فصلنامه حکمت و فلسفه
سال هفتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 25، بهار 1390)

Nikolay Berdyayev, the Russian religious and political philosopher, observed three revoloutions in Russia and two world wars in his life. After 1917 revoloution in Russia, he was a distinguished professor of philosophy in the state university of Moskow for a short time. But, his criticisms about bolshevic's manner led him to be exiled from Russia in 1922. Berdyayev is one of thinkers who try to develop a Christian worldview. As a moralist social philosopher, he authored numerous essays and books in his life. Specially, he has developed a solipsistic philosophy in details and suggested new ideas as a Christian existentialism. His philosophical method is intutionistic and laconic rather than argumentative and systematic. In this paper, we discuss and criticize Berdyayev's Philosophical attitude in three fields of epitemoligy, metaphysics, and ethics.

In moral science, we deal with normative statements (ought and ought not). The analysis of these kinds of statements is one of the most crucial tasks in ethics: To which category of philosophical notions do these statements belong? Whether or not they belong to primitive intelligibles, secondary intelligibles, or mental considerations? In addition, the analysis of moral statements is another one of main topics in ethics: can we reduce ethical statements to declarative ones or not? Hume's question about the relationship between ' i's statements and 'ought' statements is an important ethical issue which has drawn attention of moral philosophers to for a long time. Some contemporary Islamic philosophers such as Allameh Tabatabei, Motahari, Mesbah Yazdi and Haeri Yazdi have discussed about the mentioned topics in ethics. Among them, Haeri has some specific ideas one of which is that all moral imperatives statements refer to the real state of affairs. In other words, he interprets these statements as a kind of through another necessity.In the mentioned debates, Haeri has important thoughts in common with Allameh Tabatabei, and along side, he is in agreement with Mesbah Yazdi in some respects and in disagreement in some other respects. Larijani has criticized Allamehs, Mesbah's and Haeri's views about the analysis of statements whose stances are discussed in this paper.Hume's view about the relationship between is and ought statements is associated to two main topics in the traditional formal logic. By distinguishing between these two topics, Haeri has suggested his special views regarding the mentioned relationship.

According to Rorty's reading of the analytic philosophy, the language acts as a media for reflecting external facts, and this view involves accepting a kind of a priori and mind-independent reality. However, Rorty holds that the language is not a mirror for representation of metalingustic facts, but it is a tool for realizing human's ends and coping with the surroundin ecology, the point that gives rise to varitation of the mentioned tool. Rorty thinks that it is we, human beings, who by creating new words give meaning to the world, and apart from these words, there is no fact at all. In other words, the departure form the language is impossible. Now, we can ask whether the language is merely a mental reality or it has to cope with an external object, the possiblity from which Rorty escapes in fear of realism label. In this paper, we try to challenge Rorty's view about the mentioned question.

Error theory in modern ethics is known by the name of John Mackie. According to him, all moral claims are false. Since 1970s, there has been a great deal of research to explain human ethics by biological evolutionary theory. Michael Ruse uses evolutionary explanation of ethics to found his version of ethical error theory on. According to him, ethics is objectified by natural selection. But it is in fact an illusion to increase individual's inclusive fitness. Based on a specified definition of ethics and of natural selection, Richard Joyce argues that all ethical discourse that predicated ethical ought to actions and other things is not true. But then, he broadens his definition of ethics and uses much more empirical evidence to argue that all moral beliefs have to be suspended. I argue against such error theories mostly based on a kind of virtue ethics.

In a loose sense of the word, the doctrine of “Trinity” can be seen as the most important doctrine in the Christian theology. The generation of many controversies concerning trinity from the beginning of Christianity, holding the different councils of the church, flourishing of a movement called “Heretic” against the official church and the codification of a rich terminology about the trinity, all testify that the mentioned claim is the case. In this paper, it is tried to explicate how the different attitudes are taken to the terminology of the doctrine of trinity and related doctrines. In this regard, debates and terms in the theological protestant context are more discussed than Roman Catholic ones. The main topics discussed in this paper are as follows: the reasons of attributing different names to the triune Hypostases, effects of disputation between the orthodox faithful people and Heretics on the trinity terminology, debates on the attributes and the nature of the unique triune God, the most important issues related to the trinity in different eras and their own theological terms.

Religion and State from the beginning of world's history were two important issues which have occupied human mind. For a long time, there has been a dispute about the relationship between them. In this quarrel, we can find three main views: isotropy, divergence, and ascendancy of one of them to the other.In this paper, we have a brief look on Hegel’s political and religious thoughts and his turning in his viewpoints. Then we examine and criticize his opinions about politics and religion. Further, we should notice that although he regards religion only as an instrument in the hands of the state, we are not allowed to regard him as an atheist philosopher or as an adherent of separation between state and religion.At the end of the paper, we find that although the theory of “organic state” which Hegel suggests for solving the “paradox of liberty and submission” is a growth head way in comparison with “mechanical view” of Lock and Hobbes about the social contract and with Benthamian utilitarianism, but firstly, there is no restriction against becoming his constitutional monarchy to a kind of dictatorship and secondly, as he finally regards religion as a servant for the state, the relationships between state and religion remains unsolved in his philosophical system.

Wittgenstein and Gadamer, in some sense, are the last links of the two philosophical effective schools, namely the Analytical and the Continental philosophy; two traditions which seems somehow divergent. This paper rejects this divergence and intends to open the door of intercommunity of them by the way of the language and its playfulness. Understanding is a common concern of Wittgenstein and Gadamer of which language based manner and playfulness are two main characteristics. Furthermore, there is a kind of simultaneity between playfulness and culture, tradition, prejudices and history about which we discuss in this paper. Besides, this paper intends to explicate the contrast between playfulness and gamefulness in Gadamer and Wittgenstein‘s thought.