دو ماهنامه سلامت کار ایران
سال چهاردهم شماره 5 (آذر و دی 1396)

The hospital staff services due to their jobs are daily exposed with disinfectant and cleaning substances and the exposure with these materials will cause dermatitis. The aim of this study was to determine the Affection risk to skin symptoms in hospital staff services due to continuous exposure to detergents and disinfectants.
In this cross-sectional study 170 male and female staff services in both Educational hospital of Yazdwere evaluated. Using Nordic questionnaire about the frequency of skin symptoms including:skin redness, swelling, scaling and small blisters,scaly and itching on the hands, forearms, and between the fingers of The employees were collected and analyzed by SPSS software 16 version.
In this study the overall prevalence of hand dermatitis among the staff service was 36.8 percent . the most common symptom of skin dermatitis were scaling of the hands, forearms or fingers along the crack them (25.5 percent). Symptoms of redness and itching of the skin, hands, forearms or fingers with cracked skin were more in women than men .Symptoms of red skin and scaly hands, forearms or fingers and cracking of skin were more in individuals with less work experience.
The results showed a strong correlation between exposure in the workplace and skin dermatitis among workers in the service. In order to reduce exposure to detergents and reducing the incidence of skin dermatitis symptoms, use of appropriate gloves and proper training required in their use is recommended.

The job safety is one of the necessary aspects of efficiency in humane resource manangement of every organization, and if organizations enable to reduce the rate of job accidents and undesirable stress, then performance of workers become more efficient. Hence, job rotation is as good as a rest to increase efficiency. The aim of this research is to design an appropriate job rotation system in order to reduce job risks in terms of ergonomic risks of jobs.
This research is aimed to design a job rotation system by using a mathematical modeling approach in which in addition to satisfying employer needs, it reduces ergonomic risk of jobs. The research method in this research is application in terms of goal, and is mathematical descriptive in terms of method, which includes: (1) problem extraction, (2) modeling, (3) model solving, (4) model verification, and (5) model implementation. The aim is to all of the risksAWT IMAGEis assigned to n workers such that maximum risk of all workers are minimized (problem extraction). According to conditions and constraints of system, the problem is modeled as a linear programming model. The parts of this model includes objective function of minimization of maximum job risk of human resource, structural constraints of problem (each job should be assigned just to one worker at any time, and each worker should occupy just one job), parameters (n workers, n jobs at time interval T, jobs risksAWT IMAGE), and variables (job assignment at time intervals to workers) (modeling). Since the model is a linear programming model, the Lingo optimization software and coding in it is used to solve optimally (model solving and verification).
The optimal model of job rotation system was evaluated in semi-industrial work-station where dissatisfaction of workers from ergonomics problems has been reported (model implementation). This mathematical linear model is constructed with 144 decision variables, 57 constraints and a objective function. The model is implemented by Lingo software and the results include 138 zero optimal variables and 6 one optimal variables. These results provide an optimal sequence of assignment and workers job rotation that can be used to make most moderate state of job risks and divide the job risks in a logical proportion among all workers. The optimal assignment of jobs to workers implies the reduction of job risks for all workers to 1.25 (calculated value for optimal objective function).
The main output of this research is a optimal plan for job assignment in a work plan of a production system which not only considers job conditions but also minimizes ergonomic risk of jobs and also leads to job satisfaction due to moderate job risk. The results demonstrate outstanding effect of job rotation on setting of job risk among workers at an appropriate level, and improvement on worker's satisfaction.

Job burnout is the person's reaction to interpersonal stressors in the workplace. This research has been conducted to examine the role of occupational motivation and job procrastination in predicting of job burnout the employees of Ahar city hospital.
The research conducted with the correlational method on 126 staff's of the hospital that selected by random sampling. The questionnaire of staff's occupational motivation, procrastination and Maslach's job burnout used in order to collect the data. The collected data analysed by Pearson correlation and multiple regression.
There is a significant negative relation between occupational motivation and job burnout (P>0/05). Also, there is a significant positive relationship between procrastination and job burnout (P>0/05). The results of multiple regression analysis showed that the scores of occupational motivation and procrastination can predict the job burnout scores.
Occupational motivation, procrastination and job burnout are the important and effective issues in every organisation. Considering the close relation these features together in any planning for research and reform, it is necessary to be considered this relation.

Cardiorespiratory capacity determines performance and productivity of daily jobs.Shoe production workers have heavy work load and musculoskeletal disorders is prevalent in this job. Investigation on the relationship between musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and job strain index (SI) and physical activity capability of shoe workers can help to reduce MSDs.
This study was done on 235 shoe workers of Tehran Great Bazar. Cases of the study were categorized as having 5 roles of cutting, coating, preworking, gluing, and finishing (packaging, etc.). Nordic questionnair was used to assess the rate of musculoskeletal disorders, and Tuxworth & Shahnavaz step-test was used to find aerobic capacity, and the job strain index was used for ergonomic estimation. All data were analyzed using SPSS 20 software.
Between job strain and musculoskeletal disorders of end part of upper limbs (right side, left side), a significant relationship was found (p0.05).
Musculoskeletal disorders of terminal part of upper organs (wrist, shoulder, and elbow) had strong correlation with job strain. Proper planning to reduce job strain and ergonomic training can reduce the risk of MSDs in terminal part of upper organs in shoe makers.

Nurses experience high stress levels due to the nature of their job, neglect of understanding and coping with this stress will result irreparable effects . Accordingly, the present study was performed to investigate the relationship between Job stress and coping strategies among intensive ward nurses in Gorgan.
This study was a descriptive correlational study that was conducted in 2014. The instrument used in this study included a demographic questionnaire, Expanded Nursing Stress Scale (ENSS) and the Folkman and Lazarus Coping Style Questionnaire. Environment of research included critical care unites of Gorgan universal`s hospitals. Sampling was carried in census sampling method. 74 nurses participated in the study. After collecting data analyzed in SPSS software (16= ver). using descriptive statistic and deductive statistic at significant level of p The mean age of the participants was 33/39±6/33 years. Most stressful condition was conflict with the supervisor (2.65±0.59). The most commonly used strategies were self-control (5± 14.18). The results of multiple regression analysis showed that the variables gender (21.57 = β, and P = 0.014) and working in dialysis unit (27.08 = β and P ≤.001) are good predictors for occupational stress.
according to the high level of some stress dimensions such as conflict with supervisor among nurses, and also The relationship between job stress and factors such as work in dialysis ward and gender, it is necessary Nurse managers apply some measures to prevent and reduce stress by improving the work environment, coping methods training and sufficient support of personnel

taxi drivers are a large group of professional drivers, who spend so much time in driving. Considering traffic collisions as one of the Traffic Safety System in the country, modification of improper driving behaviors of this group can result in a significant decrease in accidents.
This analytical-descriptive study was conducted on 245 taxi drivers in 2013. A questionnaire aimed into two sections: demographic information and reasons for lack of night use of the automotive lighting system was designed. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the experts and professors’ comments and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's coefficient alpha (0.72).
It was found that 26.9% of the drivers do not turn on their automotive lighting system over nigh. Most in main squares of the city (46.2%). Forgetfulness in turning car’s light on (14.28%) and depreciation on car lights (13.06%) are the major reasons. Moreover, a significant relationship was observed among variables like working in taxi driving as the main occupation (P-Value= 0.0001), lack of receiving warning from passengers (P-Value= 0.0001), the level of education (P-Value= 0.012) and lack of using automotive lighting system.
Considering that forgetfulness was the main reason for lack of using the lighting system and most of the drivers have not been received any warning or punishment from police because of lack of using lights overnight, it is essential to use appropriate training and exertion of regulations, as one of the ways to create correct culture of traffic and improve driver performance.

Standardized self-report questionnaires, because of their low costs and the ease of the summarization and analysis of their results, are considered as the most important and widely used approach to identifying and assessing work-related stressors. Current study was carried out with the aim of reviewing the available questionnaires for work-related stressor factors.
In this systematic review study, all the available work-related stress questionnaires in the time span from 1975 to 2016 were collected through running search in several authentic indexing and citation databases and then the collected questionnaire were examined.
Generally, according to the criteria considered, a total of 23 questionnaires met the inclusion criteria for the final stage of the study. All these questionnaires had been designed and developed in industrial countries. However, according to our literature review, the psychometric properties had only been studied for the Persian translations of the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ), the Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) questionnaire, the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ), the Health & Safety Executive Management Standards Indicator Tool (HSE-MS), the General Nordic Questionnaire (QPS-Nordic), and the NIOSH Generic Job Stress Questionnaire (GJSQNIOSH).
With regard to the diversity of available questionnaires and their subscales, it is suggested that Iranian researchers and organizations, firstly identify the stressor factors related to their own specific jobs through running qualitative studies and then start to assess the occupational stressor factors related to their specific job environments through developing their own standardized questionnaires or employing the subscales of the available questionnaires covering their specific problems.

Low back pain is a prevalent musculoskeletal disorder associated with nursing profession. This study was conducted to compare the effects of Williams exercise and walking on relief of non-traumatic low back pain in nurses.
In this semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design, 100 nurses with chronic and acute low back pain and working in Ayatollah Kashani and Hajar hospitals of Shahrekord were studied between March 2015 and June 2015. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups of 50 each. Group 1 were asked to perform Williams exercise once a day and group 2 was asked to walk for 20 min per day. The demographic characteristics, medical history, and (chronic and acute) pain severity were investigated before and after the interventions. The data were analyzed by SPSS 22.
In both groups, mean difference in pain severity was significant after the intervention (P=0.001). Walking caused the pain of the nurses with acute low back pain to relieve more notably than the pain of those with chronic low back pain, while regarding Williams exercise, the pain relief was more marked in the nurses with chronic low back pain.
Walking is more effective on reluef of pain due to acute low back pain, and Williams exercise was more effective on relief of pain due to chronic low back pain. Combining these exercises and other approaches of complementary medicine may cause greater pain relief.

In accomplishing attention-consuming tasks, mental fatigue reduces productivity and increases error rate as the factors involved in work accidents. The present research goal was to study the effects of sleep quality and mental fatigue on attention and reaction time in the thermal comfort condition.
This experimental research was conducted on 33 university students in thermal stress chambers. The participants were exposed to 500, 200, and 1500 lx lightings for 1.5 hours at the 22 temperature to take the continuous performance test (CPT) (which assessed attention) and the reaction time test (which measured their reaction time), and complete the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI) and the mental fatigue checklist. The collected data was analyzed in SPSS 20 using the multiple linear regression analysis and Pearson’s correlation coefficient methods.
There was a significant relationship between levels of mental fatigue before and after exposure to 200 and 500lx lightings, and the highest level of mental fatigue was observed with the 200 and 500lx lightings (P˂0.05). The relationship of mental fatigue before exposure to the 200lx lighting with the error rate and reaction time was significant (P˂0.05). The relationship of mental fatigue after exposure to the 500lx lighting and the two-sound selective reaction time was significant (P˂0.05). The relationship of sleep quality was not significant in the CPT (continuous performance test) test (P˃0.05), but the relationship of sleep quality with the diagnostic reaction time (with the 200lx lighting) and the two-color selective reaction time (with the 500lx lighting) was significant (P˂0.05).
Research findings revealed that error rate, reaction time, and the inability to think increased because of extreme mental fatigue, inadequate lighting, and low sleep quality. Hence, it is necessary to optimize the heat and lighting of the workplace environments for positions that require attention, concentration and reaction to stimuli based on the sleep quality and mental fatigue levels.

HSE performance assessment is one of important requirement for HSE improvement. Apparently, the previous HSE performance assessment models have not considered all of the performance assessment criteria. On the other hand, foreign models can not culturally be applied in describing HSE performance in Iranian organizations. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of developing a new model for assessing and ranking of HSE performance.
In this expanding practical study, firstly, previous existed HSE performance models were identified; afterwards, common and distinct criteria were extracted. Simultaneously, interviewing with experts was done and performance assessing criteria were recognized. For each criterion, some sub criteria and for each sub criterion, some bullet points were extracted. Finally, the weights of criteria and sub criteria were detected by paired comparison and Fuzzy analytical hierarchical process.
HSE performance assessment model was made of 9 criteria including safety results, health results, environment results, processes, economical and sociocultural results, policy and strategy, leadership, partnerships and resources, and human resources weighted respectively with 19 subcriteria and 157 guidance points.
Results criteria weighted more in comparison with enablers criteria. It was shown that processes, policy and strategy, and leadership weighted most part of enablers.. Processes weighted the highest score in enablers. Safety results gained the greatest rank of the results weight.

A human health risk assessment is the process to estimate the nature and probability of adverse health effects in humans who may be exposed to chemicals in contaminated workplaces, now or in the future. The objective of this study is to compare risk assessment of carcinogen hydrocarbons of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) method with the method of Department of human Resource of Malasia.
The chemical compounds were benzene, epiclorohydrine, trichloroethylene, styrene, ethyl benzene and 1,3-butadiene, that were emitted in workplaces and have carcinogenity risk therefore were considered for risk calculation in this study.
The analytical procedure was based on method number 1501 and 2549 of National Institute Occupational Safety and Health, (NIOSH 1501 and 2549). Samples were analysed with gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The EPA method and Humun resources of Malasia were compared for health risk assessment of workers that exposed to carcinogen compounds in petrochemical complex.
The lifetime cancer risk in EPA method was compared to results of Humun Resources of Malasia. The results of EPA method showed that carcinogen risk for benzene and trichloroethylene in all petrochemical complex and epiclorohydrine and ethyl benzene in most of complex were more than values recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) but the carcinogen risk for these compounds were probability risk according the Humun Resources of Malasia method.
The EPA health risk assessment emphasize on decrease of compounds in ambient air as they have not any hazardous on humun health and environment and methods confirm by Word Health Organization. The results of Humun Resources of Malasia method has not compatibility with EPA method.

Crashes and its related human and financial losses have been turned to be one of the challenges of human societies so that road death statistics shows a high number of 219172 in Iran from 2005 to 2014.
In this research, using global and valid Road Safety Development Index (RSDI) that illustrates general roads safety condition and consists of nine effective parameters, roads safety in Iran and 10 countries of southeast of Asia was analyzed from March 2010 to March 2011. Considering the charechtristics of the parameters, two scaling methods entitle "Simple Average Weighting" and "Subjective Weighting" were used.
Iran's scores were 48.35 and 45.29 for Simple Average Weighting and Subjective Weighting respectively and was in middle level of safety also it ranked as the fourth country among 11 studied ones in 2011. Although some parameters got better, comparing three last years, in many of them especially number of death, crashes and driver's behavior conditions were unacceptable. The important point is that Subjective Weighting method acts more accurate than Simple Average method, respects to considering change of weights according to importance and their role comparing.
The research's findings illustrated that Iran moved toward middle level of road safety from lower levels in last years. However, regards to ranking and scores resulted from indexes it is not in desirable conditions.

Considering that of musculoskeletal disorders and lack of mental health are two problems very important among working people. The present study was conducted to aim comparing the ROSA and RULA method in assessing the risk of musculoskeletal disorders and its relationship with mental health on computer users.
This study was descriptive - analytic that cross-sectional in time. 71 employees were studied of Medical Sciences University. Data collection was carried out in five stages as follows: 1) demographical data investigation 2) Prevalence investigation of musculoskeletal disorders with Nordic questionnaire, assessment of ergonomic factors risk among employees using 3) ROSA method 4) RULA method 5) Evaluation of mental health. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS 20 software.
The highest prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders was in computer users in the back, neck, upper back, shoulders and the scapula. Average scores ROSA, RULA and mental health of 5.75 ± 0.92, 4.35 ± 1.2 and 24.89 ± 12.95 respectively.
ROSA and RULA though the final score is calculated in two ways may differ, but the end result of both direct and positive correlation with each other.

The limited economic resources and investment in university educational hospitals is an important issue. Therefore, the optimal allocation of existing funds and resources has a great impact on providing appropriate medical services and improving the efficiency of hospitals. This study aimed to evaluate the performance and efficiency of hospitals in Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
In this study, by employing data envelopment analysis, the performance of 40 hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences was evaluated through five inputs and eight outputs, by assuming variable return on scale and with an input-and-output-based approach. Finally, the ranking of efficient units was done by PROMETHEE method.
The results of DEA method showed that 13 out of 40 hospitals had a performance less than one and they were inefficient. Then, using PROMETHEE ranking method, Hospital 20, with a net flow of 0.7452, was designated as the best hospital among efficient hospitals.
The sensitivity analysis on weights was shown that the results of the model were reliable and had high efficiency. Using the results of this approach, top managers of healthcare centers can apply necessary planning to optimally use their resources.

Agricultural activities for produce more products Compromising farmers health and environmental pollution. This study was carried out to assess the status and correlations between knowledge, attitude and practice of Greenhouse Farmers of Jiroft Township in relation to adverse health and environmental effects of the use of pesticides in 2015.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 196 Greenhouse Farmers of Jiroft Township in 2015 with multistage random sampling method. Using a Researcher made questionnaire and data analyzed by using SPSS software and Spearman correlation test, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal Wallis were analyzed.

The average age of participants was 39/77 ± 8/11 years and 96/4 percent were male. Average score of Knowledge was 20/54 ± 1/85, Attitude 32/88 ± 3/27 and performance was 35/21 ± 2/41. The performance score was statistically positive correlation with Knowledge and Attitude(p

Unsatisfactory performance score of farmers in cases that can exert harmful effects to their health, greenhouse products and environment shows that necessarily the optimal knowledge and attitude will not be cause to optimal Performance and is needed for planned interventions based on health education and health promotion models that consider the intrapersonal and interpersonal and other factors are taken into consideration.