مجله پژوهش در علوم توانبخشی
سال دوازدهم شماره 5 (1395)

Children with intellectual disabilities sometimes disrupt the mental health of the family and cause serious damages in their parents. Consideration of the mental health of parents of exceptional children is important due to the psychological, social, and financial burden of care and increased care burden on families of children with intellectual disabilities.
This was a descriptive-correlation study. The subjects consisted of 200 parents of students in special schools of Golestan Province, Iran, in 2016. The participants were selected through multistage random sampling method. A demographic information questionnaire, the Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and Elmstahl’s Caregiver Burden Scale were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS software at the significance level of P In this study, the resilience and burden of care scores of parents of children with intellectual disabilities were 51.86 ± 17.27 and 56.89 ± 14.27, respectively. Simple linear regression test showed a significant relationship between resilience and burden of care [B = 0.32, Beta = 0.39, P In this study, the burden of care was higher and resilience was lower than average and resilience of parents of students with intellectual disabilities could be increased with reduction in the amount of burden of care. Among the predictive variables, the effect of income on the burden of care was evident to a greater extent in parents of children with intellectual disabilities compared to other variables. This indicates that the burden of care can be reduced and resilience can be increased by raising income levels and economic well-being. Therefore, it is suggested that the necessary economic and counseling measures be taken to reduce the burden of care.

Many studies have reported improved cardiorespiratory stamina, muscular strength, and flexibility as a result of Pilates workouts in healthy individuals. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of these workouts on physical fitness factors and kinetic performance in girl students with intellectual disability.
This experimental study was conducted on 40 volunteer subjects with intellectual disability. The subjects were selected through convenience sampling. The subjects were randomly divided into control and experimental groups (n = 20 subjects). The experimental group took part in an 8-week program of 1-hour exercising sessions, 3 times a week. The control group did not have any exercise program during the study and kept their routine life. Subjects’ cardiorespiratory stamina, muscular strength, muscular stamina, flexibility, and body composition indices of height, weight, body fat percentage, Body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), and kinetic performance were measured 24 hours before and after the exercising program. Paired t-test was utilized to compare intragroup changes and means of the collected data.
No significant difference was observed in means of pretest and posttest in any of the variables in the control group. Nevertheless, Pilates workouts significantly influenced all variables in female students with intellectual disability in the experimental group.
It seems that the 8-week Pilates workout program significantly improved physical fitness factors and kinetic performance in the subjects under study, and thus, enhanced their quality of life (QOL).

Walking, as a continuous muscular activity, has a grave effect on formation of individual's body configuration. The body configuration can also affect the individual's walking. The purpose of this study was to compare the kinematic characteristics of the lower extremity in walking among individuals with hyperlordosis lumbar malformation with that of healthy individuals.
This descriptive-comparative study was conducted on 38 female students. The subjects were selected through purposive and convenience sampling and were divided into two groups of healthy and hyperlordosis. Lumbar lordosis angle was measured using a flexible ruler and data on the subjects’ walking was obtained using a three-dimensional epto electric system with six cameras. Data were analyzed using independent t-test and ANCOVA at the significance level of P ≤ 0.05.
Angular relocation and angular velocity of the hip and ankle, and knee joint valgus angle in stance phase of walking in individuals with lumbar hyperlordosis showed a significant increase compared to healthy individuals. However, no change was observed in the angular relocation and angular velocity of the knee joint at the stance phase of walking.
Lumbar lordosis abnormality in the sagittal plane causes change in the motion range of talus and hip joints. This abnormality in the frontal plane causes change in valgus angle of the knee.

Malalignment of the lower extremity, especially at the knee, can lead to injury due to its impact on muscle activity. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the pattern and activity of selected muscles of the lower extremity in athletes with genu varum and healthy athletes during running.
The present quasi-experimental study was conducted on 30 male athletes (two groups of genu varum and healthy) with the age range of 20-25 years. The amount and the time of onset of muscle activity were calculated using electromyography (EMG). To evaluate differences between and within groups, MANOVA and paired samples t-test were utilized, respectively, at the 0.05 level of significance. Data were analyzed in MATLAB and SPSS software.
The results showed that the gluteus medius muscle in the athletes with genu varum had significantly higher levels of activity compared to the control group in the dominant (P = 0.032) and non-dominant limbs (P = 0.039). However, the rectus femoris and medial gastrocnemius muscles’ activity was not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.050). In addition, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of onset of muscle activity (P > 0.050). Moreover, no significant difference was observed between dominant and non-dominant limbs in the amount and onset of muscle activity (P > 0.050).
Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the gluteus medius muscle had greater activity in subjects with genu varum deformity than healthy subjects. This increase in activity can be accompanied with increase in compressive forces and articular loads which can cause osteoarthritis in the long run.

Motor skill acquisition studies have shown that the performance of a motor task will be smoother after practice; however, the type of practice is very important. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of practice with task-specific instability on performance and acquisition of a throwing skill.
This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 16 semi-skilled subjects under 2 practice conditions, with and without availability of visual feedback. Each practice stage involved 3 blocks of 10 trials. The subjects’ throwing skill was evaluated in pretest and posttests, before and after the practicing stages. Two repeated measures ANOVA and paired t-test were used to examine the differences between subjects in practicing and test stages at a significance level of 0.05.
No significant difference were observed between practice blocks in the two stages of practice; however, there were significant differences between pretest and posttest with blocks in the second stage (P = 0.001). Moreover, no significant differences were observed between the posttests of the two practice stages.
Task-specific instability with blocking of visual feedback not only induces the acquisition of complex motor skills, but also prepares the individual for confronting unstable conditions. It is suggested that coaches and therapists train athletics and patients for performing complex skills under unstable conditions to better prepare them for confronting these conditions.

Synonymy occurs when two words have a similar meaning. Language perception is superior to language production. Moreover, considering that, due to some mental problems and low IQ, intellectually disabled children suffer from some difficulties in language comprehension, conducting a research on the perception of synonymy can help these children in their language communication. Thus, the purpose of the present research was to examine and compare the perception of synonymy in educable children with intellectual disability and typically developing children.
The present study was a casual-comparative research. The data used in this research were gathered using the researcher-made Perception of Synonymy Questionnaire. To this end, 15 educable children with intellectual disability from exceptional schools and 15 typically developing children from ordinary schools of Jiroft, Iran, were asked to complete this questionnaire. The independent t-test was used to investigate and analyze the hypothesis of the present research and MANOVA was used to compare the perception of different kinds of synonymy.
The result of independent t-test showed that there was a significant difference between the mean of synonymy perception in educable children with intellectual disability and typically developing children (P Educable children with intellectual disability had difficulty in the perception of synonymy compared to typically developing children. However, the results of the present study showed no difference between educable children with intellectual disability and typically developing children in the understanding of two synonymous words belonging to different dialects and two synonymous words belonging to different languages.

Designing programs for the prevention of osteoarthritis of the knee requires an understanding of its risk factors. This study was aimed to determine the relationship between the risk of knee osteoarthritis among the elderly with age, BMI (body mass index), education, depression, physical activity, and gender of the elderly.
Two hundred and twenty elderly candidates suffering from knee osteoarthritis and Two hundred and twenty healthy ones were selected based on voluntary sampling methods and asked to answer the demographic and depression questionnaires as well as IPAQ Questionnaire.
The relationship all variables with the risk of knee osteoarthritis was investigated through logistic regression analysis of a progressive model considering odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval (CI). There was a significant relationship between factors of age and gender on the one hand and risk of developing osteoarthritis (P Gender, obesity, depression, lack of physical activity, weight gain and low level of diploma and lack of insight, as risk factors for people susceptible to knee osteoarthritis.

Rehabilitation is the treatment of choice for biomechanical problems of pelvic floor muscle. In rehabilitation, assessment and outcome measures in Lower urinary tract symptoms are dependent on pathological nature and cultural conflicts of patient. The aim of the present study is to review and introduce the research and clinical instruments for rehabilitation in lower urinary tract symptoms.
A computerized data base search was performed at the Pubmed, Medline, Cinhal, and Science Direct using the following keywords: Lower Urinary tract symptoms, urinary incontinence, Rehabilitation, Pelvic floor muscle training, over active bladder, physiotherapy. Clinical trial articles which had evaluated the effect of rehabilitation were included in this study.
181 papers have been published between 2000 and end of 2016 that was clinical trial. 142 articles obtained urinary incontinence. Multiple sclerosis, Cerebral Vascular Accident and incontinence during pregnancy was published. 71% of the studies used At least one questionnaire as outcome measurement. In most study, the quality of life was also investigated. Some Research was used Quantities tools such as pad test or voiding diary.
Although quantitative tools in most studies are superior tools. However, Questionnaire with evaluation of Quality of life is the basic of research and treatment.