فصلنامه ساخت شهر
پیاپی 20 (تابستان 1391)

Demand for accommodation is one of the most significant needs of human beings the provision of which requires accurate and comprehensive planning in present complex social and economic circumstances. Informal dwelling-places, functioning as physical objectivity of urban poverty, is a response to such fundamental need by the poor. This condition of poverty and deprivation in particular part of urban society can be the result of inefficiency and poor national and local policy in accommodation. Although the poor's accommodation in informal dwelling-places is regarded as a chance and opportunity, it has certain features the lack of attention to it can result in urban unsustainability. On the other hand, informal dwelling-places can provide a wide range of accommodation for urban poor people. In case of providing the minimum criteria can highly influence the quality and quantity of urban accommodation and will meet the needs of the poor. Therefore, understanding the pattern of the poor's accommodation is indispensible for coherent planning. The pattern of the poor's accommodation includes fundamental features and follows a specific procedure that the poor provide their dwelling-places accordingly. This procedure includes, the method of purchasing the land, its ownership, technical specification and criteria, enjoying urban services, the quality of constructional materials, passage networks, financial provision, and construction procedure. This research aims to study and clarify the main features and patterns of the poor's accommodation in Abbas Abad region of Sanandaj based on quantitative-descriptive approach so that a generalized pattern for the poor's accommodation can be presented. This research reveals a drastic difference among appropriate accommodation from the poor's viewpoint, economically affordable accommodation for the poor and comprehensive patterns presented by the planners. In pattern of urban poor's accommodation, a habitable house is the one that includes the minimum criteria for the poor's lives. However, from the formal accommodation viewpoint, an appropriate house is the one that has the minimum criteria and standards that are not often necessary for the poor. These criteria generally fuel the expansion of informal housing.

The present article aims to find appropriate answers to this question that what the most important thought is pertaining to the implementation of justice in city contexts and that what kinds one can distinguish in this regard? The methodology of this research is documentary study and qualitative analysis. Through study and scrutiny of the most significant theories related to justice, this research aims to present a vivid typology of these theories based on three criteria: "attitude/way of thought", "centralization of theory", and "accuracy". Having used the foregoing criteria, three fundamental thoughts related to justice in cities, as well as their relationships to each other, are identified as follows: A) thoughts relied on conventional principles, B) thoughts based on assumed principles, and C) thoughts based on ideological principles. It is concluded that theories of Rousseau, Bentham, Goulet, Habermas can be categorized in group A. Theories of Plato, Aristotle, Hobbes, Kant, Rawls, Sen, and Nussbaum are ranked in group B; and theories of Marx and Engels are graded in group C.

Sanandaj is located on great earthquake fault of Sanandaj-Sirjan and is placed on an average relative risk zone. Therefore, making research and study on measuring the vulnerability of urban fabrics against earthquake is considered a necessity in Sanandaj urban planning. In present research, the old region of Sartapoulah is studied as one of the ancient parts of Sanandaj. The aim of this research is identifying influential factors in vulnerability of Sanandaj and presenting effective ways to make the city safe against earthquake. Physical and social parameters are used in measuring the vulnerability and intervening capacity of Sartapoulah region. Therefore, a necessary data base is made in GIS environment to analyze the vulnerability and intervening capacity of Sartapoulah, using IHWP reversed hierarchy method followed by combination of created layers. The results indicate that certain parts of the region showing maximum vulnerability are generally in inappropriate circumstances. High population density, high number of families, low level of ownership, highly populated buildings, smallness of residential units, narrow passages and numerous dead-ends, inaccessibility to open and suitable spaces, high antiquity of buildings, and low resistance of structures against earthquake are identified as the main features of this region.

One of the most problematic parts of Yazd is the ancient fabric of this city. The studies indicate that abandoned and dilapidated spaces of Yazd form about 17.5% of the area in this city. The continuous growth of such spaces will cause irreparable damages to the priceless cultural heritage of our country. The aim of this research is selecting the best approach based on logical rules to recreate the derelict spaces abandoned in the ancient part of Yazd. The methodology is based on combining QSPM technique and Fuzzy logic. The use of Fuzzy logic with the aim of enjoying the expert's ideas from different organizations, that each in turn can accelerate the improvement process of Yazd, can play an influential role in decision-making and selection of the best approach by urban planners. The final results of this research denote that among four main approaches identified for the improvement of abandoned spaces, it seems that the union of existing lands in abandoned spaces and constructing sustainable residential units, being economically affordable for new residents, can be the most appropriate approach for the development of ancient fabrics of Yazd. Appropriate implementation of this approach will not only wipe out the derelict and ruined parts of the city, but also it can draw lots of people and population to it and help promoting the social life of this area.

Urban space, as a ground to achieve sustainable development, is not merely regarded as a physical concept. In fact, it associates the physique of a town regarded as a location for urban activities and social interactions. Therefore, urban space, being endowed with functional efficiency, should appear efficient in social co-efficiencies, too and that urban development should be along the formation of social promoting elements. This question is raised that what qualifications and specifications should an urban space include to pave the ground for social and human sustainable development? This article determines qualities of related urban design conducting to the final aims of the research: introduction of criteria for the evaluation and promotion of local sustainability with emphasis on Isfahan Jolfa district as the case study. Then, some sub-measurements are defined and determined for each of the qualities, and the maps of the region are studied, surveyed and analyzed by the aid of survey methods, interview, questionnaire and analysis. Finally, having determined the qualitative rate of each quality and prioritizing them, certain criteria for the measurement of district's sustainability are introduced by the aid of AHP technique. This provides a procedure to enable the urban managers and other decision makers to prioritize their activities for the improvement of environmental qualities based on sustainable development procedure.

The city of Isfahan, as a great metropolitan city in Iran, has encountered many issues and problems due to the lack of appropriate access to different services. These problems include: environmental pollution, traffic problems, waste of time and energy, prevalence of different diseases and increase of family expenses. The realization of electronic city bearing specific mechanism is a response to such issues and is regarded a universal approach to remove such problems. The aim of present research is analysis of significant indexes in communication and data technology and study on the direct and indirect influencing method of them on the realization of electronic city in Isfahan. The methodology is both qualitative and quantitative. Statistical society includes internet users in fourteen areas of the city, and experts of communication and data technology working in various organizations. Path analysis test is used for data analysis and evaluation of theoretical model. A survey on theoretical model of the research indicates that due to the accessibility, investment, telecommunication and data technology infrastructures, culture of using internet and specifications of experts, the realization of electronic city in Isfahan seems feasible up to 54%.

This research is conducted to evaluate and classify Shiraz urban network in response to traffic volume of the main passages, specifications and structural capabilities of this city using spatial arrangement. To achieve this aim, the relationship between network structure variables, land uses and volume of traffic in the central passages of the city are studied and also the differences of various classes with statistical tests are scrutinized. The capabilities of spatial structure of Shiraz central network are analyzed in regard to the average traffic volume representing the level of efficiency of physical structure and commercial land use that is the pivotal usage in studying the central parts of the cities. The classification of Shiraz urban network is finally based on spatial structure under the title of "Passages with maximum usage structural capabilities", "Passages with less traffic congestion than structural capacity", and "Passages with more traffic congestion than structural capacity". In each group, the influence of land use distribution on traffic volume is separately and independently measured. The results of the research denote that this form of network classification is different from classification based on physical specifications such as, the width of passages, capacity and level of service, and is therefore more advantageous in analyzing network loading method. Accordingly, more influential policies can be proposed being different from prevalent traffic policy-making in this city based on the development of passages and intersections.