فهرست مطالب

پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی - پیاپی 100 (تابستان 1396)

فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 100 (تابستان 1396)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1396/05/17
  • تعداد عناوین: 14
|
  • ابوالفضل مشکینی*، مرتضی شعبانی، عبدالحمید نشاط صفحات 243-258
    امروزه یکی از اصول ضروری ایمن سازی فضاهای شهری، توجه به عملیاتی کردن الزامات پدافند غیرعامل شهری به منظور کاهش آسیب پذیری و ایمن سازی آن هاست. کاربری های آموزشی، یکی از کاربری های عمومی در نظام کاربری اراضی شهری است که مدیریت ایمنی و توجه به الزامات پدافندی آن، به دلیل تولید سفر بالا و تراکم جمعیتی در ساعات مشخص و گاهی دائم، بسیار حائز اهمیت است. پژوهش حاضر، در زمینه ارزیابی آسیب پذیری کاربری های آموزشی دربرابر زلزله با رویکرد پدافند غیرعامل شهری در منطقه 6 تهران است که در قالب مطالعات فضایی- مکانی و با اجرای مدل تحلیلی در سه گام انجام شد. ابتدا شناسایی و دسته بندی اصول و الزامات پدافند غیرعامل در سه گروه پارامترهای جمعیتی، سازه ای و مکانی صورت گرفت و با استفاده از ابزار پرسشنامه و نظرسنجی کارشناسی، اولویت های اصول پدافند غیرعامل در ارتباط با فضاهای آموزشی مشخص شد. در ادامه، بر پایه فرایند تحلیل شبکه ای، تعیین وزن هریک از معیارها انجام گرفت. وزن حاصل از مدل ANP، در محیط نرم افزار ArcGIS بر لایه های مکانی منطقه اعمال شد. نتایج اجرای مدل نشان داد که از نظر شاخص های سازه ای، بیش از 55 درصد واحدهای آموزشی منطقه، در گروه سازه هایی با میزان آسیب پذیری زیاد قرار می گیرند و از نظر شاخص های جمعیتی، در 60 درصد واحدهای آموزشی درصورت وقوع زلزله میزان آسیب پذیری زیاد است. از لحاظ شاخص های مکانی، بیش از 75 درصد فضاهای آموزشی، با چند نوع کاربری ناسازگار همجوار هستند و بیشترین آسیب پذیری را دارند. به طورکلی، نتایج حاصل از روی هم گذاری لایه ها نشان داد بیش از 67 درصد واحدهای آموزشی محدوده در پهنه های آسیب پذیر واقع شده اند و میزان آسیب پذیری واحدهای آموزشی در این پهنه ها بسیار بالاست.
    کلیدواژگان: آسیب پذیری، پدافند غیرعامل، کاربری آموزشی، فرایند تحلیل شبکه ای (ANP)، منطقه 6 تهران
  • مصطفی محمدی ده چشمه *، محمدعلی فیروزی، رضا نظرپور دزکی صفحات 259-272
    امروزه برنامه ریزی بهینه کاربری های شهری نقش مهمی در کاهش آسیب پذیری کلان شهرها دربرابر حوادث و مخاطرات طبیعی و انسانی دارد. در این بین، برخی کاربری ها از جمله بیمارستان ها نقش حساسی در تاب آوری شهری دارند. از این رو، اطمینان از نبود کاربری های خطرساز در همجواری با این کاربری موجب کاهش آسیب پذیری آن ها می شود. یکی از راه های تحقق این اطمینان، بررسی میزان رعایت سازگاری یا ناسازگاری در همجواری بیمارستان ها از منظر پدافند غیرعامل به عنوان مجموعه ای از اصول و اقدامات غیرنظامی در کاهش آسیب پذیری شهری است. هدف تحقیق حاضر شناخت میزان رعایت اصول همجواری در بیمارستان های مناطق کلان شهر اهواز از دیدگاه پدافند غیرعامل است. روش تحقیق براساس هدف نظری- کاربردی و از نظر ماهیت و روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و روش گردآوری داده ها نیز کتابخانه ای و برداشت های میدانی و بهره گیری از بانک داده های مکانی بوده است. مدل به کاررفته مدل منطق فازی (fuzzy logic) بوده و از عملگر گاما (Gamma) 9/0 در همپوشانی لایه های اطلاعاتی استفاده شده است. براساس نتایج این پژوهش، میزان رعایت اصول همجواری پدافند غیرعامل در بیمارستان های شهر اهواز به طور متوسط 29 درصد بوده است و در مقایسه بین مناطق، نیز بیمارستان های منطقه چهار با 21 درصد کمترین و بیمارستان های منطقه شش با 40 درصد بیشترین میزان رعایت اصول همجواری پدافند غیرعامل را به خود اختصاص داده اند. همچنین، تحلیل نقشه از همجواری ها نشان از ناسازگاری و عدم رعایت اصول همجواری در محور مرکزی غربی- شرقی و شمالی- جنوبی در پهنه جغرافیایی اهواز دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: اصول همجواری، بیمارستان، پدافند غیرعامل، شهر اهواز
  • حسن سجادزاده *، بهاره اریس صفحات 273-287
    خوانش معنا در فضاهای شهری که در گرو فهم فرایند تولید معنا در زمینه شکل گیری آن است، در درک بسیاری از پدیده های شهری راهگشاست. در این پژوهش، به بررسی روند معنادارشدن و خوانش فضا و عوامل موثر بر آن از دریچه ای ویژه پرداخته می شود و تحلیل نحوه تولید و بازتولید معانی، با تاکید بر زمینه های اجتماعی و فرهنگی فضای شهری و به عبارتی «متن» مورد نظر، موضوع اصلی این پژوهش است. براین اساس، با رویکردی نوین به موضوع تولید معانی پرداخته شده است؛ رویکردی که برپایه بن مایه های معنی شناسی در حوزه زبان شناسی شکل گرفته و مشتمل بر دیدگاه های ساختارگرایی و خوانش مخاطب است. در این رویکرد، با تاثیرپذیری از تئوری «ساخت یابی» آنتونی گیدنز در جامعه شناسی- که شامل دو وجه عمده «ساخت» و «عاملیت انسان» در تحقق پدیده های اجتماعی است- و تطبیق آن با ویژگی های فضای شهری (به عنوان یک متن)، عوامل شکل دهنده به فضاهای معنادار بررسی می شود. براساس این رویکرد، فضای نوشتاری (ساخت) و فضای گفتاری (کنش خوانش)، عوامل اصلی در قرائت فضای زیستی انسان هستند و زمینه تولید معنا را فراهم می کنند. از این منظر، ساختار فضا به همراه روابط فرهنگی و اجتماعی متجلی در الگوهای رفتاری بهره برداران، به تولید معنا در فضاهای شهری منجر می شود. به منظور آزمایش فرضیه، بازار تبریز به عنوان نمونه ای از فضای شهری معنادار در شهر ایرانی بررسی شد. نتایج مطالعه این مجموعه فضایی، نشانگر انطباق کامل ساختار فضایی و الگوهای رفتاری جاری در فضاست.
    کلیدواژگان: الگوی رفتاری، بازار تبریز، تئوری ساخت یابی، ساختار فضا، معنای فضای شهری
  • سید هادی زرقانی، محمد قنبری*، مرتضی رضوی نژاد صفحات 289-305
    موضوع مهاجرت و اقامت اتباع خارجی به ویژه مهاجران افغانستانی در ایران و استان خراسان رضوی، از مسائلی است که با وجود برخی آثار مثبت، ناهنجاری ها و معضلات اجتماعی، اقتصادی و سیاسی متعددی را در پی داشته است. هدف این پژوهش، بررسی و تحلیل راهبرد های برنامه ریزی و مدیریت مهاجران افغانستانی استان خراسان رضوی است. روش تحقیق، توصیفی- تحلیلی است. برای تعیین قوت ها، ضعف ها، فرصت ها و تهدیدهای حضور مهاجران افغانستانی در این استان، از مدل SWOT و برای اولویت بندی راهبرد ها از مدل ANP استفاده شده است. نتایج پژوهش و خروجی مدل ANP نشان می دهد در وضعیت فعلی، باید به راهبرد تدافعی با کسب بیشترین امتیاز توجه شود و در اولویت قرار گیرد. در میان گزینه های مختلف راهبرد تدافعی، گزینه های WT1، WT3 و WT5دارای بیشترین امتیاز و به ترتیب دارای اولویت اول، دوم و سوم شناخته شدند. راهبرد WT1 مربوط به لزوم هماهنگی بیشتر بین سازمان ها و تدوین برنامه مدون و دقیق درباره مهاجران خارجی برای جلوگیری از ارتکاب جرم، قاچاق و سوءاستفاده اطلاعاتی بیگانگان است. WT2 در ارتباط با ضرورت ایجاد هماهنگی بین سازمان های مختلف در امور مهاجران خارجی به منظور کنترل و مدیریت اتباع خارجی و افغانستانی در استان و کشور است. WT3 نیز به ضرورت به روزکردن قوانین و اجرای دقیق آن و تهیه آمار دقیق درباره مهاجران خارجی درجهت جلوگیری از تغییر بافت کالبدی شهرها و روستاها، ازدواج های غیرقانونی و تغییر هرم سنی جمعیت استان و کشور مربوط می شود.
    کلیدواژگان: استان خراسان رضوی، راهبرد، مدل SWOT-ANP، مهاجران افغانستانی
  • حمیدرضا محمدی، ابراهیم احمدی* صفحات 307-323
    پاکستان به عنوان یکی از همسایگان ایران که فضایی بی ثبات و پرتنش دارد، از اهمیت ژئوپلیتیکی خاصی برخوردار است. این کشور از بدو استقلال در سال 1947 ، با بیشتر همسایگان خود در تنش بوده است؛ بنابراین، پرسش اصلی این پژوهش آن است که مهم ترین عوامل تنش و تهدید، بر مبنای حاکمیت ژئوپلیتیک در روابط دو کشور ایران و پاکستان کدام اند. پژوهش توصیفی_تحلیلی است. اطلاعات مورد نیاز آن، روش کتابخانه ای و با مراجعه به منابع معتبر گردآوری شده است. در پاسخ به سوال اصلی پژوهش، این فرضیه مطرح است که با عنایت به شرایط داخلی پاکستان و مشکلات حل نشده این کشور با همسایگانش، به -نظر می رسد پاکستان با وجود 987 کیلومتر مرز مشترک با ایران، تهدید زا و تنش آفرین است. آشکارترین منابع تنش و تهدید روابط ایران و پاکستان، شامل مواردی مانند تهدیدهای دولت محور از ناحیه ISI، شیعه ستیزی در قالب مسائل ایدئولوژیک، ناامنی مرزها، حمایت از طالبان در افغانستان و حمایت افراطی پاکستان از عربستان سعودی است. علاوه بر این، تنش هایی وجود دارد که در حال حاضر جدی به حساب نمی آیند، اما ممکن است در آینده نزدیک بر روابط دو کشور تاثیر بگذارند. مواردی مانند برنامه کنترل نشده هسته ای این کشور با وجود گروهای بنیادگرا و تندرو، تنش های مرزی (مرزهای آبی) نظیر مرز دریایی گوادر و حقابه رودخانه های مرزی که تاکنون تعیین رژیم نشده اند و رقابت منفی دو کشور در آسیای مرکزی از این دسته اند.
    کلیدواژگان: آسیای مرکزی، افغانستان، ایران، پاکستان، چالش ژئوپلیتیک، خط لوله صلح، عربستان سعودی
  • علی داداش زاده *، مسعود تقوایی، اصغر ضرابی صفحات 325-340
    امروزه مدیریت بحران جزء جدایی ناپذیر برنامه ریزی شهری معاصر تلقی می شود و از جمله سناریوهای کارآمد برای ساماندهی وضعیت آسیب دیدگان «مکان یابی اسکان اضطراری» است. اسکان اضطراری مرحله ای است که طی آن فرایندهای اجتماعی توانمندسازی و بهبود نوع سکونتگاه ها پس از بحران صورت می گیرد. از نظر اجتماعی مسکن اضطراری به معنای نجات آوارگان، کمک به مصدومان و شروع فعالیت های روزانه پس از بحران است. در این نوع اسکان، فرایندهای اجتماعی توانمندسازی و بهبود نوع سکونتگاه ها پس از بحران انجام می گیرد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف «ارزیابی عوامل موثر بر مکان یابی اسکان اضطراری مطالعه موردی شهر ارومیه» است. رویکرد حاکم بر این پژوهش توصیفی- تحلیلی و نوع تحقیق اسنادی و پیمایشی است. براساس داده های مستخرج از طرح جامع شهر ارومیه، ابتدا شبکه های دسترسی، عامل طبیعی، مدیریت، امنیت و فاکتور عملکردی به صورت پیمایشی روی نقشه مشخص شد. سپس از کارشناسان مسائل شهری خواسته شد براساس مقایسات زوجی اولویت هایی را مشخص سازند. نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد عامل طبیعی با میانگین وزنی 102/0 رتبه اول، عامل دسترسی با میانگین وزنی 087/0 رتبه دوم، عامل مدیریت با میانگین وزنی 075/0 رتبه سوم، عامل امنیت با میانگین وزنی 068/0 رتبه چهارم و درنهایت عامل عملکردی با میانگین وزنی 061/0 رتبه پنجم را دارد. در واقع فاکتورهای موثر بر مکان یابی اسکان اضطراری سهم متفاوتی در تحقق آن دارند که نیازمند توجه جدی مدیران و تصمیم سازان شهری است.
    کلیدواژگان: اسکان اضطراری، بحران های شهری، بلایای طبیعی، شهر ارومیه، GIS
  • محمد اجزاء شکوهی، سید مصطفی حسینی * صفحات 341-356
    محله به عنوان کوچک ترین سلول زندگی شهری، دارای درون مایه های عظیم اجتماعی و فرهنگی است و با بازآفرینی فرهنگ شهروندی، زمینه توسعه پایدار را در سطح شهر و جامعه فراهم می سازد. براین اساس، در این پژوهش به سنجش و ارزیابی وضعیت توسعه پایدار محله ای در محله های ولی عصر شمالی، آشتیانی، نیلوفر و امامیه شهر تهران پرداخته شده است. پژوهش حاضر به لحاظ هدف کاربردی است. ابتدا با استفاده از مطالعات کتابخانه ای، شاخص های موثر بر تحقیق شناسایی شدند. برآورد حجم نمونه با استفاده از فرمول کوکران، معادل 384 بود. در مرحله بعد 374 محله شهر تهران برحسب پایگاه اجتماعی- اقتصادی به چهار طبقه (بالا، متوسط بالا، متوسط پایین و پایین) تقسیم شد و از هر طبقه یک محله به روش نمونه گیری تصادفی انتخاب شد. سپس با جمع آوری داده های مورد نیاز از سطح محله ها، تشکیل ماتریس اولیه تصمیم گیری انجام گرفت. در مرحله بعد به روش وایکور- که از جمله روش های تصمیم گیری چندمعیاره جبرانی با حالت سازشی است- محله های نمونه از نظر شاخص های توسعه پایدار محله ای سنجش شدند. نتایج اجرای تکنیک وایکور نشان داد از نظر شاخص های پایداری محله ای، محله نیلوفر با مقدار شاخص وایکور 017/0 و محله ولی عصر شمالی با مقدار شاخص وایکور 1، به ترتیب در بهترین و بدترین شرایط، و محله های امامیه و آشتیانی نیز با مقدار پایداری 160/0 و 613/0 در رتبه های دوم و سوم پایداری محله ای قرار دارند.
    کلیدواژگان: تصمیم گیری چندمعیاره، توسعه پایدار، روش وایکور، شهر تهران، محله
  • حسین نظم فر* صفحات 357-370
    توسعه غیراصولی شهرها به ویژه در کشورهای درحال توسعه، مدیریت رشد شهرها را به یکی از مهم ترین چالش های قرن 21 تبدیل کرده است. با وجود این، می توان با پیش بینی توسعه آتی شهر، برنامه ریزی بهینه ای برای شهر انجام داد. هدف از این پژوهش، پیش بینی جهات توسعه آتی شهر اردبیل با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره ای چندزمانه مربوط به سال های 1987 و 2013 است. در این پژوهش، با استفاده از تئوری بیزین و 14 معیار طبیعی و انسانی موثر در توسعه شهری، نقشه پهنه بندی قابلیت توسعه شهری برای شهر اردبیل تهیه شد. سپس با استفاده از احتمالات تئوری بیزین، ارتباط میان معیارها و مناطق توسعه یافته تعیین و درنهایت، نقشه قابلیت توسعه شهری در پنج کلاس طبقه بندی شد. مطابق نقشه پهنه بندی، 8/17 درصد منطقه در کلاس با قابلیت توسعه خیلی زیاد، 6/29 درصد در کلاس با قابلیت توسعه زیاد، 4/20 درصد در کلاس با قابلیت توسعه متوسط، 9/18 درصد در کلاس با قابلیت توسعه کم و 3/24 درصد نیز در کلاس با قابلیت توسعه بسیار کم قرار گرفته اند. مناطق با قابلیت توسعه زیاد و بسیار زیاد به طور عمده در قسمت جنوب غربی و شمال غربی واقع شده اند. دقت نقشه قابلیت توسعه شهری، با استفاده از یک سوم مناطق توسعه یافته ارزیابی شد. نتیجه ارزیابی نشان داد که مدل با قابلیت پیش بینی 8/98 درصد در کلاس های با قابلیت توسعه زیاد و بسیار زیاد، دقت قابل قبولی در ارزیابی و پیش بینی توسعه آتی شهر دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: اردبیل، تصاویر ماهواره ای، سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی، گسترش شهری، مدل بیزین
  • شیرکو احمدی*، غریب فاضل نیا صفحات 371-389
    با توجه به ضرورت و اهمیت روزافزون به کارگیری صحیح دستاوردهای نوین علمی و فنی در فرایند اشاعه نوآوری ها و ترویج روستایی، این پرسش مطرح است که خانه های ترویج به عنوان مرکز تعامل بین کشاورزان و کارشناسان ترویجی، تا چه حد در راستای تحقق این اهداف نقش دارند؟ در این پژوهش، با توجه به عامل ارزشیابی اثربخشی به توزیع جغرافیایی خانه های ترویج روستایی، حیطه وظایف و کارکردهای ترویجی آن ها ارزیابی شده است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش، شامل تمامی مروجان و کشاورزان منطقه است که از بین آن ها، به روش نمونه گیری تصادفی 120 مروج و 306 کشاورز شهرستان زابل انتخاب شدند. اطلاعات مورد نیاز در این پژوهش، از طریق تکمیل پرسشنامه و مصاحبه در خانه های ترویج و کشاورزان جمع آوری شد و تجزیه و تحلیل نتایج آن با نرم افزار SPSS.Ver19.0 صورت گرفت. نتایج کمی این پژوهش نشان می دهد حدود 72/42 درصد مروجان در حد قوی، 33/22 درصد در حد نسبتا قوی، 27/24 درصد در حد متوسط و 68/10 در حد ضعیف با کشاورزان روستاها فعالیت داشته اند. برآوردهای آماری این مطالعه، با توجه به گرایش بیشتر کارشناسان ترویج به همکاری با اهالی روستاها، فعالیت های مشارکتی آنان را در حد نسبتا مثبت و مثبت نشان می دهد. بررسی های علمی، نشانگر ارتباطات غیرمستمر و کم بودن انگیزه آنان برای برقراری ارتباط تعاملی و موثر با مروجان است. همچنین بررسی وضعیت ارتباط میان مروجان و کشاورزان نشان می دهد این ارتباط، بیشتر از طریق برگزاری کلاس های آموزشی و در موارد بسیار محدودی برخی فعالیت های مشارکتی انجام شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: ارزیابی فعالیت ها، ترویج روستایی، روستا، فعالیت و کارکرد، شهرستان زابل
  • عیسی ابراهیم زاده*، احمد صحرایی جویباری صفحات 391-410
    امروزه بیشتر شهرهای ایران در مسائلی چون عدم تعادل در سلسله مراتب، نابرابری در برخورداری از امکانات و منابع، افزایش روند مهاجرت، قطبی شدن و پیدایش الگوی تسلط تک شهری و نداشتن راهبرد توسعه اشتراک دارند و با چالش های جدی در سطوح منطقه ای روبه رو هستند. در استان مازندران، نابرابری جمعیتی و برخورداری از امکانات در بین شهرهای بزرگ و کوچک بازگوکننده نابرابری و ناهمگونی زیادی در سلسله مراتب شهری است، درحالی که شهرهای کوچک با توجه به توان های اقتصادی و کارکردی به عنوان حلقه واسط و پیونددهنده جامعه روستایی با شهرهای میانی و بزرگ می توانند در برقراری تعادل در نظام سلسله مراتبی و ایجاد توازن در بهره مندی از خدمات و زیرساخت ها و تراوش توسعه به نواحی پیرامون نقش سازنده ای داشته باشند. در پژوهش گروه های شهری استان مازندران به همراه معرفی و بهره گیری از روش تحلیلی PROMETHEE، نتایج گویای نابرابری گسترده در میزان برخورداری از امکانات، تسهیلات، زیرساخت ها و خدمات شهری در شهرستان های این استان است. در این زمینه، شهرهای بزرگ بیشترین خدمات را در اختیار دارند و هرچه به سمت شهرهای گروه میانه و کوچک تر پیش می رویم، از میزان این امکانات کاسته می شود و روند کاهشی مشاهده می شود، به طوری که در بخش های اقتصادی، فرهنگی، کالبدی و زیربنایی، شهرستان ساری بالاتر از همه این گروه از شهرها قرار گرفته است. نتایج تحلیلی به طور تفصیلی در متن اصلی این پژوهش ارائه شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: برنامه ریزی منطقه ای، تمرکززدایی، روش PROMETHEE، شهر جویبار، شهرهای کوچک
  • محمود جمعه پور، سپیده مخلصیان* صفحات 411-425
    به دلیل نیاز گسترده به احیای حس تعلق اجتماعی در شهرهای امروز، هدف مجموعه مدیریت شهری به نوعی سیاست گذاری، برنامه ریزی و مدیریت شهری در «محله» است و با طرح موضوعاتی چون محله محوری، شهروندمداری و مشارکت شهروندی بیش از هر زمان دیگری در راستای تجدید ساختار محله ای تلاش می شود. در پژوهش حاضر، با نگاهی به مقوله برنامه ریزی محله مبنا، ابعاد مختلف آن مطرح و سطح پایداری محله نازی آباد بررسی می شود. بعد از انتخاب «نازی آباد» به عنوان محله مورد پژوهش، با استفاده از مدل کوکران 381 نفر از ساکنان برای جامعه نمونه درنظر گرفته شدند. روش تحقیق با توجه به اهداف و ماهیت موضوع «سطح پایداری محله ای» و در ارتباط با پرسش های تحقیق، توصیفی- اکتشافی است. به منظور گردآوری اطلاعات از دو روش مطالعات اسنادی و پیمایشی استفاده شده است. براساس بررسی های صورت گرفته، میزان پایداری محله نازی آباد از لحاظ اجتماعی و زیست محیطی متوسط رو به پایین و از نظر اقتصادی متوسط است؛ بنابراین، میزان موافقت با این نظر که محله نازی آباد از نظر شاخص توسعه، محله ای پایدار محسوب می شود در حد متوسط رو به پایین است. درادامه، رابطه متغیرهای شغل، میزان درآمد و تحصیلات با شاخص پایداری محله آزمون شد و مشخص شد بین شغل ساکنان و میزان پایداری محله نازی آباد رابطه ضعیف و مثبت وجود دارد و بین میزان درآمد و تحصیلات ساکنان با میزان پایداری محله نازی آباد رابطه ای وجود ندارد.
    کلیدواژگان: اجتماعی، اقتصادی، زیست محیطی، محله پایدار، نازی آباد
  • احمد پوراحمد، امین صفدری مولان *، راضیه تیموری صفحات 427-443
    یکی از مشکلات بزرگ شهرهای ایران نابسامانی ترافیکی و حمل ونقل، ناآگاهی شهروندان از مقررات و قوانین و رعایت نکردن آن و همچنین رعایت نکردن حقوق شهروندان از سوی سازمان های مربوط به حمل ونقل از جمله مترو یا نبود قوانین در این زمینه است. یکی از نشانه های جامعه پایدار، رعایت حقوق شهروندی است و شهروندان و سیستم حمل ونقل شهری حقوقی متقابل نسبت به هم دارند. در این راستا، هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی وضعیت حقوق شهروندی در رابطه با سازمان مترو است. این تحقیق از نظر هدف کاربردی است و با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و به صورت پیمایشی انجام گرفته است. جامعه آماری شامل استفاده کنندگان از مترو در شهر تهران است. با توجه به نتایج این پژوهش، بین سه متغیر مورد بررسی یعنی آگاهی از حقوق شهروندی و حقوق متقابل، مشارکت شهروندی و عملکرد مترو رابطه معناداری وجود دارد، اما در زمینه سایر متغیرها معناداری مشاهده نشده است. بین جنس و شغل و تحصیلات با سه متغیر مورد بررسی یعنی آگاهی از حقوق شهروندی و حقوق متقابل، مشارکت شهروندی و عملکرد مترو رابطه معناداری وجود ندارد و شهروندان فقط استفاده کنندگان مترو هستند و هیچ مشارکت اجتماعی و مالی در طرح مترو نداشته اند؛ بنابراین، احساس مسئولیت و تعهد آن ها در سطحی پایین قرار دارد و سازمان نیز در این زمینه از چیزی استقبال نکرده است. در پایان پژوهش، در راستای تدوین حقوق و قوانین شهروندی و حقوق متقابل آن ها با سازمان مترو، راهکارهایی ارائه شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: تهران، حقوق شهروندی، شهروند، مترو، مشارکت
  • محمدرضا رضوانی*، محمد کوچکی صفحات 445-463
    امنیت همواره از نیازهای اساسی جوامع بشری بوده است که بدون آن زندگی انسان ها به مخاطره می افتد. بی شک، هیچ عنصری برای پیشرفت، توسعه جامعه و شکوفایی استعدادها مهم تر از عنصر امنیت و تامین آرامش نیست. درواقع، امنیت پیش زمینه یک اجتماع سالم و احساس امنیت بسترساز توسعه جوامع انسانی است. از این رو، بیمه از راهکارهای اساسی و ارزشمند بشری در ایجاد امنیت، به ویژه امنیت اجتماعی است. این پژوهش با هدف تحلیل آثار بیمه اجتماعی کشاورزان، روستاییان و عشایر بر امنیت اجتماعی و احساس تعلق جامعه روستایی در روستاهای شهرستان بدره، استان ایلام انجام گرفته است. روش تحقیق توصیفی و تحلیلی بوده و داده های مورد نیاز با استفاده از مطالعه میدانی (پرسشنامه) گردآوری شده است. جامعه آماری شامل افراد تحت پوشش بیمه اجتماعی کشاورزان، روستاییان و عشایر (448 نفر) است که با استفاده از روش کوکران حجم نمونه 207 نفر محاسبه شده و نمونه ها با استفاده از روش تصادفی انتخاب شده است و درنهایت با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS و استفاده از آزمون تی تک نمونه ای تجزیه و تحلیل شده است. با توجه به نتایج تحقیق، وجود بیمه اجتماعی کشاورزان، روستاییان و عشایر در منطقه مورد مطالعه برای حمایت از روستاییان ضروری بوده و صندوق بیمه توانسته است اعتماد روستاییان را به خود جلب کند. همچنین، بیمه در ارتقای امنیت اجتماعی و احساس تعلق روستاییان تاثیرگذار بوده است، ولی در شاخص ارتقای امنیت اجتماعی اثر بیشتری داشته است.
    کلیدواژگان: احساس تعلق، امنیت اجتماعی، بیمه اجتماعی کشاورزان، روستاییان و عشایر، شهرستان بدره
  • علیرضا دربان آستانه*، سعید بازگیر، محسن شیخ زاده صفحات 465-484
    در آسیب پذیری سکونتگاه ها، فقط عوامل کالبدی و فیزیکی اهمیت ندارد، بلکه عناصر اجتماعی سهم مهمی در میزان آسیب پذیری دارند. منطقه 6 شهر تهران به دلیل موقعیت مرکزی آن و همچنین وجود کاربری های مهمی نظیر وزارتخانه ها، سفارتخانه ها، موسسات آموزش عالی، مراکز درمانی و بیمارستان های عمومی، شرکت های بزرگ اقتصادی و...، درصورت بروز حوادث بسیار آسیب پذیر خواهد بود. با توجه به اهمیت این موضوع، تحقیق حاضر در پی ارزیابی و تحلیل آسیب پذیری اجتماعی در بین خانوارهای محلات منطقه 6 تهران است. روش به کاررفته در تحقیق، توصیفی- تحلیلی است. حجم جامعه شامل تمام خانوارهای منطقه 6 تهران یعنی 29051 خانوار است که حجم نمونه با استفاده از فرمول کوکران برابر 331 نفر محاسبه شد و با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری طبقه ای، به نسبت جمعیت هر محله، تعداد پرسشنامه مشخص شد. به منظور تحلیل داده ها برای تعیین نقاط آسیب پذیر از تکنیک لکه های داغ، برای پهنه بندی و تعمیم یافته های تحقیق به کل منطقه از تکنیک میان یابی کریجینگ، برای شاخص سازی و بی مقیاس سازی از تکنیک فازی و برای محاسبه وزن هریک از لایه ها از تکنیک دلفی استفاده شد و درنهایت برای شاخص سازی معیارها از تکنیک مجموع ساده وزین استفاده شد. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد میزان آسیب پذیری در کل منطقه، متوسط رو به پایین (4/0 تا 6/0) است. نقشه پهنه بندی آسیب پذیری اجتماعی نشان می دهد آسیب پذیری محلات امیرآباد، قزل قلعه و شیراز، کم (02/0 تا 4/0) است و محلات شریعتی، دانشگاه تهران، بهجت آباد، قائم مقام- سنایی، گاندی و عباس آباد، آسیب پذیری اجتماعی بالایی (6/0 تا 8/0) دارند.
    کلیدواژگان: آسیب پذیری اجتماعی، زلزله، لکه های داغ، منطقه 6 تهران، میان یابی
|
  • Abolfazl Meshkini *, Morteza Shabani, Abdolhamid Neshat Pages 243-258
    One of the main challenges in urban settlement regulations is vulnerability of susceptible and important places in relation with environmental crisis and their low safety. Basic principle to build a safe place is considering urban passive defense to reduce susceptibility and making them safe. Educational land uses are specific type of land uses due to their high potential to cause a lot of travels and large population density for at least some hours a day. This research tries to model educational land uses risk against earthquake considering passive defense at district 6 in Tehran. At first step passive defense priorities in relation with educational centers were determined through a questionnaire. Defined indices were classified in 3 groups as demographic, structural and spatial. Then an analytical model based on Analytical Network Process (ANP) was applied and weight of each criteria and sub-criteria were determined. Resulting weights from ANP and ArcGIS were implemented over spatial layers. The results indicated that from structural point of view, more than 55% of educational centers classified among high vulnerable structures. Considering demographic index, 60% of educational centers grouped as susceptible places which their vulnerability will increase when earthquake occurs. With respect to spatial index, more than 75% of educational centers are neighboring to some unrelated land uses which have high vulnerability. Generally the results of overlaying different layers showed that over 67% of educational centers located at vulnerable areas.
    Introduction Cities as places of gathering human beings are exposed to natural disasters and measures necessary to reduce the effects of these disasters occur. Attention to the operational requirements of passive defense of the city to secure important and sensitive urban areas is one of the essential principles of urban spaces is secure. Some of nonresidential land uses sensitive and decisive role in the safety of urban spaces.
    Cities have placed inside the equipment and tools with different kinds of used including residential, commercial, service, educational and hygienic and each use are related to a population, which will be affected due to occurrence of natural events causing destruction of life organization and human and financial hazards and kind of crisis. The education used is recognized as are of the special uses in urban uses of lands. Safety management of the applications according to the requirements of defense applications due to the high density of population in the hour’s specified travel, and sometimes permanent, is very important. Analysis of educational spaces and how to locate their position in terms of health, safety and security, access, and physical structures, social factors, economic and cultural life can help us in the operational requirements of passive defense to secure the urban areas and improve the quality of risk management applications training to help earthquake. The study tries to target the requirements of passive defense and urban operations training applications immunization against earthquake risk modeling earthquake risk management and educational applications of passive defense is urban.
    Method of ResearchThe purpose of this research, risk modeling approach to educational uses passive defense against earthquakes in district 6 of Tehran. In this study, first principles and requirements of passive defense by referring to the study of scientific and literature were obtained. Then priorities of passive defense in relation to the educational use of the study area was determined using a questionnaire to 30 experts. Then Analytical Network Process (ANP) method was defined analytical model based on the weight of each of the sub parameters were determined using Super Decision. Specific weight of ANP model was applied on the layers in place. Finally, specific weights in Arc 10.2 GIS software to each of the criteria applied layers and the combination of layers, final drawings in raster GIS was obtained.
    Results and Discussion Results of risk modeling educational uses of passive defense against earthquakes and the operational requirements of the urban area according to the parameters and criteria set and Analysis in ArcGIS software showed that more than 55% of the structural characteristics of education in the region are structures with high vulnerability. In terms of demographic factors, 60% of educational units in which they are learning in their vulnerability in case of earthquake is high. In terms of indices, where more than 75 percent of educational spaces with a few neighboring incompatible land use and vulnerability are highest. Also, about 73% of educational units to damage caused by obstruction and delay in the relief passages are the victims. Studies based on field observations show that although about 78% of the educational centers to green spaces are well positioned in locating educational centers, public health in more than 78 percent of the standards of Municipalize had not been observed neighborhood is. The overall results showed that more than 67% of the overlay layers vulnerable zones located in the area of education and training in the area of high vulnerability.
    ConclusionIn fact, one of the most important factors in reducing losses of earthquake preparation is a society for dealing with earthquakes. Earthquake preparedness to deal with various aspects and possible use of facilities planning, urban design and planning so that the least damage to them to be during an earthquake. Urban planning and urban design to applications for layout and design of the first applications to secure settlements from the earthquake, Necessary conditions for the implementation of better facilitate crisis management plan because of physical damage, dysfunction and loss of lives of earthquake and It is necessary to provide for the reduction of hazards and create the necessary readiness of people to deal with this kind of disaster planning should be taken.
    Keywords: Risk, Passive defense, Educational land use, Analytical Network Process (ANP), Tehran
  • Mostafa Mohammadi Dah Cheshmeh*, Mohammad Ali Firouzi, Reza Nazarpour Dazki Pages 259-272
    Age Metropolitan posts can be called the age of the city's vulnerability because in line with the complexity of urban life, cities of various sizes with "natural hazards and technological crisis" on the one hand and "social security crises" On the other hand continues to grow (Mohammadi ten-spring, 1393: 54). Abraham Massu with a hierarchy of needs, safety and security is one of the basic needs of human societies considered (Van den Berg, 2007: 132) and Safety before being called citizenship.
    These days the exponential growth of urbanization and the growth of environmental and technological risks associated with the city and citizens and social challenges, need to attention to the safety as important and crucial component of a sustainable city will be felt more than ever.
    While planners and civil defense officials have been searching for ways and means to reduce the vulnerability of cities, the destructive potential of atomic warfare has increased astronomically. Should a full-scale thermonuclear exchange take place, all that can be expected is the total destruction of our urban civilization. The fallout shelter program serves only to lull the nation into a false sense of security.
    Urban safety problem attracts much attention. The paper provides a conceptual framework for planning safer cities. The safer city has not only less crime and terrorism attack but also more resilience to all kinds of disaster. The paper reviews the existing physical planning and brings forward an urban spatial structure that attach importance to urban safety.
    Urban defense in terms of putting safety and security in the neighborhood and adjacent to the Special Account (critical, critical) to optimize urban land use planning to reduce vulnerability in the face of the risks of passive defense strategies, particularly in susceptible Shhrhay acceptance risks.
    Introduction
    Ahwaz metropolis through critical and unique position in the realms of energy strategy and geo-economic, geo-culture, and geostrategic position of Iran, for Iran from the perspective of an urban passive defense has strategic position.
    Regarding to topic of research, area of study and complicated existence of city as a spatial and social system, use of different methods and techniques with title of Compound Method is essential. Hence, the optimum model of location-specific applications (critical) with respect to adjacency issues is one of passive defense requirements in this city. This study after the recognition of the principles of passive defense and spatial standards in place, had extracted the location - proximity to critical land use in Ahwaz.
    Methodology
    The focus of this research is physical safety, on this base this study is a functional and descriptive - analytic study. Required information are collected in the library and survey and preparation, update and competition of database. The study sample consisted of all critical land use categories, urban installations, facilities management, military - security, support, transportation within the city of Ahvaz. The method applied in this study is a descriptive-analytical method which bases on both documentary and field-based collection of data. It should be noted that GIS software, AHP MODEL and SWOT technique have been used in this research. Assessment methods and data collection used in this research are consisted of Library Research Methods and field-based collection of data.
    Results And Discussion
    Prevailing approach to data analysis is spatial analysis and for analysis of spatial data have used the combined model of FGIS- FAHP. In order to analyze the data, after extracting spatial standards, the map distances have prepared according to the principles of proximity and vicinity in the Special lane use.
    After maps overlay in the five named lane use, the fuzzy spatial models derived from a particular user proximity. The Research findings have shown that 57/0 percent of especially land use located in the critical zone of the high risk and the region of 7 known as the most vulnerable and the region of 5 known as the safest regional in Ahvaz.
    In order to analyze the data, after extracting spatial standards, the map distances have prepared according to the principles of proximity and vicinity in the Special lane use.
    After maps overlay in the five named lane use, the fuzzy spatial models derived from a particular user proximity. The Research findings have shown that 57/0 percent of especially land use located in the critical zone of the high risk and the region of 7 known as the most vulnerable and the region of 5 known as the safest regional in Ahvaz.
    However, in this study to analyze the spatial proximity of the principle of passive defense of the 10 criteria were used in the hospitals of the city of Ahvaz. This means that after the identification of effective standards, preparation, correction and Governor of them, plans 10 criteria with a gamma of 0.9 combines the results statements of five Likert of respecting very low to very high (between zero and one) show data (Figure 14).
    The results of this study show that:1. In terms of the principles of proximity, Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital, with 60 percent of the most respected and Imam Khomeini (RA) with respect to account for 13.5% of the lowest rates.
    2. The principles neighborhood in Ahvaz hospitals and average of 29 percent, the amount is indicative of the fact that the principles of good neighborliness passive defense in Ahvaz hospitals is low.
    3. In the areas of Ahvaz area hospital four averages with respect (40%) in the proximity of most of them and six regional hospitals, with an average compliance rate (21%) and lowest principles nearby respectively.
    4. Thus, a difference of 20 percent in the principles of proximity or proximity between hospital-treated areas observed. So the hypothesis that differences in the principles of proximity in hospitals in Ahwaz is approved.
    Keywords: Proximity, Hospital, Ahvaz Metropolis, Urban Passive Defense
  • Hasan Sajadzadeh *, Bahare Eris Pages 273-287
    IntroductionUrban spaces have always expressed the demands and desires of their users. So, reading of these spaces, as a text, which is possible by understanding the meaning making process in its context, could be beneficial to perceive lots of urban issues. Throughout the production of meaning in urban spaces, human gets into interaction with his surroundings and his mind is united with the environmental context of meaning. This process leads to make a legible space for its users with specific structural and behavioral characteristics.
    This study is aimed to discuss the meaning making process and space reading from a special point of view. The main subject of this study is the analysis and description of how to produce and reproduce meaning in urban spaces. The emphasis of this study is on social and cultural contexts of urban spaces as a readable “text”. Accordingly, the issue of meaning making process has been studied from a specific approach that is founded on “semantics” in linguistics, including two main perspective: “Structuralism” and “Interpretation of the reader”. Based on Structuralism perspective meaning is the product of “syntax of elements” in sentence and the “text”. So, meaning comes from the language structures and the author has a critical role in meaning making. On the other hand, in interpretive perspective, meaning is product of paraphrasing and interpretation of the reader. So, the reader “discovers” the meaning and “creates” it. The second approach has an interactive perspective. According to this approach meaning is the result of both, “structure” and “interpretation” or in other words, “language” and “the world”. Today, this approach has lots of advocators due to its inclusion and multidimensional substance. This approach is widely used in explaining issues in many fields of human sciences. “Structuration theory” of Anthony Giddens in sociology is one of this theories that has been fed from the interaction concept in semantics. This theory consists of two main themes: “structure” and “human agency” in social phenomena. The term “structure” generally refers to "rules and resources" and more specifically to "the structuring properties allowing the 'binding' of time-space in social systems". These properties make it possible for similar social practices to exist across time and space and that lends them "systemic" form. Agency, as Giddens calls it, is human action and is critical to both the reproduction and the transformation of society. The theory of structuration is a social theory of the creation and reproduction of social systems that is based on the analysis of both structure and agents , without giving primacy to either. Comparison and accommodation of this viewpoint with context of city and urban spaces, as a text, leads to form a framework for analysis of meaning making factors in urban spaces.
    Description of procedures and determining the factors of meaning production throughout this point of view could help to define a proper framework for improving the knowledge and practice of designers to create the meaningful spaces.
    MethodologyThe methodology of this study, is mainly formed on an explanatory and interpretative method. This study is inspired by semantic theories and approaches about reading a text that is generalized to social science to conceive social phenomenon in “life text”. Accordingly, the urban space has been considered as a text and its meaning production processes have been addressed in this paper. First, the idea of “urban space as a text” has been explained and then, the parameters of its meaning combination has been analyzed. Finally, the hypothesis has been examined in urban context, “Persian Bazar”.
    Results and discussionBy accommodation of characteristics of society and spaces, and considering it as a “text” the structuration theory could be generalized to urban spaces. The urban space as a text, includes mental and spatial aspects that is describable and is connective like the language and also makes situations that human proof himself.
    It has been concluded that written space (structure) and verbal space (act of interpretation) are the main factors in reading and interpretation of living spaces. The meaningful space, on one hand, has the practical conditions of people daily lives and their mental structures and on the other hand provides a place for arranging the act and behaviors that are based on beliefs, attitudes, goals, choices of their users. So, the structure of space along with cultural and social properties which are expressed in behavioral patterns of the users, produce meaning.
    For examining this result, Persian Bazar has been studied throughout the concept of structuration theory. Bazar has been considered as a meaningful place with a legible and coherent structure and as a collection of behavioral patterns and social acts that represent the Islamic-Iranian lifestyle. The study shows that the association and contribution of spatial structure and physical characteristics with current activities of this spaces make Bazar meaningful.
    ConclusionThis study tries to discuss meaning production in urban spaces by utilizing the “linguistics” and “Sociological" approaches. The method that has been applied in this study is a viewpoint for perceiving meaning from the text in linguistics and extending it to urban spaces. Since meaning production in a text depends on “language structure” and “interpretation” of it, so in generalizing this concept to space, two parameters have been considered: “structure of space” and “human agency”. So, syntax of space and combination of physical elements with behavioral acts in space lead to emerging meaning.
    In conclusion, acts and behaviors of human that origin from his cognition about the world, have significant place in perceiving the city and communicating with its spaces. In other words, Interactions between human agency and environmental structure, cause the meaningful perception from the space and connection to environment.
    Keywords: meaning of urban space, interpretation, structuralism, structuration theory, human agency
  • Seyed Hadi Zarghani, Mohammad Ghanbari *, Morteza Razavinejad Pages 289-305
    IntroductionAfter the invasion of Soviet Union to Afghanistan, many immigrants and refugees arrived to Pakistan and Iran countries. In this period, which coincided with the first years after the revolution in Iran, there wasn’t a certain policy for admission and procedure of Afghan refugees. Feeling necessity to help the Afghan Muslim brothers and sisters who were under pressure from the Soviet army and extensive uncontrollable border between Iran and Afghanistan was to prevent Afghan exactly monitor the entry into Iranian territory For this reason more than 90 percent of Afghan immigrants arrived into the cities and villages of Iran. The subject of migration and residency of foreign nationals, particularly Afghans migrants in Iran and Razavi Khorasan province are issues that despite some positive effects, it has brought many anomalies and problems of social, economic and political. According to the census of 2011, the number of Afghan immigrants in Iran and Khorasan Razavi province were 1452513 and 205859 person, respectively, indicating an increase in their number compares to the 2006 census.The goal of this research is Survey and analysis of management strategies of Afghan immigrants in Razavi Khorasan province.
    MethodologyThe method of research base on goal is usage and base on method and nature is analytic – descriptive. To determine the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of Afghan emigrant presence in this province is used SWOT model and for prioritizing strategies of result of SWOT technique by using the experts, specialist academics and related to the topic was used the ANP model. Necessary strategies about the issue of afghan immigrant of Rzavi Khorasan province have been formulated by using ANP-SWOT method and super decisions software.
    DiscussionAfter the survey questionnaire and analyze the data extracted from the questionnaires attempted identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Afghan immigrants Razavi Khorasan province. From Accumulation of respondent's views were identified 5 point strengths 13 weaknesses, 14 opportunities and 15 threats.
    Figure 1: The model was plotted from the combination of ANP and SWOT
    As is obvious from the figure above, the model of this research have 4 criteria, 47 sub-criteria and 19 alternatives. The alternatives of SO1 to SO3 are related to SO strategy (offensive), the alternatives of ST1 to ST3 are related to ST strategy (competitive), the alternatives of WO1 to WO5 are related to WO strategy (conservative) and the alternatives of WT1 to WT7 are related to WT strategy (defensive).
    Finally, ultimate strategies of planning and management of Afghan immigrants in Razavi Khorasan province were prioritized by combining the various sub-criteria which those were mentioned in the following (table 1).
    Table 1: prioritizing of ultimate strategies (alternatives)
    strategy Normalized score Priority
    SO1 0/01052 18
    SO2 0/01146 17
    SO3 0/00962 19
    ST1 0/06994 7
    ST2 0/06769 8
    ST3 0/05791 10
    ST4 0/05005 11
    WO1 0/03771 12
    W02 0/01946 16
    WO3 0/02021 15
    WO4 0/02145 14
    WO5 0/03579 13
    WT1 0/10310 1
    WT2 0/07596 5
    WT3 0/10198 2
    WT4 0/06084 9
    WT5 0/09666 3
    WT6 0/07000 6
    WT7 0/07965 4
    Based on the normalized scores, totally, the alternatives of defensive strategy gained 0/5879, the alternatives of conservative strategy gained 0/1345, the alternatives of competitive strategy gained 0/2455 and the alternatives of offensive strategy gained 0/5879.
    Figure 2: final score obtained related to strategies of Afghan immigrants in Razavi Khorasan province
    ResultsThe result of research and according to ANP model output, in the current situation, defensive strategies with the highest score must be given higher importance and priorities; and among the different options of defensive strategy, options WT1, WT3, WT5 gained the highest score and were identified as the first, second and third priorities, respectively. The WT1 strategy is related to necessity of more coordination between organizations and formulation compiled and precise program about foreign immigrants to prevent crime, trafficking and abuse of information for foreigners. The WT2 strategy is related to necessity of creating coordination between various organizations on affairs of foreign immigrants for control and management of foreign nationals and Afghan immigrants in this province and country. The WT3 strategy is related to necessity of updating laws and precise implementation of them, Preparation of accurate statistics about foreign immigrants in order to prevent of change the physical structure of cities and villages, illegal marriages and Change the population age pyramid of province and country.
    In fact, all dimensions mentioned can be associated with the security of province and country and accurate management of this issue can be effective on reducing social problems, crime, delinquency etc. among foreign immigrants.
    Keywords: Afghan, immigrants, strategy, Razavi, khorasan
  • Hamidreza Mohammadi, Ebrahim Ahmadi * Pages 307-323
    Introduction
    Knowing surrounding environment and geopolitical analysis of neighbor countries are from the most important factors that to set and spread bilateral relations, they should be taken. Seems Pakistan in spite of 987 km of joint border with Iran, is a threatening and stressful entity. Therefore; the clearest sources of stress and threat of Iranian - Pakistani relations include cases like: government – based threats from ISI, shia – fighting in frame of ideological problems, consequences due to insecurity of borders, support of Taliban in Afghanistan and extreme support of Pakistan from Saudi Arabia. Other than it, there are subject that at present, are not taken into account as a serious stress. But they are able to affect relations of both countries in close future. cases such as uncontrolled nuclear program of this country in spite of various group of fundamentalist and extremist, border stress ( water borders ) like marine border of Gwadar and rights to water of border rivers whose regime were not determined, negative competition of both countries in central Asia are from these classes of subjects.
    Methodology
    This research is taken into account as descriptive - analytical based on nature and method. Required information has been gathered in document method and by referring to valid sources like books, papers and documentary reports.
    Results And Discussion
    3.1. The most important challenges of domestic environment of Pakistan:1-1.army: largest and strongest and the most effective establishment of power in Pakistan is army of this country
    1.2. Political parties: political parties are taken into account from important centers of power in Pakistan.
    1.3. Islamist organizations and groups: Pakistani Islamic groups are divided into both categories, formal and informal. “Jamaat-e-Islami ” and “ Jamiat ulama-e-Islami ”, “Jamiat Ahl-e-Hadith” , and “Tehrik-e-Jafaria of Pakistan ” are formal groups, jihad and pugnacious groups such as “Harkat ul-Mujahedeen (HUM), Lashkar-e-Toiba (LT) , Jaushe - Mohammad (J M), Mojahdin -e- Badr(MB), in confrontation with India and groups like Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LJ) and Sepah - Sahabeh (SS) are from category of informal group.
    1.4 economical problems: close to 24 % of 176 – million population of Pakistan live under line of poverty.
    1.5. damages due to natural events: for example, on effect of a flood that occurred in 2010 , in addition to many destructions , inflation reached from 9 / 2 % to 11 / 2 % and Gross Domestic Production with a reduction process , reached from 4 / 1 to 3 / 2 .
    3.2. Main sources of stress and threat in Iranian – Pakistani relations:2.1.government - based threats: one of important aspects of threat from Pakistan is wide support of army and ISI of this country for radicalism and extreme groups in the region, contact with neighbors like India , Iran and Afghanistan .
    2.2. religious extremism and ideological stresses: most of anti - shia fundamentalist and extremist groups in Pakistan that are affected by thoughts of deobandi school ( sub continental ) and Wahhabism( Arabian ), have ever taken many actions against shias and Iran .
    2.3. border challenges ( soil borders ): probably tending to informal exchanges, drug traffic, human traffic and illegal traffics of Pakistani and Afghani citizens, fuel and goods traffic , activities of terroristic groups and the wicked are from border challenges of Iran and Pakistan.
    2.4. challenge of water borders ( marine border of Gwadar): some of capabilities of border rivers like water withdrawal of both parties from these rivers in spite of problems of water in future may provide source of stress and dispute of Iran and Pakistan in local and regional scale in both sides of border.
    2.5. Nuclear threats: Christenson and Norris believe that Pakistan in 2009 has had 70 to 90 nuclear warheads that this rate in 2011 has reached to 90 to 110. Main concern for Iran relates to extreme and unsafe environment of Pakistan and danger of probable achievement of dangerous groups and regimes to this technology.
    2.6. Variable of central Asia: although Pakistan and countries of central Asia emphasize economical dimension of mutual relations, this country in central Asia mostly pursue its special ideological goals. Communication of some of Pakistani extreme groups with movements and groups of central Asia like Hizb al-Nusrat , Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, Hizb ut-Tahrir-e-Islami can be a threat for Iran.
    2.7. Variable of Saudi Arabia: threat aspect of wide relations of Pakistan and Arabia for Iran is for this reason that Arabia has most portions in equipment, organization and reinforcement of Pakistani extremist groups. Informal statistics indicates that there are about 20000 religious schools in Pakistan that 1, 549, 244 students are studying in these schools. Saudi Arabia undertakes most portions in equipment of these schools.
    2.8. Variable of Afghanistan: support of Pakistani government and social forces from Taliban is one of basic threats for Iran from Pakistan. Also, cultivation and transit of drug and competition of both countries in Afghanistan to more influence in central Asia are taken into account as other important challenges of Iran in confrontation with Pakistan in scene of changes of Afghanistan.
    Conclusion
    existence of 987 km of joint border of Iran with Pakistan in light of convergent tribal background with Pakistan ( Balochis ) , facilitates activity of opposed and dissentient groups with Iranian regime more . As terroristic and opposed groups are completely affected by thoughts of Wahhabism, The same heterogeneities and inharmonies have emerged other stressful subjects like tribal problems, and border problems. Except this contrast, they have emerged other regional subjects like Pakistani support from Taliban in Afghanistan, wide relations with Saudi Arabia and other negative competitions (in central Asia) of both countries. Not producing a result project of peace pipeline is typically affected by these differences of views. In short, in view of frequency in sources of stress and threat, any prediction in improving relations of both countries faces with difficulty.
    Keywords: Iran, Pakistan, Geopolitical Challenge, Saudi Arabial, Center Asia
  • Ali Dadashzade *, Masoud Taghvaei, Asghar Zarabi Pages 325-340
    Introduction
    The environmental health conditions faced by people are largely affected by the location and organization of the site where they obliged to live in the days, weeks or months after a disaster. Sheltering which is a priority for relief organizations, denotes the activity of staying in a place aftermath a disaster where daily routines are suspended. Shelter is one of the primary needs of the affected people in the post-disaster phase. Similar to the other reconstruction and rehabilitation processes, settlement of the affected people should be undertaken within a long-term strategy. This strategy could be different in various disasters and communities. In an ideal type which is applied in the United States, it includes four phases. These are emergency sheltering, temporary sheltering, temporary housing and permanent housing. Emergency shelters are generally for one or a couple of days after the event. This situation usually does not need extensive preparation of food or other services and may be a public shelter, motel, hotel room, friend’s house, tent, trailer, camper, or a plastic sheet. Temporary shelters are for longer periods after a disaster that is few weeks, and can be tent, camp or a public mass shelter. Finally, housing which could be divided into temporary or permanent phases; denotes the return to normal daily activities. Shelter strategy in some communities differs from this and comprises three phases. Here emergency sheltering is not limited to one or a couple of days and may take several weeks. It is needed to have various sheltering programs in place. They could be activated in different situations depending on the types of damages and available resources. If not planned, choosing proper site for emergency or temporary shelters will be arranged within a limited time after a disaster. Moreover, lack of proper criteria for site selection can be led to undesirable consequences or people deny accepting the site. Some consequences include subsequent secondary disasters, lack of safety, cultural or climatic inappropriateness, social problems, delays linked to the procurement of shelters, finding sites, and lack of organizational services. Some available texts such as the Sphere project present the minimum standards of sheltering in disasters. But the question is “which criteria can be applied for site selection of emergency or temporary shelters in an earthquake affected area?” so the assessment of Salmas earthquake (1930), Lar (1960), Buin Zahra (1962), Rudbar and Manjil (1960), earthquake (2003) act. Characterized that Iranian cities have not integrate planning to in the context of dealing with potential crises.
    study showed that several factors affect the Emergency Settlement Site Selections The natural dimension (the distance from the river, away from faults), The performance dimensions (distance from volatile sources such as high voltage, Privacy highways, etc.), since access (distance from the fire departments, educational, health, security, etc.), Security (such as maintaining ownership, protect property, ensure permanent settlements, etc.) and finally management measures (management of rescue, Refugee operations, Aid to refugees, providing space for health services, providing the opportunity to exploit the camps and etc.) Most play an effective role on Emergency Settlement Site Selections.
    Methodology
    The current study aims at Assess Factors Affecting Emergency Settlement Site Selections, a Case Study of Urmia City. Research method is documentary and survey. According to the urmia’s master plan, firstly access networks, population density, fire station and etc., Based on field observations was marked on the map. Then urban experts were asked to identify their priorities on the basis of paired comparisons. Ultimately, proper Strategies have been recommended for the Assess Factors Affecting Emergency Settlement Site Selections, a Case Study of Urmia City. The study population was estimated using Morgan 45 and to analyze data TOPSIS model has been employed. According to gathered data, Emergency Settlement Site Selections Factors was prioritized.
    Results And Discussion
    Land-use planning is the general term used for a branch of urban planning encompassing various disciplines which seek to order and regulate land use in an efficient and ethical way, thus preventing land-use conflicts. Governments use land-use planning to manage the development of land within their jurisdictions. In doing so, the governmental unit can plan for the needs of the community while safeguarding natural resources. To this end, it is the systematic assessment of land and water potential, alternatives for land use, and economic and social conditions in order to select and adopt the best land-use options. Often one element of a comprehensive plan, a land-use plan provides a vision for the future possibilities of development in neighborhoods, cities, or any defined planning area. One of the most important issues of land use is Emergency Settlement Site Selections. Shelter is a critical determinant for survival in the initial stages of a disaster. Beyond survival, shelter is necessary to provide security and personal safety, protection from the climate and enhanced resistance to ill health and disease. It is also important for human dignity and to sustain family and community life as far as possible in difficult circumstances. Research findings show that Natural, access, management, security and Performance factors, respectively ranked first (0.102- weighted average), second (0.087- weighted average), third (0.075- weighted average), fourth (0.068- weighted average) and fifth (0.061- weighted average). According to the findings, some strategies have been recommended, which they need the serious care of urban managers and planners in the Uremia.
    Conclusion
    The results of this study showed that several factors affect the Emergency Settlement Site Selections The natural dimension (the distance from the river, away from faults), The performance dimensions (distance from volatile sources such as high voltage, Privacy highways, etc.), since access (distance from the fire departments, educational, health, security, etc.), Security (such as maintaining ownership, protect property, ensure permanent settlements, etc.) and finally management measures (management of rescue, Refugee operations, Aid to refugees, providing space for health services, providing the opportunity to exploit the camps and etc.) Most play an effective role on Emergency Settlement Site Selections.
    Keywords: Natural Disasters, Urban Crises, Emergency Settlement, GIS, Urmia city
  • Mohammad Ajza Shokohi, Seyed Mostafa Hosseini * Pages 341-356
    IntroductionNeighborhood as a constituent element and smallest part of social and spatial of city and ýlink citizens, it can also at least strengthen social capital, natural, human and economic, ýurban sustainable development to have at all levelsþ. þý In other words, the neighborhood as a ýnormative concept in which social obligations are formed based on shared values, and ýbecause of the relationship between humans and the environment and correct ýunderstanding and expectations commensurate with the natural and social competences, ýmay underlie the social and ecological justice and balance in relation with sustainable ýdevelopment is at different levels. Since theþ þwithout relying on local and national ýsustainable development as a primary focus of social life - ever, are not allowed. So in ýrecent years, serious attention to the sustainable development of city officials and urban ýplanners at different levels of social, economic and cultural, tangible aspects of urban life ýand lower levels (neighborhood) has attracted. The attention to the importance of ýsustainable development neighborhood in Tehran is very important because there are a lot ýof problems. ý
    Tehran, the capital and largest city of the country, until the early part of this century, ýaccording to multiple sources and organizes all elements of Persian cities with Islamic ýelements in the visible region was dry. But in recent decades, neighborhood structure in ýthree steps, ýþ»þcentrality of the family unit neighborhood ýþ «þý, ýþ» þFew places combine family and ýcareerþ «þý and ýþ» þNeighborhood Removingþ«þý lost and the modern city and the neighborhood has ýbecome. So that today the neighborhoods 374 of Tehran, due to replacing the general ýsocial organizations rather than neighborhoods, failure to use and utilizes the power of ýpartnerships, and community residents to manage community, great migration, fatigue and ýlack of municipal buildings and mismatch them with new details regarding the identities ýand locations of human communities, neighborhood associations and relationships within ýtheir neighborhood is lost. So that today the neighborhoods 374of Tehran, due to replacing ýthe general social organizations rather than neighborhoods, failure to use and utilizes the ýpower of partnerships, and community residents to manage community, great migration, ýfatigue and lack of municipal buildings and mismatch them with new details regarding the ýidentities and locations of human communities, neighborhood associations and ýrelationships within their neighborhood is lost. Since the return of the old neighborhoods ýof Tehran is not feasible and reasonable. So keeping in mind the need to retrieve the ýidentity, values and meaning of the neighborhood - Iran and the role and function of the ýurban neighborhoods in Tehran could have, should lead to serious consideration of ýsustainable development places in the city. Accordingly, in this research, identify ýindicators of sustainable community development and Sustainable Development and ýevaluation of a neighborhood in the slums of Tehran and test hypotheses as 1- The study ýsites are located at different levels of development. 2- The social base - the residents of ýthe neighborhoods studied economics and sustainable development of the communities ýthere is discussed. ý
    MethodologyThe aim of the present study was applied and methods descriptive - analytical. In this ýresearch, according with regard to a problem and aim of the study, the unit of analysis was ýselected households in the neighborhood. Then sample size was calculated using ýCochran's sample of 384 families, from families living in the city of Tehran was ýdetermined. Then classify the neighborhoods of Tehran in social - economic 4 class (High, ýmedium high, medium, low, low), a neighborhood of each category were selected using ýrandom sampling. Accordingly, the share of total population in each neighborhood to ýneighborhood site each sample was determined by sample size. Then required data were ýcollected from the families sampled in a systematic way. Then, using the Kruskal-Wallis ýtest is a test of the difference, the initial data matrix was prepared, then with Using ýAnalytical Hierarchy Process and Vikor Method Neighborhood sustainability, the study ýsites were assessed. Finally using the One-way analysis of variance and Pearson Statistical ýtests Hypotheses were examined. ý
    Results and discussionThe results of the analytic hierarchy process for sustainable community development ýindices showed that Weighted index of social justice (0. 236), Safety and Security weighted ýindex (0. 208), Environmental indicators weight (0. 179), Identity and vitality index ýweight (0. 114), weighted index of the urban landscape (0. 102), Weighted satisfaction ýindex (0. 097) and Participation index weight (0. 064), The index of social justice and ýparticipation, Respectively the highest and lowest value, sustainable development ýindicators are compared to other neighborhoods. ý
    The results of the Vikor model Showed that Niloufar neighborhoods with Q=0. 017 and ýneighborhood Valiasr shomali with Q=1. 000, respectively the best and worst of ýneighborhood sustainability indicators are and Ashtiani's and Imamiye neighborhoods with ýstability 0. 160 and 0. 613 ranked second and third in the neighborhood are sustainability. ý
    ConclusionThe overall results of the study suggest different levels of sustainability in the ýcommunities studied, and the reason may be lack of municipal subdivisions in the ýneighborhood and ends with the establishment of the municipality in the area, clutter ýneighborhoods studied historical identity in the process of urban development and et al ýnoted. ý
    To increase the level of success in achieving sustainable development, neighborhood ýlocalities studied following suggestions are offered. ý
    Principal or district administrators and trustees elected from among the residents of the ýneighborhood; ý
    Open green spaces and open and moderation in the housing of the prospect, air, noise and ýlight; ý
    Spatial andþ þsocial structure of right and moderation in the economic and social groups; ý
    According to the Environmental Planning andþ þpreserve environmental values in the ýneighborhood and the reduction of noise and air pollution expand the scope of public ýhealth and the environment; ý Increase social security in addition to the neighborhood police station by a guard and ýencourage a sense of community responsibility and local people, especially for women ýand children. ý
    Keywords: sustainable development, Neighborhood, Multiple Criteria Decision making, Vikor ?method, Tehran
  • Hosein Nazmfar * Pages 357-370
    IntroductionLand is a major element in urban development. Therefore control how we use it, and also calculate the actual needs of the land, In order to satisfy different user in time and generalization And the generalization of matching numbers and the quantities obtained in solving the problem of the future, will work Affordable housing and urban development, (Khakpour et al., 47: 1386). The concept of land and urban space, both natural and economic and social development, qualitative change found and Resulting are richer in a very broad scope and objectives of urban land use. Certainly the use of land and space, as a general source of life and public property, shall be made under the planning principles (Ziyari, 13: 1381). The phenomenon of urbanization is a major concern for urban scholars (sun, Wu.Lv. &Wei, 2013:409). The process of migration of rural population to urban areas is too high (Wu, & Zang, 2012:137) is Unprecedented growth and expansion of the urban (Zing, & et al 2013:754). Urban growth is a spatial process of and social transformation In connection with the change of the urban area and is changing the way people live in different scales (Hayashi & Imura, 2009:133). One of the most important environmental issue related to changes in the twenty-first century is in many countries and regions, especially in developing countries (Jokar& et al, 2013:37). According to planners and experts forecast, in 2020 the urban population of 75% of the entire world will take its place in the absence of approximately 2% of the world's landmass (Bhatta, 2011). Urban development and increased migration to urban areas affect the physical and city-wide level is brought into the surrounding areas Suitable and unsuitable land and urban areas urban development unrestrained influx.
    MethodologyIn this study, Bayesian techniques have been used in the past to see the future development directions and satellite imagery using is Landsat ETM images of 1987 and 2013 Model and predict future directions for the development of acquired and developed a database of the most important factors that influence the research process.In this study, using 14 parameters of natural and anthropogenic (Elevation, vegetation, land units, main roads, secondary roads, dirt, away from the river, the earthquake happened, geology, industrial zone, steep terrain, airports, land use and distance to fault) Urban development has been done to predict. The first step of this process was obtained topographic maps using the layer elevation model (DEM) with a pixel size of 30 m. With this layer using the various functions available in GIS software packages such as gradient layer, which is used in the model were extracted. Developed areas of the city in the period from 1987 to 2013 using Landsat ETM satellite images were selected for modeling Two-thirds of these areas as areas of modeling and control to find the weight classes were used and a third was used for model evaluation. The Landsat images using bands 3 and 4 was prepared vegetation index (NDVI). For the preparation of land use map of the study area ENVI image processing software and methods of supervised classification is used (maximum likelihood algorithm (MLC)) and Landsat color image.
    DiscussionTo predict the future development direction were used of the weight of the evidence (Carter et al., 1989). This model is useful as a model and tested in different contexts. The weight of evidence is a statistical method based on Bayesian probability theory (Dennison et al., 2002). The model dependence between an event (physical development in the past) and causal factors (predisposing factors of physical development) estimates. If our causal factors (predisposing factors and physical development of the city) to B, _i and physical development classes each parameter S in the past to consider, In the case of Bayesian theory for calculating the conditional probability of physical development (S) in a given class (B_i), the following equation can be used:P(s│B_i )= (P(B_i│s)×P(s))/(P(B_i))
    After the weight of each class of parameters were considered, the application environment for each weight class were exposed Arc map And the synthesis parameters on the final map was found to predict the development of the city. Using natural fracture maps obtained were classified into 5 classes.
    ResultsNowadays, with the rapid growth of cities in developing and developed So that the urban development process and how change at the macro level is One of the most important issues facing researchers on urban issues. Increase of population and the development of non-principal cities, especially in developing countries, the results of will follow such. The loss of resources, lack of compatibility with existing infrastructure in urban growth, changing agricultural land suitable for urban use and increased costs such as housing, Transportation. In this regard the Ardabil Province, especially after being in the process of expanding its Despite laws and regulations inhibitors such as arable land and gardens Act, The preservation and expansion of green space in cities, in the process of expanding its disproportionate impact on the environment with Green and Natural Resources, which includes gardens and city farms and plantations have been lost due to irregular growth and urban diffuse And some villages have been incorporated into the urban fabric.Modeling requirements for future development in the city can be a useful tool, planners can assist in forecasting future needs of the city. This study using satellite images for the years 2013 and 1987 and 14 standard Bayesian theory of natural and man in urban development (Elevation, vegetation, land units, main roads, secondary roads, dirt, away from the river, the earthquake happened, geology, industrial zone, steep terrain, airports, land use and distance to fault), Predict the direction of future physical development of the city of Ardabil, conducted and results were presented as a map PhnhBndy in five classes. The zoning map 17/8 percent of the class with the ability to develop very large area, 29.6% in office with great development potential, 20.4 percent of middle-class capabilities, 18.9 percent and 24.3 percent of the class with low development potential have been in the classroom with very little development capabilities.
    Keywords: urban development, GIS, Satellite Imagery, Bayesian model, Ardabil City
  • Shirko Ahmadi *, Gharib Fazelnia Pages 371-389
    Considering the growing importance of the correct use of modern scientific and technical achievements in the process of diffusion of innovations and of promoting the rural question of promoting homes as the conflict between farmers and extension specialists to what extent they have been able to achieve these goals play an active role and effectiveness of? Population of this research of all the missionaries’ first Zabol city's village homes that 120 of them were by random sampling method selected to complete the questionnaire. The information required in this study through questionnaires and interviews to of promoting the home city of Zabol Data were analyzed with the software SPSS.Ver 19.0. The results of this study indicate little about 42/72 percent as strong promoters,22/33% in relatively strong and 24/27% on average And 10/68 in the poor rural farmers have activity. Scientific studies suggest that non-regular communication and lack of women's motivation to communicate is interactive and effective advocates.Statistical estimates in this study, according to most experts on malware trends towards working with the villagers, their collaborative activities in a rather positive and the positive evaluation.
    IntroductionIn today's world, the process of change has taken rapid pace and more people in the recipient or target of the project, either as receptive and passive elements and active citizens, is frequently made. Development projects with the purpose to design and set up to help people to change their line. Meanwhile, one of the goals of this project are typically, but not always help local groups and rural communities to personally meet their needs and desires, projects and programs to change, they suggest. Both of these require planning and preparation and provision of various promotion programs. Agricultural extension in many parts of the world today. Approaches form and substance of a system are promoted through these types of messages to be prepared and delivered to the villagers. In this paper, try to understand their problems identifying the gaps and introduce a mechanism for planning activities in the promotion of rural houses will be presented. Promotion of rural homes are no exception and needs to extension methods in this system are studied.
    MethodologyThis research is a descriptive - correlation research method used. Population of this research of all the missionary’s first Zabol city's rural homes that 120 of them were randomly selected to complete the questionnaire. To evaluate the validity of research, the opinions of a few members of the academic board was used to promote agricultural education and reliability of questionnaire, 120 questionnaires were distributed among the missionaries first 103 of them responded and alpha value (α=82), then the data were analyzed with SPSS software. To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were used.
    Results and discussionThe results of the assessment are discussed, promoting activities in rural areas and identify resource requirements and needs significant positive correlation with a correlation coefficient is 0/267 in level 0/001. Strongly related to this type of activity is strong and reflects the activity of the promoters of the scheme functions. Active promoters studied rural development and exploitation of water resources through the proper use of surface and ground waters by (P=0/000 and r = 0/346) and distribution of agricultural inputs (seeds and fertilizers) with (p = 0 / 003 and r = 0/278) most of the factors mentioned in rural activities carried out and the relationship between "strong" and is positive in the above fields. Subsequent results of correlation activities in numerous meetings with the Association of Chartered farmers and veterinary services and animal husbandry in the traditional farms relationship "fairly strong" and a positive correlation coefficients and significance level (p = 0/001 and r = 0 / 213) there. The results of correlation coefficients activities such as public services, technical infrastructure, welfare, credit, education, research and extension with (p = 0/000 and r = 0/143), provide the information required in production, prices, supply consumption, storage crops (p = 0/022 and r = 0/154) and speech problems and villages (p = 0/017 and r = 0/167), a relationship between "medium" and there are positive. Housing advocates and promotes performance results in the development of rural population (p = 0/004 and r = 0/130), al-Sistani sheep and cattle breeding development program and to provide facilities, with correlation coefficients and significance level (P =0/038 and r=0/139), credit and technical assistance for the development and cultivation of irrigated land (p= 0/015 and r= 0/123) had the lowest activity on the ground, so the house activities promoted in the above equation as a "weak" is evaluated.
    ConclusionSince the effectiveness of promotional activities significantly to performance, skills, and promoting participation is dependent on efficient use of manpower and skilled scientific and operational effectiveness of the promotional activities will be guaranteed. From the perspective of the Department of Agriculture Zabol senior executives, the most difficult part of the city to promote communication problem between the reinforcing structures - research - know that education is promoted by the conventional approach to agricultural extension and problems related to it-is approach. Of course, addition, extension of the credits problems, administrative problems and poor infrastructure and manpower capabilities of promotion to the ranks of the problems that were identified from the perspective of audience research. Thus, despite the small number of promotion of houses in the city of Zabol the authorities expected. Most housing in this area that by creating the necessary cooperation and the growth and prosperity of the rural poor and enjoy a little. Hence, the introduction of a comprehensive rural development approaches, activities promotion rural housing or promotion common approaches, assuming its responsibilities, including all of the factors influencing the lives of the rural population and employment. Can approach-such as the right to organize and promotion rural housing set and completed.
    Keywords: Evaluation of activities, Rural, rural Promotion housing, City of Zabol, Activity, function
  • Issa Ebrahimzadeh *, Ahmad Sahraei Jouybari Pages 391-410
    Today, in urban system with Service dense centralization, Facilities and infrastructures in the big populated cities and dominance of large cities in an region, has been occurrence cause polarized urban system in each of the country's urban zones. this phenomenon of Inharmonious, preserved his advantages and governance on the middle and small cities and so create many problem underhand these towns and their rural hinterland. now in order to solve the problem and exit from the crisis, urgent need for planning at all levels cities, especially small towns. because this group of the town since the, they have the role of linkages and linkage between rural and middle town and then big cities, can be provide level of service for them, provided context up to this group of towns get of the performance and power necessary for services residents of influence area that in provided necessary context for to prevent unwanted movement, control and stabilize population. therefore, the population of until yesterday must to spend a lot of time and costs in the other city for buy their need, now they can spend lesser time and cost buy their need in the small town. also this event will help Up to addition reduce intensity of population movements to the big and middle cities, over time this group of small town will have greater functional strength and will act as a center of attraction spheres of influence population. eventually, this pattern help to the balanced in urban system at the regional level and definitely will decrease if the population difference and a large gap between the big city, middle and small town. In order to pursue and the realization of this important in this study, analysis amount the role of jouybar city among the major city and important and effective Mazandaran province in the spatial and locative distribution of population and influence spread, to analysis population and size cities, analysis regional resources, spatial analysis of regional communications, analysis accesses and also analysis performance gap and the other functional analysis have been discussed. What won over all the graces of this paper gives a new method of implementing the Regional Studies in Iran.
    Methodology In this paper, the software Promethee Area for analysis and works with data and indicators to be employed. By examining the four areas studied in this research was collected from all the cities of the province, Results of analytical methods and Promethee Fuzzy reflecting the large inequality in terms of entitlement to facilities, infrastructure and services. As big cities of the province have the highest services and go towards the smaller cities of the Midwest group having reduced the rate of decline will take. As part of the (economic, cultural, physical and infrastructural) city of Surrey, above all, the city is located. Middle and small towns that were seen in each of these cities have to have two of the four indices are relative and other parameters to zero or negative benefit. The results of the detailed manner in this study is shown. the results of the analysis findings indicate that the four first county: sari, amol, babol and ghaemshar keep its position as the top four cities in the urban system structure the province of mazandaran in the past decade. analysis result of Lorenz model and Gini coefficient for the periods 1375, 1385 and 1390 showed the presence of inequality of development. also as regards impact the spatialy - locative result of Fuzzy VIKOR model showed that sari county is in the first place, ghaemshar is in second place, babolsar is in the third place and joubar county was the last. the analytical results of original indicators (cultural, physical, economic and infrastructure) affecting on the functioning of county province, that was used PROMETHEE software show that, babolsar only physical indicators is in good condition, but in cultural and infrastructural indicators there is not appropriate facilities. particularly in the economic sector there is the lowest having compared to other three indicators. however this county compared to sari and ghaemshar at located lower in conditions but is richer than to jouybar. but also jouybar county economic indicator is in good condition, but other three indicator, all of them proportionally is in lowest condition and in general has the lowest resources compared to other three county.
    Results and Discussion sari county in four of indicators ( cultural, economic, physically and infrastructure) has a good condition compared to other three county. ultimately ghaemshahr county though have facilities relatively adequate in the cultural sector and development but have not suitable condition in terms of economic and physical factors. however this county is lowerdan from sari and higherdan of babolsar and jouybar. analysis of the questionnaire results from the perspective of citizens show that can be held accountable most of residents ana citizen needs. however, in some cases there is a significant shortage that they should be attention more than before. also output results questionnaire analysis of the rural groups shows that jouybar county is able very effectively and efficient act in the their rural sphere of influence. the main results include is rural areas sphere of influence of the jouybar county for fulfilling their needs in the areas of teaching, service, administration, banking, agriculture, and etc in the most cases, they have interact with jouybar county. this important represents a powerful and positive role that is this county in the their sphere of influence is exhibited. however, findings of analytical shows thatv in the jouybar county during past decades from the percentage amount of employment in agricultural sector has declined and the percentage amount of service jobs was added and this suggests that this county the changing of roles, particularly in the agricultural sector and receptive getting new roles in the service. In fact, jouybar county has a growing and development and attract more population from rural sphere of influence and is increasing of offering Services to them. the changing role from the agriculture to services is evidence for functional development.
    Keywords: small towns, Decentralization, regional planning, the small towns of jouybar, The PROMETHEE Model
  • Mahmood Jomepoor, Sepideh Mokhlesian* Pages 411-425
    introduction neighborhoods are One of the fundamental elements of constructive urban and geographic/ physical medium scale units, that form The residential area of urban and space region which we live every day. Planning and design of neighborhood scale, directly influences our daily lives, as determines The quality of our access to facilities at the neighborhood level, How to travel to reach the specific destination and how much Opportunities to interact with others .Also, the local scale is the level which occurs The development projects in-whether large or small scale projects that causes extensive changes at urban texture in the macro-level-. At this level, even relatively minor decisions related to the design and space planning, such as the width and design of streets, buildings and blocks size, the composition of the land uses and the location and type of parks and public spaces can be comprise significant results and effects on the livability and urban stability.
    Because of the need to rebuild and restore the sense of social belonging which widely sensed in modern urban societies, neighborhood scale has become one of the major surfaces in planning. In this context, neighborhood sustainable development can be considered as a prerequisite for sustainable city and region development .Todays oriented-focused approach and pragmatism has been replaced by non-focused approach in designs and urban development. the objective of using small scale here is micro – urban units (generally neighborhood )which all daily tasks will be generalized in by walking distances.
    As there are unsustainable issues and threats like energy consuming, waste of basic sources, population growth, wrong produce and consume patterns, pollution increase that is seen in Tehran a lot, even for protecting the moment, it is inevitable to adjust environmental views in planning and governing the metropolis. Nazi Abad is one of the oldest neighborhoods of Tehran located in District 16.
    By reviewing the researches we have realized that most of researches have been done in country, estate or city scale. And most of the criteria that were used were totally different. we have tried to evaluate economical, social and environmental aspects in Naziabad. this research at first would introduce the sustainable neighborhood along with its dimensions and measures and will be followed by measuring the stability of NaziAbad and regarding available abilities in this neighborhood some suggestions will be given to improve the district situation and turning into a stable district. To achieve this aim, the following questions were raised: - Is Nazi Abad district of economically, socially and environmentally sustainable neighborhood?
    - Is the job, education and income associated with the stability of the neighborhood?
    Methodology
    In this project, 381 people were selected as the sample of the society By Cochran model.
    Method of this research is defining – exploring. For gathering the data we used two documental and survey methods. Demography of this society is people of the NaziAbad and they have been chosen by random.
    A questionnaire was used to collect data. For this purpose, first Criteria and indicators of sustainable urban settlements were extracted and the next step They were complying with the conditions of urban neighborhoods. Thus the first step Using some of the studies, The indicators were extracted And after consultation with teachers and experts in the field of urban and regional planning And after passing through the filter initial questionnaire, In the pre-test, 73 items were used in the final questionnaire. After completing the questionnaire, Data obtained from the statistical community was measured using frequency distribution and various test On Spss software.
    In the study of sustainable development in three basic dimensions of social, economic and environmental investigated. It is explained that the assessment of the social dimension of participation indicators - solidarity, cohesion - belonging, personal security - social, recreation and leisure, public education and health were used. In order to assess the economic dimension of employment indicators - income, housing, facilities - infrastructure and public transport services were used, and the environmental indicators and green open spaces, pollution and vision were measured.
    Results And Discussion
    The general characteristics of the respondents such as gender, age, occupation, education level and household income were examined and the following questions were answered.
    In the study of sustainable development in three basic dimensions of social, economic and environmental investigated. It is explained that the assessment of the social dimension of participation indicators - solidarity, cohesion - belonging, personal security - social, recreation and leisure, public education and health were used. In order to assess the economic dimension of employment indicators - income, housing, facilities - infrastructure and public transport services were used, and the environmental indicators and green open spaces, pollution and vision were measured. As a result,
    Degree of agreement with the idea that the neighborhood is Naziabad social dimension of sustainable sites is moderate downward. Agree with the idea that the rate of economic in Naziabad neighborhood locations are sustainable in the medium. Degree of agreement with the idea that local environmental Naziabad dimension is moderately stable areas and the degree of agreement with the idea that Face Down. Naziabad neighborhood development index is moderately stable areas is Face Down.
    Continued existence of the relationship between occupation, education level and income level of neighborhood stability was examined. And was identified as the occupation of Nazi Abad neighborhood residents and stability of weak and there is a positive relationship between income and education level of residents with Nazi Abad neighborhood stability of a relationship does not exist.
    Conclusion
    According to the researches, sustainability of this neighborhood in social and environmental aspects are weak and in economical aspect is medium. As a result the sustainability of Naziabad neighborhood is almost weak.
    Keywords: sustainable neighborhood, Nazi abad, social, economic, environmental
  • Ahmad Pourahmad, Amin Safdari Molan *, Razieh Teimouri Pages 427-443
    IntroductionIn Iran one of the big problems in traffic and transport is unawareness or lack of respect to rules by some citizens and so reciprocally lack of rules in this respect in relation to citizens from transport relevant organizations such as Metro. Lack of respect the rights and duties of citizens and reciprocally rights of organizations linked to public transportation such as subway, could be due to a belief or disbelief, respect or non-compliance, or the public awareness of citizenship rights. Awareness of civil rights causes the citizen participation in municipal affairs and it causes they be more stability, continuity, and they can be more responsible. Discussion about mutual rights of citizens and organizations such as the Tehran Metropolitan Transportation is the important discussion. Citizens of Tehran metropolis according to the its strategic situation and the demographic and economic situation in the country, and also according to the urban population's need for rapid movement, they require more knowledge about their mutual rights and subway system. So, the present study is an effective step to know about each other reciprocal rights and duties of citizens and the subway.
    MethodologyThe research method is descriptive – analytic, and a research was done with 100 questionnaires at Engelab and government gate stations and also by citizens in Tehran city. And the data were analyzed using SPSS. The purpose of this study is to "identify, describe and analyze the mutual rights and duties of citizens and metro, and provide strategies for upgrading it '. In order to measure and test implementations of civil rights from citizens perspectives, one sample T-test method in spss statistical software is used that compare the mean observed variable of interest and the expected rate. and to evaluate the relationship between the measured variables and their significant degree, correlation and regression tests are used. And the impact of each independent variable on the dependent is examined.
    Results and discussion43% of respondents in Tehran, for its daily movement use the metro. 32% use the bus, 12% use personal cars, 8% use the taxis, 3% bike and 2% use other vehicles to transport in daily use. Respondent's awareness of their rights about citizenship and the rights in relation to the Metro has been measured.
    Most respondents stated that their consciousness of rights is in an intermediate level. And also, most of them agree that if they be aware about mutual civil and organizations rights, it improve the Metro performance.
    According to Citizens states, they did not have much participation in the development of Metro and their knowledge about metro programs and its development is in very small level. And also the function of Metro in relation to services and the rights of citizens has been measured. Citizen satisfaction about the Metro performance in quality and access speed and distance of movement and location of stations was higher than other options.
    -Examining the relation with regression between the awareness variable with participation and test first hypotheses:Meaningful level between awareness varies and participation variable is 00/0, this shows significant relationship between awareness and participation. It means that whatever the awareness of citizen's rights and the Metro's rights is in high level, the participation level is also is higher. So lack of awareness of civil rights lows the level of participation. Thus the first hypothesis of research "there is meaningful relationship between awareness of citizen rights and citizen participation" approved:- regression correlation between knowledge variable with and function variable and testing the second hypothesis:By examining the correlation between awareness with function is observed that the level of its meaningful is 00/0. and this represents a very high significance level, so the second hypothesis" there is relationship between the awareness of citizen's rights and the rights of Metro organization with function of Metro organization" is confirmed:-Pearson correlations between the ages, gender, education and occupation variables, with awareness, participation and function variables and testing the third hypothesis:There is no correlation between the age and three variables; awareness, participation and function, so this part of the third hypothesis "there is relationship between age and awareness of citizenship rights with function of Metro" rejected.
    Examination the correlation between gender and participation variable shows that there is a significant relationship between gender and participation. And this part of hypothesis confirmed.
    Also, the correlation between sex and performance variables shows that there isnt significant relationship between them and this part of third hypothesis rejected.
    Examining correlation between education and subway organization practice concluded that there is no significant relationship between them, so this part of third hypothesis rejected too.
    And also there is no significant relationship between jobs with awareness, function and participation, and then this part of the third hypothesis is rejected too.
    Conclusionthe results of this study shows have that among the three variables; awareness of citizen's rights and mutual rights, citizen participation and function of subway there was significant relationship. and their meaningful is in high level. But in other variables were meaningful not observed.
    To raise awareness on the citizenship rights and citizen participation and also improving metro organizational performance following suggestions are offered:- editing the citizenship laws and their mutual rights with the metro.
    -having education in civil rights and the metro rules in the media for citizens of and train experts in this field.
    -Recruitment experts in the respective fields in the metro and related organizations.
    - Citizens participation in the design and development of the subway and other transportation routes.
    - Encouraging the use of public transportation, especially the subway to reduce pollution and traffic monitoring in metropolitan Tehran.
    - Development of metro to other areas in need.
    - Development of the Metro facilities and additional security to all classes of society.
    -pay attention to disabilities for take more advantage of the Metro.
    - Reduce Metro ticket prices than other means of transport.
    -Planning and development of an integrated transport system in order to more benefit and better efficiency for metro.
    Keywords: civil rights, citizen, participation, awareness, mutual relationship
  • Mohammadreza Rezvani *, Mohammad Kochaki Pages 445-463
    IntroductionSecurity is an essential and public need that it is impossible for people to be needless of it. The importance and need for security is because of its unbreakable bond with life. Scientists consider security as one of the most essential needs of human beings. Humans have always been trying to provide security in their lives and one of the main motivations of the government is also providing security.
    One of the major achievements of the human valuable security, especially economic and social security, insurance. Social Security is one of the essential needs of individuals, groups and communities and communities survival would be impossible without it and on the other hand, the need for individual and collective security and pursuing this security has always been a feature of human nature and people have always tried to protect themselves and their families from the dangers that have surrounded them.
    One of the most important steps in the fourth program for rural development, is rural and tribal (nomadic) social insurance law enforcement. This action, however, was not in a set of goals, policies and the civil enforcement actions of the Rural development But it has been directly emphasized in the general policies of the Fourth Plan (Section 13, 19, 21 and 43), and specially Article 96 of the Law . Iranian citizenship, residence in rural and tribal (nomadic) areas, farmer who doesn’t live in rural area, having at least eighteen years of age whether married or single, signing the contract and payment of five percent of the optional income as premium, are the general conditions of membership in the farmers, villagers and nomads’ social insurance. Aging benefits, general disability due to work injury, general non-work-related disability, survivor benefits under the pension of the deceased insured dependents, are the benefits of membership in the farmers, villagers and nomads’ social insurance fund for farmers, rural and nomadic people.
    According to the latest information from the social insurance fund for farmers, villagers and nomads in 1393, 1222195 of households in the country are covered by the insurance and its average acceptance rate is approximately 19.12 per cent. Number of insured people in Ilam is about 18,227 households with an average coverage of 30.33 percent which is higher than the national average. Also in Badreh about 448 households in the city are covered by the insurance and its average acceptance rate is 26/72 per cent. This research aims to analyze the impact of farmers, villagers and nomads’ social insurance on social security and sense of belonging in the villages of Badreh County in Ilam province and seeks to answer the following questions:- What are the impacts of farmers, villagers and nomads’ social insurance on in the studied area? And what are the impacts of farmers, villagers and nomads’ social insurance on belonging sense of villagers and reduction of migration in the studied area?
    MethodologyThis research is applicable and its method is descriptive-analytic (cross-sectional). Library and field study is used to collect data. The number of people covered by farmers, villagers and nomads’ social insurance in the villages of Badreh county are 448 people which are the statistical community of research. Using Cochrane method 207 people of insured who were mainly head of households have been chosen as the sample of population. For suitable distribution of the sample size among all insured people stratified probability sampling method has been used and this method makes appropriate distribution of the sample in all classes of the community. To assess the reliability of research, SPSS, and Cronbach's alpha method were used that reliability of 844/0 shows high reliability.
    Results and discussionAccording to the results of the questionnaires, 92.3 percent of respondents were men and 7.7% of respondents were women. Also, 87.4% were married and 12.6% were single. In addition, 27% were illiterate, 30 percent had elementary school degree, 15% had secondary school degree, 19.8% had Diploma and 82% had higher degree. 11 percent of the respondents were farmers, 30% workers, 14.5% shopkeepers, 20.3 percent ranchers, 1 percent welders and 23.2 percent had other jobs. The average age of the respondents was 46 years. To explore the impact of farmers, villagers and nomads’ social insurance on social security and sense of belonging of farmers, villagers and nomads, one-sample T-test was used which shows the significant impact of farmers, villagers and nomads’ social insurance on social security and a sense of belonging of farmers, villagers and nomads.
    ConclusionAccording to the results of the studied area, the presence of social insurance for farmers, villagers and nomads in the region is necessary to protect the villagers and insurance fund has been able to attract the villagers’ trust which is consistent with the findings of Shafiezadeh et al (2013). The difference is that in the studied area, the adoption of social insurance for farmers, villagers and nomads has been so high. Also in this area, the villagers had not opposed to the insurance scheme and it has been well received but in some cases, payment of insurance has been hampered by the insured and the insured has some expectations from insurance against different accidents and the fund must meet these expectations to create greater trust between them which is consistent with Ramesh’s findings. Also the social insurance of farmers, villagers and nomads in this region has increased social security and sense of belonging which is consistent with Rezvani and et al’s findings (2014) . According to the results, the social insurance of farmers, villagers and nomads in villages of Badreh county, has improved the social security and sense of belonging and also rural migration has been reduced.
    Keywords: Social insurance for farmers, villagers, nomads, social security, sense of belonging, Badreh County
  • Alireza Darban Astane *, Saeid Bazgir, Mohsen Sheikhzade Pages 465-484
    IntroductionToday the identification, control and prevention of loss of life and property damage in relation with hazards is one of the most important issues. This issues requires special attention and planning in this area. Earthquake, is considered as one of the hazards and natural disasters that Creates serious damage to land and structures. This damages are caused the much loss of life. The earthquake is a natural phenomenon that occasionally vibrates the earth and causes damages. The earthquake could be a disaster due to unfamiliarity and inability of human when confronting it. It will be more intensive when unreasonable action of human occurs. The social factors have determined effects on household vulnerability as compared to other elements which must be investigated. The 6 region of Tehran is more vulnerable to possible events of earthquake because of centrality in Tehran, existence of ministries, embassies, higher education institutes, health centers, hospitals and big economic companies. Therefore, with regard to the importance of this issue, the recent research will evaluate and analyses the social vulnerability among households in neighbors of 6 region of Tehran.
    Methodology The recent study is on the basis of a descriptive-analytical method. Statistical population of the research consists of total households of 6 region of Tehran including 29051 families. The number of data for sampling were estimated 331 households according to Cochran formulae from which on the basis of classified sampling method and optimum allocation and ratio of number of blocks in each neighbor were determined. The validity of questionnaire was confirmed using experts and faculty members. The reliability of awareness scales and reaction readiness against earthquake hazards using Cronbach's alpha were 0.751 and 0.79, respectively, which were acceptable. A numeric code was allocated to each question to quantitative it and hot spot technique was used to determine the upper and lower points and Kriging interpolation was employed to generalize the results of the point value to the area and fuzzy technique was used for indexation. Also, for combining layers, weight of each layer is required. There are different techniques for determining weight. In this study Delphi technique was used. Finally, to measure, saw techniques have been used
    Results and discussionTehran's sixth region is one of the 22 districts of Tehran. This region, because of the centrality and the existence of important land use, have a great importance in Tehran city. Kriging interpolation was used to regionalize the physiological factors of social vulnerability for different indices viz. sex, and age, physical and mental disability. Sex vulnerability was high in Shariati, Vlie-Asr, Ghaem magham- Sanaee and Abbasabad neighbours. Age index vulnerability was less in the region and it was lesser in the neighbours such as Vlie-Asr and Laleh Park as compared to others. The physical and mental disability was low in the region and it was higher in the neighbours like Vlie-Asr, Iranshahr and Laleh Park but lesser in Amirabad, Gandi and Argentine-Saee as compared to others. The results show that a heterogeneity was found among households and it was more in south and north of the region. Ownership vulnerability in Iranshahr, Abbasabad, Behjatabad and Ghaem magham- Sanaee was higher as compared to other neighbours. The results revealed that the awareness of head of households was more in accordance with earthquake and a negative relationship among awareness, sex, ownership, ethnicity and vulnerability were found using Pearson correlation coefficient. Although, a positive relationship among education, income and vulnerability were found.
    The results revealed that preparedness of the head of household was less in relation to earthquake and an indirect relationship was found between preparedness and sex, age and ethnicity. Although, a direct and positive relation was discovered between preparedness and education, income and ownership. Kriging interpolation method was used to regionalize the cognitive factors of social vulnerability in preparedness and awareness indices against earthquake. Accordingly, the vulnerability in terms of preparedness and awareness indices in the area was moderate and the household’s awareness was more as compared to preparedness for response in 6 regions.
    Kriging interpolation method was also used to regionalize the demographics factors of social vulnerability in education level and population density indices against earthquake. The results showed that regionalization of the demographics factors the education level was high, the population density was moderate, and it was high in southern neighbors. The vulnerability in different dimension was as follows: It was high in Shariati, Vlie-Asr, and Abbasabad neighbors but it was low in Amirabad, Ghezel Ghaleh and Jahad square at physiologic dimension; It was high in Gandi, Iranshahr, University of Tehran and Behjat Abad but was low in Amirabad and Nosrat neighbors at demographics dimension; It was high in University of Tehran, Amirabad, Gandi, Behjat Abad and Abbasabad but it was low in Vlie-Asr, Laleh park, Fatemi and Ghaem magham- Sanaee at cognitive dimension. The total Vulnerability: the total Vulnerability (Social one) was high in Shariati, University of Tehran, Behjatabad, Ghaem magham-Sanaee, Gandi, and Abbasabad (0.6 to 0.8) but it was low in Amirabad and Ghezel Ghaleh (0.2 to 0.4) and it was moderate in other neighbours (0.4 to 0.6).
    ConclusionAccording to the results of the study, it could be concluded that the neighbors of 6 region of Tehran did not have the same vulnerability against earthquake due to various socio-economic conformations. For example, Amirabad, Ghezel Ghaleh and Shiraz had less vulnerability but Shariati, University of Tehran, Behjatabad, Ghaem magham-Sanaee, Gandi and Abbasabad had high vulnerability as compared to other neighbors. In overall, it should be noted that the management activities need to reduce the vulnerability on the basis of characteristics of neighbors. Another important point in the results of the investigation is the situation and spatial distribution of each of the dimensions of social vulnerability. Based on the maps produced The highest balance and the lowest vulnerability is related to the economic dimension.
    Keywords: Social Vulnerability, Social factors, Hot spot, earthquake, 6 Region of Tehran