مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهرکرد
سال نهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 35، پاییز 1386)

Glycyrrhiza glabra is a type of plant that a lot of researches have been carried out on components and properties of its licorice but the effect of its leaf extract has not been evaluated. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the effect of Glycyrrhiza glabra leaf extract on rat ileum contractions. In this experimental study, the terminal portion of ileum from male Wistar rat was contracted under 1 gram tension by 60 mM KCl and/or 10μM carbachol and then the effect of aquatic extraction of Glycyrrhiza glabra on the contractions was assessed. The new portions of the ileum were separately incubated with propranolol (1μM), naloxone (1μM), inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetize (L-NAME) (100μM), glibenclamide (10mM) and tetraethyl ammonium (1μM) and the tissue spasm and antispasmodic effect of the extract were recorded. Data were analyzed using one and two way analysis of variance and post hoc LSD tests. Cumulative concentrations of the extract (0.0625-0.5mg/ml) reduced the ileum contractions induced by KCl and carbacole, dose-dependently (P<0.001). Incubation of the tissue with propranolol, naloxone, L-NAME, and tetraethyl ammonium did not reduce the antispasmodic effect of the extract, but it was reduced by glibenclamide (0.125mg/ml). In Tyrode-containing solution, without calcium and with high concentrations of potassium (60μM), the cumulative concentrations of CaCl2 (0.5-8mM) contracted the ileum and the extract (0.0156-0.0625mg/ml) reduced the induced contractions (P<0.001). Based on our results, the aqueous extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra inhibited the ileum contractions without involving β-adrenergic, opioid, and tetraethyl ammonium receptors. Calcium channels were involved in the main part of this inhibitory effect and probably activation of ATP-dependent potassium channels partially was involved in this process..

Neonatal apgar, at the beginning of childbirth, is one of the most important causes of postnatal death. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of thiopental with that of propofol on neonate apgar and on their mothers. In this clinical double blind trial, seventy women undergoing elective cesarean section were randomly divided into two equal groups. In the first group, general anesthesia was induced by interavenous (IV) injection of 5mg/kg thiopental and 2mg/kg of succinyl choline per kg of mother weight. After intubations, 0.4g of atracurium per kg was used. In the second group, general anesthesia was initially induced using 2 mg of each propofol and succinyl choline and followed by injection of propofol, 0.1mg/min per kg of mother weight. Neonates apgar in the first and fifth minutes and post operation complications in the mothers were recorded in both the groups. Data were analyzed using independent t, X2, and Fisher tests. Neonate’s apgar in the fifth minute after birth was 10 in 97.2% of group one and 100% of group two (P>0.05). There was a significant decrease in mothers systolic blood pressure in propofol group 4 minutes after anesthetic induction. In the group two, who received propofol, the post operative opioid usage and mean recovery time were significantly less than group one (P<0.01). The results of this study showed that induction of anesthesia using propofol would decrease the time of maternal recovery and also reduce the amount of drug required for mother at the first two hours post-operation with no effect on decreasing neonate apgar.,

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is endemic in Iran and some cases of fulminant hepatit with high mortality rate caused by this virus have been reported in patients with chronic hepatitis E and in pregnant women. Although HEV is mainly transmitted via fecal-oral route, but recently there have been some reports indicating transition of this virus via transfusion. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the association of hepatitis E seropositiveness and intravenous drug using in the drug users. This is an analytical-descriptive study which was conducted in a drug treatment center in Ahvaz from 2005 to 2006. A total of 114 intravenous drug users (IVDUs) and 114 inhaling addicts (IADs) were subjected to full physical examination. Subsequently a questionnaire including individual characteristics and related variations was filled in and also a blood sample was obtained. Using ELISA method, the samples were tested for anti-HEV antibody. Data were analyzed using Chi square, t and odds ration (OR) tests. The mean age of the two groups, IVDUs and IADs, were 33.24±8.04 and 31.2±7.59 years respectively, with no significant difference (P>0.05). The mean of duration of addiction in IVDUs and IADs groups was 11.58±6.92 and 9.95±6.42 years, respectively (P>0.05). Anti-HEV antibody was detected in 22.8% of IVDUs and 7.9% of IADs (P<0.01, OR=3.44). There was no significant relationship between previous imprisonment and anti-HEV antibody positiveness in the drug addicts studied (P>0.05, OR=1.15). As it was shown in this study, HEV is probably transmitted via blood transfusion and thus screening of blood donors for anti-HEV antibody may block this route of infection.

Poor social, self-care, and vocational functioning are criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenia in most diagnostic systems. Consequently, improving the social behaviors of persons with schizophrenia has been a key target of psychiatric rehabilitation. The occupational therapy is a non organic therapeutic that causes elevated self stem, foppishness and strengthening of occupational behaviour. The aim of this survey is the effect of occupational therapy on the positive and negative symptom’s of schizophrenic patients with bear out their symptoms. This survey is an experimental study that, positive and negative symptom’s of schizophrenic patients assessed with scale for the assessment of positive and negative symptoms. Then the samples consisted of schizophrenic patients divided randomly into case (30) and control (30) groups. Occupational therapy was performed in case group within a period 20 hours in week for 6 months, then patiants assessed repeatly with SAPS.SANS. Quantative analysis of data was undertaken by using paired and dependent t students tesats and Willcoxon test. Results demonestrated the mean of the total score of negative symptom 72.5±19.5 and posetive symptom 112±32.57. Also occupational therapy effected on the posetive and negative symptom’s of schizophrenic patiants. In posetive symptom occupational therapy effected on the hallusination and bizzare behaviour (P<0.001), for all noeffected on dellusions and thought. In negative symptom occupational therapy effected on the apathy and involition, attention disorders, anhedonia and thought disorders (P<0.001), for all noeffected on inappropiate affect. The occupational therapy is a non organic therapuitic that causes elevated self steem, foppishness and strengthening of occupational behaviour.

Schizophrenia is a chronic disease and may result in physical, psychological and social problems. Exercise play an important role in reability and treatment of the patients due to its physical and mental positive effects on their life. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise program on quality of life in schizophrenic patients. In this clinical trial study, a total of 46 patients, aged 20-60 years old, with schizophrenia who were hospitalized were randomly divided in two equal groups of case and control. An aerobic exercise program, for 45 minutes. every other day, was performed in the case group. The quality of life, before and after the beginning of the program, in both groups was assessed using quality of life scale (QLS). This parameter was compared in the groups using statistical methods (Manwithny, Wilcaxon, Pearson and Kruskal-wallis). Mean age of the individuals studied were 39.4±10.1 years and 67.9% of them were male. The mean of disease duration was 12.9±4.2 years and 53.6% of subjects had positive or negative symptoms. There was no significant difference between the two groups before the intervention in demographic characteristics, the quality of life dimensions, and symptoms. Mean of life quality after, the intervention, in the case and control groups was 67±15.9 and 52.1±14, respectively (P<0.05). Mean quality of life dimensions (interpersonal relation, productivity role, intrapsychic foundations, common objects and activities), after the intervention in the case was more than that of the control group (P<0.05). Also, mean of score of life quality dimensions and overall life quality were increased significantly after the intervention compared with before that (P<0.05), but difference was not significant in the control group. Aerobic exercise program can improve the quality of life in patients with schizophrenia in all dimensions. So, it is essential to use this program prevention and decrease of schizophrenic patients’ problems, needs and their adaptability.

Midwives always encounter the legal and religious orders in their area of work. Regarding progressions made in midwifery, and because of new indications in therapeutic abortion, contraception methods and new infertility managements, many religious commandments are explained from juriseonsults. Midwives are advised to note these legal- religious commandments. The aim of this study was to determine knowledge of midwives about midwifery legal and religious commandments in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiary province. In this descriptive-analytical study, 151 midwives employed in health centers of the province, selected by simple sampling. Data were collected by questionnaires that included demographic characteristics and legal and religious questions. Data were analyzed using statistical tests include (t and Chi-square tests). Mean age of the individuals studied was 26.9±7.8 years. Level of education in 66.2% of records was associate degree. Enough knowledge about total legal and religious commandments was seen in only 12.7% of records. Enough knowledge to legal commandments was seen in 15.3% and to religious commandments in 11.3%. 78.1% told that training during education is not enough for their present needs. 88.1% were inclined to train. There was no significant relation between knowledge and age or education of records. Because of low knowledge, need and inclination to train about legal and religious commandments, educational program to train midwives is most recommended. Also revision in matters that are trained to midwifery students is necessary.

Some of pathogenic and food spoilage bacteria may attach on food contact surfaces and form biofilms, which is the sources of food contaminations and distribution of diseases caused by these bacteria. Nisin is a peptidic bacteriocin, which used for biological control of microbial biofilm formation. Also, nowadays, nisin is used in combination with packaging materials to protect food products from contamination with pathogenic bacteria and spoilage. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of different concentrations of nisin on biofilm-forming bacteria. In this experimental research, using micro titer plate method, the effect of different concentrations of nisin on Salmonella enteritidis, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus was investigated. Using ELISA reader and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC), the reduction of biofilm-forming bacteria and bactericidal effect of nisin were determined. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer tests, using Minitab software. The results indicated that nisin, in permissive concentration (4´103 IU/ml), is more effective on S. enteritidis biofilm than on L. monocytogenes and S. aureus biofilms with the percentages of 87%, 57%, and 30%, respectively (P<0.05). The finding of this study showed tat increase upper that permissive concentration of nisin isn’t effective on the amount of bacteria or bactericidal effect, however, in permissive concentration has more effect in deletion of bioflm bacteria (S. enteritidis).

Painful arch of shoulder is treated using both surgical and non-surgical methods. In the latter one, steroidal and non-steroidal analgesic drugs and/or physiotherapy are used. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of corticosteroid injection and physiotherapy in the treatment of disease. In this double-blinded clinical trial, 124 patients who referred to Shahrekord Kashani hospital and suffered from shoulder pain or with having limitation in its movement were considered as the patients with painful arch of shoulder. They were divided in two equal groups of 62. In the first group, 40 mg of prednisolone was locally injected in the painful site. The second one was subjected to ten sessions of physiotherapy for two weeks. The outcomes of these treatments were assessed using a questionnaire including shoulder disability and the amount of pain in the patients, 2, 6, and 11 weeks after the treatment. Data were analyzed using statistical analysis (X2, t and repeated measures ANOVA). The mean age of the patients was 42.3±9.5 years. The two groups were age and sex matched. The pain was relapsed in one patient of the first and 3 patients of the second group. Pain and shoulder disability were significantly decreased in the two groups (P<0.05). The amount of shoulder disability and pain in the group received corticosteroid was less than that in the group subjected to physiotherapy (P<0.05). Base on the results, injection of corticosteroid is more effective than using of physiotherapy in treatment of painful arch of shoulder. This cures pain and shoulder disability of the patients faster.

Herbal treatments are suitable replacement for synthetic drugs due to their availability, minimal side effects and low price. Previous studies about pharmacologic and biochemical effects of Allium sativum (garlic) have shown antihypertensive, anti arrhythmic, negative inotropic and chronotropic activities. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of liquid extract of Allium sativum on the basic and rate-dependent electrophysiological properties of isolated atrioventricular (AV) nodal of rabbit. In the present study we used isolated perfused AV-Nodal rabbit (1.5-2 kg) preparation including right atrium, intra-atrial septum and His bundle of rabbit as an experimental model to determine the effects of various concentration of aqueous extract of Allium Sativum. Selective stimulation protocols (recovery, facilitation and fatigue) were used to independently assess AV nodal properties in 14 rabbits (two groups). In the first group of experiment (n=8 rabbits), different concentrations (20, 30, 100, 850 mg/lit) of Allium Sativum and in the second group verapamil (0.1 m) (n=6 rabbits) was applied. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Wilcaxon tests. The results of this research indicate a significant effect of various concentrations of Allium sativum on basic electrophysiological parameters of atrioventricular node (WBCL, recovery, facilitation, fatigue) and fatigue (P<0.05). In the presence of garlic (20 mg/lit), AVCT (atrioventricular conduction time) increased from 41.3±5.3 to 45.6±5.1msec and FRP (functional refractory period) increased from 108.6±14.4 to 167±1.1msec (P<0.05). The Allium sativum extract has less inhibitory effect in comparison with verapamil on the basic parameters (P<0.05) of Node. The above results showed potential antiarrhythmic properties of Allium sativum by increasing fatigue and refractory period. Therefore, it may be considered for treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias.

Sodium benzoate (C6H5COONa) is used as a disinfectant against microorganisms existing in healthy foods and drugs. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of sodium benzoate on ovaries and its hormones and gonadotrophins on balb/C mice. Eighteen adult female mice (balb/c) were divided into 3 groups of 6 animals each. Two groups of animals were treated with 280 or 560mg/kg/day sodium benzoate for 60 days (Group II and III, respectively). Animals of group I were administrated water without sodium benzoate for 60 days and served as the controls. On the 61st between 08:00 to 10:00, blood samples were collected from the left ventricle after anesthesia with diethyl ether. After that the mice were killed following ethical procedure, the ovaries were dissected out, then, it was immediately fixed in formalin 10% and embedded in paraffin. Sections of 5 µm thickness were taken from the mid portion of each ovary. Plasma levels of FSH and LH were significantly decreased in group III compared to control group (P<0.0001). Plasma level of progesterone was significantly decreased in treatment groups compared to control group (P<0.001). Decrease of oogenes and disorganization of ovaries in electron microscopy investigation determined. The results of present study indicate that sodium benzoate affect and decrease the oogenesis and reduce of follicles and corpus luteum. Thus, it is suggested to replace it if necessity.

The development of each community is influenced by its educated individuals. Therefore, recognition of influencing factors in academic improvement of students and attention to these factors are essential for persistent development. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effective factors and compare the viewpoints of the students and educators, in faculty of nursing and midwifery of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, about the effect of these factors. In this descriptive–analytical study which performed in 2004, a total of 232 students, from faculty of nursing and midwifery, educating in third semester or higher and 22 of their educators were examined based on census sampling. The viewpoints about influencing factors on academic improvement were collected by questionnaires including two sections: the first section included demographic questions and the second contained 47 questions in 6 fields. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistic (general linear model and multivariate analysis of variance). The findings showed that there was significant relationship between gender, diploma grade-point average, semester or course and academic improvement (P<0.05). Also from students’ viewpoints about influencing factors on academic improvement the upper score belongs to educational content (4.46±0.63) and the lower score belongs to students’ factors (3.85±0.63) although from educators’ viewpoints the upper score belongs to educational content (4.33±0.68) and the lower score belongs to socioeconomic factors (3.67±0.71). The most difference among viewpoints belongs to socioeconomic status (P<0.05) and educational environment domains (P<0.01). Paying attention to educational quality by medical and science courses designers may have important effects on academic improvement in the students.

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a common and dangerous disorder that threat people life and affects their quality of life. The aim of this study was to assess quality of life in patients with MI were referring to Shahrekord Hagar hospital. In this descriptive and analytical study, 150 patients who suffered from MI, were selected as sample from CCU patients in Shahrekord Hagar hospital. Via interview and referring to patients files data were collected using two sectional questionnaire that included demographic characteristic and standard questionnaire (SF36). Data were analyzed using Chi-square test. Mean age of the patients was 55.7±10.5 and quality of life in majority of subjects under investigation was fairly favorite (53%). Quality of life in majority of samples in general status (62%), social and occupational (65%) or sleep (61%) status was favorite. However, physical activity in 62% of samples was unfavorite. There was a meaningful correlation between period of diseases and quality of life (P<0.05). But there was no relation between other demographic variations such as: age, gender and marital status, occupational or economical status and the quality of life. Also there is a meaningful relation between general status, social status, sleep status or physical activity with quality of life (P<0.05). Medical staffs, especially nurses should pay attention to all dimensions of quality of life in planning care in MI patients. Because unacceptable attention to all these dimensions may cause disturbance in patients’ quality of life.