective exercises decreased significantly. But no significant difference in midstance phase between the two groups (P>0/05). Found on the basis of this study it can be concluded، corrective exercise can، performance increases of the plantar arch to absorb the force and reduces ground reaction force in subject with flat foot in two step، transfer weight on the heel and toe weight transfer on toe.

Background and Children with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD) have deficits or limitations in motor function. So identification and assessment of motor problems in preschool age children for suitable intervention is essential. The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a correlation between BruininksOseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) and Peabody Developmental Motor Scale – second edition (PDMS2) on children with IDD. Subjects were 60 children with IDD at 54-83 months of age who their motor skills (gross، fine) were assessed with BOTMP and PDMS2. The results indicated that there was moderate to high correlation between the two motor tests composite scores (r= 0/65–0/91)، gross motor scores (0/58-0/88). and fine motor scores (0/60-0/88). Considering the moderate to high correlation between BOTMP and PDMS2، therapists can use one of these tests to assess motor skill of children. Considering the test’s Items number and Time، BOTMP seems better than PDMS2 for this group of children.

Interferential current is one of the most popular kinds of electrical stimulation that are used in electrotherapy. Despite its clinical popularity، there have been limited studies to investigate how this stimulation protocol affects the nerve fibers. This study was aimed to develop a realistic model for the stimulation of nerve fibers by interferential currents and using that to assess the spatial and temporal activation patterns of fibers in response. The effect of the modulation frequency on the resultant neural activity was also evaluated. A model of the target tissue، including the skin، fat and muscle layers was implemented in COMSOL software to obtain the potential distribution induced by the current inside the tissue. Then the MRG model of the myelinated nerve fibers in NEURON environment was used to simulate the response of fibers at different positions in the tissue. A 4 KHz carrier frequency with the modulation of 1 to 250 Hz and stimulus strength of 1 to 99 mA was used in this study. The sensory fibers that are passing right beneath the electrodes are blocked in response to the applied high frequency currents and cannot conduct the action potentials. The sensory and motor fibers in other positions of the tissue can be activated based on the stimulus amplitude and the modulation frequency. The temporal activation pattern is at frequencies equal or twice of the modulation frequency. The excitation thresholds for fibers in a specific depth of the tissue are different based on their position relative to the electrodes، and even fibers that are outside the borders of the four electrodes can be activated. The results demonstrate how the block of sensory fibers may decrease the patient discomfort، and suggests that non-target fibers outside the region of electrode placement may also affected by the stimulation. Moreover، the results confirm the traditional claims about role of the modulation frequency in the firing frequency of nerve fibers.

Aim and Upper extremity functional problems are the most common disorder which follow cerebral palsy arise. children have difficulty due to neuromuscular problems such as cerebral palsy، this children have less opportunity to receive information from environment and to understand the impact their function on environment and thus their experience decreases in activities. Hand function is the necessities of daily life in all people especially cerebral palsy. Due to amount of hand function disabilities and its importance in cerebral palsy chidren، we decided to examine the reliability of Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function test in cerebral palsy children. Methods & Materials: study is non-experimental and descriptive analysis. In this study، 33 children with diplegia cerebral palsy from 8-12 years old were selected from special school of Tehran through non-probability sampling and from both sexes. In this study، hand function was assessed with jebsen-taylor test by the simultaneous presence of two expert (inter-rater reliability). Then a week after initial assessment، one experimenter did a re-assessment (intra-rater reliability). This reliability was assessed by Using the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) The results of this study was showed high correlation in inter-rater (P=0/001 و ICC=0/998) and intra-rater reliability (P=0/001 و ICC=0/95). the results showed that inter-rater and intra-rater reliability was high in diplegia cerebral palsy. So this test is recommended as a reliable clinical tool to assess the hand function of these children.

Bachground and Subjective Scales are the tools for investigation of a disorder in view of the person who has the disorder. Subjective stuttering scale (SSS) investigate stuttering in three views such as severity، avoidance and locus of control in a unique protocol that can show the need to assessment of extra aspects of stuttering. The aim of the present research was Investigation of reliability and validity of the Farsi version of Subjective Stuttering Scale Questionaire. Method and Materials: With the implementation of a pilot study and semi-structured interviews with17 adult who has stuttering formal validity and internal consistency of the scale (Subjective stuttering scale: SSS) was investigated. Then 20 adult who has stuttering complete modified questionnaire with (PSI: perception of stuttering inventory)، (locus of control behavior scale: LCB) and calculating the percentage of stuttered speech samples recorded in order to assess the concurrent validity. The findings were analyzed bydescribtive statics، Cronbach''s alpha and pearson correlation. the results based on the Cronbach''s alpha (α=0/92) showed that are valid. There is a significant correlation between SS% and the first question of SSS (α=0. 01، r= 0. 67) and also there is a significant correlation between avoidance sub-test of SSS and avoidance subtest of PSI (α= 0. 05، r=0. 75) but there was not a significant correlation between the locus of control sub-test of SSS and LBC scale (α= 0. 15). This version of SSS has properconstruct validity. The present research showed that the Farsi version of SSS is a reliable and valid tool for assessment of stuttering in severity، avoidance and locus of control in view of the person who have stuttering.

Spatial hearing is a part of central auditory system abilities that allows localization and understanding speech in noise for listener. Spatial hearing makes the listener capable to pay selective attention to sounds arriving from one direction and meanwhile suppressing sounds arriving from other directions. The purpose of this study is to review the articles about basics، models and functions of spatial hearing. For this study Pub med، Scopus، proquest، and google scholar databases were searched by key words like spatial hearing; spatial advantage and other words related to spatial processing and several dozens of papers about spatial hearing were chosen. Spatial hearing is proposed as a new processing phenomenon and has several functions. A huge body of information has appeared about it in the literature during past years. Spatial hearing is based on binaural hearing and its application in different fields like “cocktail party effect”، central auditory processing، lateralization and distance perception has been under focus recently. Given the importance and functions of spatial hearing in auditory processing، especially in complex environments، assessment، treatment and rehabilitation of spatial processing disorders can solve a considerable part of central auditory processing disorder complaints.