فصلنامه نوید نو
پیاپی 58 (زمستان 1391)

Tuberculosis is the most infectious diseases worldwide، killing nearly two million people annually. Given that TB can affect many difference organs، this disease is difficult to differentiate from chronic infection. So the purpose of this study was to identify TB case as soon as possible refers to province health center using by standard and common procedure، the world health center organization standard protocol was used. during a cross-sectional study of all suspected case of TB were refer to health center of mazandaran province. Identification of TB patients based on acid fast bacilli seen in smears prepared، culture and tuberculin skin test result was positive. The result of this study showed that among the 893 persons with suspect TB، 183 TB patients including 99 men and 83 women that frequency of extra pulmonary tuberculosis was 23. 49% and in pulmonary tuberculosis was 76. 9%، Also the prevalence TB women compared with TB men، there was significant difference (p=0. 002،OR=2. 9. CI=1. 4±6). Furthermore، in extra pulmonary tuberculosis the most commonly affected organs of lymph gland and the brain was the lowest prevalence. Given the relativity high prevalence of TB in Iran and Middle East and similarities between pulmonary tuberculosis and other diseases are recommended in clinical studies of chronic diseases risk of tuberculosis، especially in the elderly should be considered.

The goal of this study was to determine the association between constructs of the Health Belief Model (HBM) (i. e. perceived susceptibility to smoking-health related problems، perceived barriers to non-smoking، perceived benefits of non-smoking، perceived self-efficacy to non-smoking and cues to action of non-smoking) and cigarette smoking among male pre-college students. A cross-sectional survey of 382 pre- college students was conducted in Isfahan in 2010. The method of sampling was systematic randomized and students were selected from 8 schools. The instrument was developed by the researchers based on health belief model. Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS. V. 18، chi square and independent t tests. The mean age of students was 17. 72 ± 0. 62 years. Overal7. 2% of subjects reported having smoked in the past 30 days and 32. 7 percent of the samples reported ever having smoked in their life time. Results of t-test showed that there were significant differences in knowledge، perceived susceptibility (p =. 03)، benefits (t (246) = -2. 51، p =. 01)، self- efficacy (p<0. 001) and cues to action (p=0. 007) between smokers and non-smokers. These results suggested that constructs of HBM can be incorporated when examining the predictors of cigarette smoking and developing smoking prevention programs among pre-college students. And with a better understanding of factors affecting on this complex behavior (cigarette smoking)، it can be a useful step to reduce rate of death، costs، and improve community health outcomes.

Using of natural methods such as constructed wetland، is one of the methods for municipal wastewater treatment that In addition to reducing the cost of treatment، it have high efficiency in removing pollutants. The purpose of this study is the efficiency of Indicator pathogens removal in sub surface flow constructed wetland in Yazd municipal wastewater. This is a practical study that 100 samples were taken from four wetland that were covered by three straw plants Includes Bafgh، Yazdbaft and Ali Abad and a control wetland in two seasons of winter and spring. Then in container microbial and chemical in the vicinity of ice was transferred to the laboratory. Finally the experiments of total coliform، E. coli، Fecal streptococcus and other parameters such asTSS، pH and DO according to the standard methods was performed on samples was performed on samples of input and output of wetland. Results shown that the average total removal of four wetland for total coliform، E. coli، Fecal streptococcus for total coliform، E. coli، Fecal streptococcus were 80. 43، 74. 11، 69. 08%; respectively. Also the highest Removal efficiency in Aliabad species wetland for total coliform and E. coli were 98. 22 and 99. 27%. The obtained efficiency from wetlands shown that using the sub surface constructed wetland with Aliabad Straw species can be very effective in removing total coliform and E. coli. Therefore we can be used from wetland for secondary wastewater treatment، especially disinfection.

Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) belongs to the Anoplura order and Pediculidae family mainly transmitted through direct contact. This study for first time conducted to survey the prevalence of head lice infestation rate and some related risk factors among Afghanian children under 13 years from Sirjan county during 2010-2011. This present study is a descriptive - analytical (cross-sectional study) that conducted during 2010 - 2011among 95 Afghanian children under 13 years belong to Sirjan county، Kerman province using systematic sampling. And Also for recording related demographical data from each children، data were recorded using a standard questionnaire and finally using chi-square test and SPSS software version 11. 5، the answers were analyzed. Finally in this study to establish a significant relationship، (P <0. 05) was considered as significant. From The total number of 95 children (30 boys and 65 girls) with mean age 8. 61that surveyed about infestation with head lice. in 16 cases (% 16. 84) of them infestation were observed and also All 16 children who have a louse infestation in head were girl moreover this difference between girls and boys and infestation was statistically significant. And also Results showed that between infestation of head lice with hair condition there are statistically significant relationship. In this study sanitary status of children and infestation were also questioned and As regards that all of children lived in moderate sanitary condition and sanitary status of children who infested with lice from moderate to low result showed that there are no statistically significant between infestation rate and sanitary status. this present study conducted for first time among Afghanian children in the Sirjan county and in present study only some related risk factors of head lice infestation were studied، and because of many related factors affect on prevalence of heal lice، it is seems that more studies is necessary for exact detection of risk factors that related to prevalence of head lice among Afghanian children as a clue for appropriate control program and also for families who affected with head lice.

Heavy metals such as chromium and cadmium are the most common pollutants such high concentrations usually are found in industrial wastewater and cause damage to the liquid environment and health risk of falling living creatures، especially human beings are. Conventional methods of removal these metals because of high cost، need for new method development، economic and cheap to create. In recent years the use of absorbent cheap attention of many researchers has been. This Biosorption mainly of waste from industrial activities، especially agriculture and are preparing. This study determined methods and types of agricultural waste as a potential absorption in the separation of heavy metals chromium and cadmium from industrial wastewater to the advantages and disadvantages of expression and the rate of removal efficiency obtained in previous research done in this field pay. This study reviewed sources (Review Article) and the resulting article، published results of research and information gathered from Internet resources، published articles and books in the field remove heavy metals from industrial wastewater in and the world، and practices to eliminate these metals and related metals removal methods of preparation and has been developed in total from 58 as the number of articles reviewed in the preparation of this paper is used. Several studies about the use of agricultural waste to remove heavy metals، chromium and cadmium that can be done using rice bran، rice، rice، banana skin، orange skin، apple skin، skin hazelnuts، walnut skin، leaves and bark، ink oak tree، pulp، sugar cane، corn، wheat bran، sawdust، bark peanut، sunflower stalk، stem grapes، alfalfa، mustard، acacia flowers، etc. has been done. Biosorption of resulting very low cost agricultural waste are available، are renewable. Some studies maintain this adsorbent can increase the efficiency of it. In further research on chromium ion Biosorption increasing pH، increasing the time will increase the amount of absorbent material absorbed dose is increased if the Biosorption cadmium ion with increasing pH to about pH، 8، will increase the time and dose of Article absorber increases in both pH as a determining factor in the rate of absorption is discussed. Remove substances such as chromium in the tree sawdust، rice Husk، tea residue، bagasse. Eucalyptus bark Most have rate remove (remove the top 90%). And remove the metal cadmium in calcareous coral granules، rice skin، Corn stalk، sawdust and plant biomass fennel highest metal removal rates have been allocated to.