فهرست مطالب

پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی - پیاپی 104 (تابستان 1397)

فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 104 (تابستان 1397)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1397/06/31
  • تعداد عناوین: 14
|
  • ابوالفصل مشکینی، کاظم برهانی، رضا شعبان زاده نمینی * صفحات 249-262
    فرایند شهرنشینی پدیده ای جهانی است که در سراسر جهان و هرجا که انسان ساکن است واقع می شود که در کشورهای درحال توسعه با رشد طبیعی جمعیت، مهاجرت روستاییان به شهر، تقارب در سبک زندگی روستایی و شهری و فرایندهای سیاسی و اقتصادی در ارتباط با جهانی شدن همراه است. شهرنشینی سریع اغلب به شیوة استفاده از زمین منجر می شود که بی اعتنا به نیازهای نسل آینده است و موجب ناپایداری شهری می شود. توسعة پایدار و برنامه ریزی کاربری اراضی مفاهیم ارزشمندی هستند، اما چالش اصلی زمانی به وجود می آید که می خواهیم آن ها را در عمل قرار دهیم که برای این منظور از مدل DCA استفاده کرده ایم. روش پژوهش توصیفی-تحلیلی است و شاخص های عملکردی مدل DCA در محله های ناحیة 1 منطقة 14 شهر تهران سنجیده شده است. نتایج این پژوهش پس از سنجش سه شاخص تغییر، اختلاط و تعدد کاربری اراضی نشان می دهد محله های شمالی محدودة مدنظر با تغییر کاربری اراضی در راستای پایداری، اختلاط و تعدد کاربری بیشتر، در مقایسه با دیگر محله های ناحیه پایدارتر بوده است. همچنین می توان نتیجه گرفت استفاده از مدل DCA با هدف برنامه ریزی کاربری اراضی پایدار، به دلیل قابلیت این مدل در تجزیة مسائل کلان و ترکیب مسائل با ابعاد متفاوت، مناسب بوده است. در این راستا طرح های شهری باید با درنظرگرفتن پایداری کاربری اراضی با معیارهای بیان شده در سطح محله ها به تحقق آرمان محله محوری که از اهداف پایداری شهری است، یاری برسانند.
    کلیدواژگان: پایداری شهری، کاربری اراضی پایدار، محله های ناحیة 1 منطقة 14 تهران، مدل CA
  • رضا سپهوند *، محمد جعفری، لیلا سپهوند، امین احمدی صفحات 263-276
    امروزه، گردشگری از مسائل مهم و مؤثر اقتصادی و از عوامل برجستة ارتباط اجتماعی و فرهنگی در جوامع است. ایستگاه بیشه یکی از روستاهای استان لرستان است که قابلیت های زیادی برای گسترش اکوتوریسم دارد. در این روستا با وجود پتانسیل های بالقوه از نظر محیط طبیعی به منظور جذب گردشگر، برنامه ریزی اصولی برای گردشگری صورت نگرفته است تا بتوان علاوه بر ایجاد اشتغال، توسعة اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی روستا را فراهم کرد. هدف این مقاله، دستیابی به راهبردهای توسعة اکوتوریسم روستای ایستگاه بیشه است که با به کارگیری فرایند برنامه ریزی راهبردی با استفاده از دیدگاه های سه گروه مردم، گردشگران و مسئولان به وسیلة پرسشنامه صورت گرفته است. این پژوهش به صورت پیمایشی، و روش نمونه گیری آن به صورت تصادفی است. نتایج نهایی آن نیز نشان می دهد از دیدگاه هر سه گروه، در میان راهبردهای بازنگری، راهبرد تدوین قوانین و مقررات ویژه، استفادة بهینه از جاذبه ها و جلوگیری از تخریب، آلودگی و ازبین رفتن این منابع در روستا با هدف جذب هرچه بیشتر گردشگران و در راستای آن جلوگیری از نابودی محیط طبیعی و جذاب روستا به ترتیب با جمع نمرة جذابیت 45/1، 47/1، 51/1 بهترین راهبرد بیان شده است. این راهبرد در میان راهبردهای رقابتی/ تهاجمی از دیدگاه هر سه گروه، راهبردی با عنوان ایجاد نمایشگاه های جهانگردی به منظور نمایش انواع مختلف جغرافیای فرهنگی نظیر انواع صنایع دستی، هنر، پوشش محلی، انواع غذاها، موسیقی، آداب ورسوم و جشن های محلی روستا به ترتیب با جمع نمرة جذابیت 35/1، 37/1، 38/1 به عنوان بهترین راهبرد شناخته شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: اکوتوریسم روستایی، برنامه ریزی راهبردی، توسعة روستایی، تجزیه وتحلیل SWOT، روستای ایستگاه بیشه
  • الهام شاهی، لعبت زبردست، اسماعیل صالحی *، رضا صالحی صفحات 277-295
    اهمیت محیط های مسکونی شهری به عنوان سکونتگاه های اصلی مردم، روزبه روز در حال افزایش است. در این بین، تراکم بالای جمعیت در نواحی شهری کیفیت محیط زیست این مناطق را کاهش داده است که به همین دلیل باید به کیفیت این زیستگاه ها توجه ویژه ای شود. این مطالعه با هدف شناسایی زنجیره های علت و معلولی، به صورت توصیفی-تحلیلی براساس مدل DPSIR با استفاده از مطالعات کتابخانه ای و تجزیه وتحلیل آماری در سال 1392 انجام شده است. نتایج حاصل از بررسی مؤلفه های زیستگاه شهر تهران در قالب نیروی محرکه، اثر، وضعیت، فشار و پاسخ مدل DPSIR، نشان می دهد میزان استقرار جمعیت و مراکز کار و فعالیت توام با بی انضباطی کالبدی از مهم ترین شاخصه های مؤثر به عنوان نیروی محرکة زیستگاه شهر تهران است. در این بین، تحت تاثیر مستقیم نیروی محرکة شهرنشینی شتابان، فشار بر منابع اکولوژیکی و بر منابع طبیعی شهر محسوس است، اما عمده ترین وضعیت نیروی محرکة شهرنشینی شتابان برای تمام متغیرها به رغم مثبت بودن روندها، در مقایسه با وضعیت ایده آل و استاندارد چندان مناسب نیست. همچنین مهم ترین آثار وضعیت مطلوب یا نامطلوب اجزا و بخش های عمدة یک زیستگاه در قالب دو بخش آلودگی ها و سلامت و بهداشت عمومی منعکس می شود. در این بین از بهترین پاسخ های موجود می توان به تهیه و انتشار نخستین گزارش وضعیت محیط زیست شهر تهران، تصویب و ابلاغ طرح جامع راهبردی ساختاری این شهر در سال 1387، تصویب طرح تفصیلی شهر تهران در سال 1388 و الزام به تهیة برنامة عملیاتی شهرداری تهران اشاره کرد.
    کلیدواژگان: زیستگاه انسانی، سکونتگاه انسانی، گزارش وضعیت محیط زیستی، مدل DPSIR، SoE
  • مریم خستو *، مرضیه یاحقی صفحات 297-315
    یکی از مهم ترین بسترهای ایجاد جامعة پویا و رو به رشد، تحقق رفاه شهروندان در اجتماع است. با تکیه بر تقویت شاخص های رفاه اجتماعی و در سایة عدالت اجتماعی می توان مسائلی مانند نابرابری های غیرعادلانه را در شهر به حداقل رساند. پژوهش حاضر کاربردی است و با هدف ارزیابی و تعیین سطح شاخص های رفاه اجتماعی در نواحی منطقة 1 شهر قزوین با تاکید بر رویکرد عدالت اجتماعی تدوین شده است. این نواحی هستة شکل گیری شهر را در خود جای داده است و ممکن است با گذشت زمان و تزریق شاخص های مربوط، در مقایسه با سایر مناطق شهر به سطح عادلانة رفاه رسیده باشد. روش پژوهش، آمیخته و از نوع «تحلیل محتوا» و «پیمایشی» است. با نظرخواهی از صاحب نظران، 22 شاخص رفاه اجتماعی در چهار بعد اقتصادی، اجتماعی، بهداشتی و کالبدی انتخاب، و برای بررسی توزیع عادلانة این شاخص ها، از آزمون t استفاده شد که با توجه به نتایج، شاخص های رفاه اجتماعی در منطقة 1 عادلانه نیست؛ بنابراین، برای شناسایی تاثیرگذارترین عامل برقرارکنندة رفاه اجتماعی با بهره گیری از آزمون فریدمن، تمام شاخص ها اولویت بندی می شود که سه شاخص درآمد سرانه، وضعیت اشتغال و رضایت شغلی به ترتیب بیشترین تاثیر را دارد. درنهایت با توجه به محدوده های ضعیف تر در هریک از شاخص ها در دو ناحیه درمی یابیم که در تقویت شاخص های ضعیف، رفاه اجتماعی و تزریق شاخص های مکمل در نواحی شهری برای رسیدن به سطح عادلانة زندگی ضروری است.
    کلیدواژگان: اشتغال، رضایت شغلی، رفاه اجتماعی، سرانه، عدالت اجتماعی، منطقة 1 شهر قزوین
  • موسی کمانرودی کجوری *، فرشته حسینی صفحات 317-337
    «رانت» به معنی مازاد یا سود غیر تولیدی است که به دنبال کمیابی های طبیعی (ذاتی) یا ساختگی فراهم می شود. تفاوت طبیعی یا ساختگی شرایط و ارزش مصرفی و معاملاتی اراضی شهری، زمینۀ رانت و سود نابرابر تولید را فراهم می آورد. تخلف ساختمانی در شهر به اقداماتی در ساختمان سازی و استفاده از آن اطلاق می شود که در آن، ساختمان، مجوز (پروانه) ندارد یا با مجوز صادرشده از شهرداری مغایر است. در این مقاله به بررسی وقوع تخلفات ساختمانی، رانت زمین و مسکن و عملکرد شهرداری در این خصوص از سال 1382 تا 1390 در سنندج پرداخته شده است. این پژوهش از نوع پژوهش های بنیادی و کاربردی است و به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی انجام شده است. داده ها و اطلاعات آن نیز به روش مطالعات اسنادی-کتابخانه ای و میدانی جمع آوری و با استفاده از آمار توصیفی و ضریب همبستگی پیرسون توصیف و تحلیل شده است. براساس یافته ها، از 8072 پروانة ساختمانی صادرشده در سال های 1382 تا 1390 در شهر سنندج، 2886 مورد (75/35 درصد) آن به 6291 واحد تخلف، به مساحت 204. 294 مترمربع منتهی شده است. نتایج نشان می دهد رانت زمین و مسکن، روند صدور پروانه ها و فروش تراکم مازاد ساختمانی و کسب درآمد شهرداری، بر وقوع و توزیع فضایی تخلفات ساختمانی در سنندج تاثیری تعیین کننده داشته است. بیشترین صدور پروانه های ساختمانی (22/98 درصد) ، فروش تراکم مازاد و تخلفات ساختمانی به منطقة 3 سنندج مربوط بوده است که رانت زمین و مسکن بیشتری دارد و بخش زیادی از درآمد شهرداری نیز از این محل تامین می شود.
    کلیدواژگان: ارزش زمین و مسکن، تخلفات ساختمانی، رانت زمین و مسکن، سنندج، عملکرد شهرداری
  • زینب فضلعلی *، مهدی پورطاهری، عبدالرضا رکن الدین افتخاری صفحات 339-354
    مسکن روستایی، مفهومی اجتماعی، فرهنگی، اقتصادی و کالبدی است. کارکرد مسکن علاوه بر سرپناه، فراهم کردن شرایط مطلوب برای تحقق فعالیت های خانوادگی است. مسکن روستایی به عنوان عنصری مادی و فرهنگی، در سال های اخیر تغییرات وسیعی داشته است. این عنصر فرهنگی علاوه بر نقش سکونت، بخشی از فضای اشتغال، تولید و انبار ملزومات زندگی نیز به شمار می آید. در دهه های اخیر، تغییرات شگرفی در ساختار و کارکرد مسکن روستایی پدید آمده است؛ به طوری که کارکرد مسکن که در ارتباط با معیشت و فعالیت اقتصادی خانواده بوده، از بین رفته است و پاسخگوی نیاز جامعة روستایی نیست. این پژوهش با توجه به هدف، توصیفی-تحلیلی است. برای تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات میدانی، از روش های آماری استفاده شد. جمع آوری اطلاعات پژوهش با استفاده از پرسشنامه صورت گرفت و جامعة آماری، جمعیت روستایی استان مازندران در سه تیپ جلگه ای، کوهپایه ای و کوهستانی است. حجم نمونه با فرمول کوکران 465 نفر تعیین شد. نتایج نشان می دهد درنتیجة تغییر شرایط اقتصادی و اجتماعی، تغییراتی در مسکن روستایی از جمله تغییر در فضای اختصاصی دام، انبار علوفه، محل پخت نان، محل ذخیرة سوخت های فسیلی، فضای آشپزخانه، آشپزخانة اپن، فضای اختصاصی خواب و پذیرایی و ایوان به وجود آمده است. این تغییرات به دنبال توسعة کالبدی و خدماتی روستاها و تحت تاثیر فرهنگ شهری در روستاها به وقوع پیوسته و درنهایت به تغییر کارکرد اقتصادی و اجتماعی مسکن منجر شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: تغییرات مسکن، روستا، مازندران، مسکن
  • حسن اسماعیل زاده *، رضوان صفرخانی، حسین محمودی صفحات 355-374
    در فرایند برنامه ریزی و توسعة نواحی روستایی، شناخت و تحلیل وضع موجود روستاها و بررسی امکانات و تنگناهای آن ها در زمینه های مختلف ضروری است که این امر برنامه ریزان را در تعیین اهداف توسعه و مشخص کردن سیاست ها، خط مشی ها و راهکارهای دستیابی به آن ها یاری می رساند. در این فرایند تعیین سطوح برخورداری و توسعة نواحی روستایی، همچنین بررسی قوت و ضعف شرایط هر ناحیه در زمینه های آموزشی، فرهنگی، بهداشتی، زیربنایی و خدماتی، زمینة تخصیص بهینة منابع و امکانات را برای توسعة هماهنگ، یکپارچه و متوازن روستاها فراهم می کند. به همین منظور پژوهش حاضر با هدف تعیین سطوح توسعة مناطق روستایی شهرستان های استان کرمانشاه انجام شده است. روش پژوهش توصیفی-تحلیلی، و جامعة آماری شامل مناطق روستایی چهارده شهرستان استان کرمانشاه براساس سالنامة آماری سال 1392 است. در تحلیل داده ها نیز از مدل های تصمیم گیری چندمعیارة TOPSIS، SAW، KOPRAS وNumerical Taxonomy استفاده شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد بین شهرستان های استان کرمانشاه از نظر خدمات دهی به روستاهای تابع، تفاوت چشمگیری وجود دارد؛ به گونه ای که توسعة مناطق روستایی شهرستان کرمانشاه در بالاترین سطح قرار دارد. مناطق روستایی شهرستان های صحنه، دالاهو، سنقر و کلیایی، کنگاور، سرپل ذهاب و پاوه در سطح متوسط، و مناطق روستایی شهرستان های گیلان غرب، هرسین، روانسر، جوانرود، قصر شیرین، اسلام آباد غرب و ثلاث باباجانی در سطح محرومی از توسعه قرار گرفته اند که در راستای توسعه و تحقق عدالت در سطح استان تقویت نواحی روستایی محروم ضروری است.
    کلیدواژگان: توسعه، خدمات روستایی، عدالت فضایی، کرمانشاه
  • محسن شاطریان *، یونس غلامی، جهانگیر حیدری، حسین باقرزاده صفحات 375-394
    در چند دهة اخیر در ایران رشد جمعیت شهری با توسعة ناموزون افقی شهر و ازبین بردن منابع کشاورزی و طبیعی اطراف شهرها همراه بوده است. در این بین، بسیاری از شهرها منابع فضایی ارزشمند اما فرسوده ای دارند که در حال حاضر راهگشای بسیاری از مشکلات شهرهاست. به همین منظور مسئلة بهسازی و نوسازی این فضاهای با ارزش مدنظر قرار گرفته است. در این بین، رویکرد رشد هوشمند که در ایالات متحدة آمریکا مدل مدیریت رشد است، توجه ویژه ای به ظرفیت های درونی شهر دارد؛ بنابراین، ایدة اصلی پژوهش حاضر توسعة درونی شهر با تاکید بر توسعة مجدد بافت های فرسوده است. برای این منظور در این مقاله از مدل منطقه بندی فرم محور، یکی از ابزارهای اجرایی رویکرد رشد هوشمند، با پهنه بندی کردن شهر برازجان در محیط نرم افزاری GIS استفاده کرده ایم تا سیاست «کد توسعه» نقشة «زون بندی عرضی» و توان و استعداد توسعة بافت های فرسودة شهر بررسی شود. این پژوهش از نظر هدف جزء پژوهش های کاربردی- پژوهشی، و از نظر روش جزء پژوهش های توصیفی- تحلیلی و اسنادی- میدانی است. در روند پژوهش نیز مطالعاتی بر بافت فرسوده در زمینه های جمعیتی، کاربری، کالبدی و دسترسی انجام شده است. براساس مدل منطقه بندی فرم محور مشخص شده است که بافت های فرسودة شهر برازجان پتانسیل لازم را برای توسعة درونی شهر دارند. براساس این مدل، الگوی TND برای توسعة محله های مسکونی و الگویRCD، برای توسعة محله های مسکونی و تجاری استفاده شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: بافت، توسعة درونزا، رشد هوشمند، شهر برازجان، منطقهبندی فرممحور
  • شهرزاد مقدم *، زهره فنی صفحات 395-408
    نابرابری های خدماتی و اجتماعی ناشی از وضعیت نامناسب شهرنشینی، ضرورت برنامه ریزی را برای تامین نیازهای گروه های سنی مختلف، به خصوص کودکان ایجاب می کند. در این بین، احداث محیط شهری سازگار با روحیات کودکان، سهم عمده ای در بلوغ اجتماعی و تکامل شخصیتی آنان خواهد داشت. این امر ضمن تاثیر بر مراحل رشد کودکان، زمینه ساز طراحی متناسب شهرها براساس نیازهای فیزیکی و روان شناختی آن هاست. هدف این پژوهش شناسایی فضاهای دوستدار کودک براساس الگوهای رفت وآمد شهری و تاثیر آن در ایجاد بستر مناسب برای فعالیت کودکان در شهر زنجان است. روش پژوهش از نظر نوع، کاربردی و از نظر ماهیت، توصیفی- تحلیلی به شمار می آید و با استفاده از ابزار گردآوری داده مشتمل بر مطالعات کتابخانه ای و روش اسنادی- پیمایشی انجام شده است. به منظور تحلیل داده ها از نرم افزار متلب [1] و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی استفاده شده است. نتایج کلی این نوشتار نشان می دهد بین مؤلفه های جذب سفر، سفر تحصیلی، سفر با دوچرخه، اختلاط کاربری اراضی، تصادفات محله ای و آلودگی صوتی در محل، رابطة معکوسی وجود دارد؛ یعنی با افزایش ضرایب مؤلفه های نامبرده، جمعیت گروه سنی یک تا چهارده سال کاهش می یابد. درادامه بیان می شود که محله های دوستدار کودک در شهر زنجان براساس مرزهای محله ای خاصی نیست و پهنه های کودک محور در بخش های بیرونی و میانی استقرار یافته است. بیش از 13 درصد مساحت شهر در پهنة مطلوب استقرار دارد. در مقابل مساحتی بین 19 تا 22 درصد در پهنة نامطلوب قرار گرفته و درصد عظیمی از پهنة مذکور در بخش مرکزی شهر و تا حدودی در بخش میانی استقرار یافته است.
    کلیدواژگان: زنجان، سفرهای درون شهری، شهر دوستدار کودک، محله محوری
  • شیرکو احمدی *، احمد پوراحمد صفحات 409-430
    یکی از موضوعاتی که به منظور شناخت یک شهر و نحوة شکل گیری آن باید مطالعه شود، بافت قدیم آن شهر است. بافت فرسوده به مفهوم فرسودگی فضایی و کالبدی، محصول تاثیر و تاثر متقابل فرایندهای اجتماعی و فضای جغرافیایی است. پدیدة فرسودگی در بافت های شهری بر کالبد بافت و فعالیت های اجتماعی و اقتصادی آن اثرگذار است. بدین سبب موضوع بافت های فرسودة شهری، همواره یکی از مسائل و چالش های شهرهای امروزی است که اندیشمندان حوزه های مختلف و مدیران شهری را به حیطة تلاش برای آن کشانده است. جامعة آماری این پژوهش شهر سردشت، و هستة مرکزی به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شده است. این پژوهش با رویکرد توصیفی-تحلیلی و با هدف کاربردی و جمع آوری اطلاعات براساس مطالعات کتابخانه ای و پیمایشی صورت گرفته و در غالب موارد حاصل مشاهدات مستقیم نگارنده در محل مورد مطالعه بوده است. برای تجزیه وتحلیل یافته ها نیز از نرم افزارهای SPSS ver. 19. 0 و Arc GIS ver. 10. 1 استفاده شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد مسئلة ناپایداری، تقسیم نشدن ارث، ریزدانگی و نفوذناپذیری بخش مرکزی، از مهم ترین عوامل شدت فرسودگی منطقة مورد مطالعه هستند. همچنین بین شاخص های فرسودگی هستة مرکزی شهر سردشت با شدت فرسودگی بافت شهر، ارتباط مثبت و معناداری وجود دارد. براساس محاسبات محله ها، بافت قدیمی از نظر پایداری در سطح بالایی قرار ندارد و از این میان، بافت قدیمی محله های آشان و سرچاوه ناپایدارترین بافت شهر سردشت به شمار می آید.
    کلیدواژگان: بافت فرسوده، سردشت، کاربری اراضی، کالبدی- فضایی، GIS
  • محمد سلمانی، مهدی حاجیلو *، امیر تلخاب صفحات 431-447
    کمک به توسعة روستاها و خروج از مشکلات جاری در زمینه های اقتصادی، اجتماعی-فرهنگی و زیست محیطی، نیازمند گرایش به عرصه های نوین و کارآمد است. یکی از این عرصه ها کارآفرینی است که شناخت نگرش روستاییان و درک آنان از ویژگی های شخصیتی برای ورود به این عرصه بسیار ضروری است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف سنجش مؤلفه های شخصیت در گرایش روستاییان به کارآفرینی، در بخش مرکزی شهرستان خدابنده بررسی شده است. این پژوهش توصیفی-تحلیلی است و گردآوری اطلاعات به صورت میدانی به وسیلۀ پرسشنامه صورت گرفته است. جامعة آماری پژوهش شامل روستاییان دهستان حومه و بخش مرکزی شهرستان، و نمونة مورد بررسی شامل روستاهای زواجر، شیخ الو، بیجقین و توپ قره با مجموع 1039 خانوار است. در این پژوهش، 348 نفر از روستاهای مذکور به عنوان نمونة مورد مطالعه، براساس فرمول کوکران تعیین شدند و شاخص های مؤلفۀ شخصیت شامل موارد زمینه ای، توانایی های درونی، امیال فردی، برداشت های فردی و توانایی های ارتباطی افراد بررسی شد. برای آزمون فرضیات، از روش های آماری T و آزمون F در نرم افزار Spss استفاده شد. نتایج نشان می دهد روستاییان از میان مؤلفه های شخصیت، به شاخص امیال و برداشت فردی برای ورود به کارآفرینی گرایش دارند. همچنین مطابق نتایج، تحصیلات، کسب سود، اراده و پشتکار، و آشنایی با منابع اطلاعاتی، مهم ترین نماگرها در هر شاخص به شمار می آیند.
    کلیدواژگان: شهرستان خدابنده، کارآفرینی، مؤلفه های شخصیت، مردم محلی
  • حسین سلطان زاده *، محمدرضا خطیبی، شیما فعلی، علیرضا سلطان زاده صفحات 449-466
    پیش از اسلام، مراکز آموزشی در مجاور کاخ ها، مراکز حکومتی یا آتشکده ها و نقاطی دور از مراکز تجاری قرار داشت، اما در دوران اسلامی، امکان تحصیلات عالی کمابیش برای همة گروه های مردم فراهم شد و مراکز آموزشی در سطح شهر یا در کنار بازار شکل گرفت. هدف از این پژوهش رسیدن به مدلی دربارة معیارهای جانمایی و مکان یابی مدارس در دورة اسلامی است که با بررسی محل استقرار مدارس علمیه در شهرهای قزوین و اصفهان صورت گرفته است. پرسش پژوهش این است که به طور معمول مدرسه های علمیه در چه نقاط و محورهایی ساخته می شدند؟ در این پژوهش از روش تاریخی و توصیفی-تحلیلی استفاده شده است. مبانی نظری پژوهش بر این دیدگاه استوار است که از یک سو به سبب ارتباط کارکردی و آیینی مدارس با مساجد، به ویژه مسجد جامع و از سوی دیگر به دلیل رعایت محرمیت محله های مسکونی و دوری فضاهای عمومی و مردانه از آن ها، بیشتر مدرسه های علمیه در کنار بازار و گذرهای عمومی شکل می گرفتند. نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد بیشتر مدارس در شهرهای بزرگ، در امتداد راستة بازار شکل می گرفتند و این امر در اصفهان مشهود است، اما از آنجا که عده ای در زمین یا محل مورد نظر مدرسه ای می ساختند، شماری از این مدارس در محله های مسکونی ساخته می شد. مدارس دورة قاجار در قزوین نیز بیشتر در داخل محله های مسکونی شکل گرفته است.
    کلیدواژگان: مدارس علمیه، مدارس اصفهان، مدارس قزوین، محل استقرار مدرسههای علمیه
  • بختیار عزت پناه *، محمد باقر قالیباف، عزت الله عزتی صفحات 467-489
    امروزه در نظام برنامه ریزی شهری، کاربری های اراضی و خدمات عمومی به سمت الگوی تمرکز و تجمع در مناطق خاصی از شهرها گرایش دارند تا به وسیلة آن ها از تداخل و تزاحم کاربری ها جلوگیری شود و شهروندان هر منطقه با سهولت به این خدمات دسترسی داشته باشند. در شهر سنندج تمرکز به نسبت زیاد زیرساخت های اداری، سیاسی، اقتصادی، خدماتی و نواحی پیرامونی آن، سبب تمرکز جمعیت و بروز آثار سوء فضایی از قبیل رشد فیزیکی ناموزون و بی قوارة شهر و تشدید پدیدة اسکان غیررسمی در برخی نقاط شهر شده و توزیع فضایی کاربری های زمین شهری را در سطح شهر نامتعادل کرده است. در چنین شرایطی، طرح های توسعة شهری نظام کاربری های اراضی را ساماندهی کرده و شهر را به سمت تخصصی کردن فعالیت ها و تمرکز برخی از عملکردها در مناطق خاصی از شهر سوق داده اند. همچنین در این شرایط منطقه بندی کاربری و عملکردی شهری از حالت رویکرد سنتی فیزیکی و قطعیت گرایی خارج شده است. هدف از این مقاله بررسی و ارزیابی روند قطبی شدن کاربری های اراضی شهر در راستای تخصصی شدن و توسعة فضایی اصولی و مناسب فعالیت های شهری متناسب با ساخت های اجتماعی-فضایی مختلف در نواحی و مناطق مختلف شهری براساس پیشنهادهای طرح های توسعة شهری است. در این پژوهش با استفاده از روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و به کمک روش های آماری آنتروپی شانون و مدل کاربردی ضریب مکانی LQ، روند تحولات فضایی نظام کاربری های اراضی در شهر سنندج بررسی شده و برای ترسیم نقشه های مورد نیاز از نرم افزارهای GISاستفاده شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد برخی از فعالیت ها و کاربری های اراضی شهری، به سوی قطبی شدن یا تخصص گرایی در مناطق و نواحی خاصی از شهر گرایش دارد و ساختار مورفولوژی اجتماعی شهر به الگوهای چندهسته ای و قطاعی شبیه است.
    کلیدواژگان: آنتروپی شانون، توسعة فضایی، شهر سنندج، ضریب LQ، قطبی شدن
  • بهادر زارعی *، فرزاد پیلتن صفحات 491-511
    در این پژوهش عوامل متعدد موجود و مستقر در جامعه و جغرافیای سیاسی درون و پیرامون ایران بررسی و تحلیل می شود که در چهار دهة اخیر، نقش مؤثری در شکل گیری واقع گرایی ایرانی داشته است. در این میان، عواملی نظیر ریشه های تاریخی ناامنی و موقعیت جغرافیای سیاسی و منطقه ای ایران، جغرافیای جنگ ایران و عراق، تداوم خصومت آمریکا با ایران و مسئلة اسرائیل، در ساخت و عقلانی سازی و درنهایت واقع گرایی ایرانی نقش آفرین بوده است. باید توجه داشت که گسترش فعالیت های نظامی، براساس نیازهای درونی و بیرونی و کمبود تاریخی امنیت شکل گرفت که ممکن است این واقع گرایی را تکامل بخشد و درجهت ساخت نظام امنیتی پایدار و برون رفت از چالش های پیش رو در این قرن بسیار اثربخش باشد. واقع گرایی ایرانی در سیر تکوینی اش از ابتدا تاکنون، از واقعیت های عینی داخلی، جغرافیای سیاسی و چالش های ژئوپلیتیکی منطقه ای و بین المللی تاثیر پذیرفته است. همچنین درجهت تعقیب منافع ملی گام برداشته، در عرصة بین المللی با چنین رویکردی تداوم یافتهوتا حدود زیادی موفق عمل کرده است.
    کلیدواژگان: اسلام، جغرافیای جنگ ایران و عراق، دولت های واقع گرای ایرانی، محیط های پیرامونی ایران، واقع گرایی، واقع گرایی ایرانی
|
  • Abolfazl Meshkini, Kazem Borhani, Reza Shabanzadeh namini * Pages 249-262
    Introduction
    The process of urbanization is a global phenomenon around the world, wherever that person is resident, is taking place. The world's urban population increased 15-fold from 200 million in 1900 to about 2.9 billion in 2000 and increase to about 5 billion by 2030 experience is estimated.In developing countries, urbanization with natural population growth, rural-urban migration, rural and urban lifestyle convergence of political and economic processes associated with globalization. While urbanization is a major challenge in the development of sustainable social, economic and environmental, there has been appeals to the study of urban systems in the past few years. Urbanization upgrade rapid socio-economic development, But at the same time leads to many problems Such as strong population density, heavy traffic, lack of housing, lack of resources, loss of biodiversity, the islands of heat, noise and water pollution and air. Today urban sustainable development with different aspects has been a major challenge. However, from the perspective of the concept of sustainability more generally to reduce the consumption of resources and prevent pollution and ecological aspects are emphasized, but other aspects of sustainability, such as quality of life and well-being of human life today is perhaps more important. Urbanization growth rate of significant changes in land use method. This growth will not only damage the development of the area around, but also its outside the city from symmetrical shape. To be sustainable urban land use must meet current needs and future citizens together. The city managers, to the demands of today's citizens, land use change, without compromising the needs of future generations, take note. Most cities in developing countries lack the resources to effectively manage their land, while some governments have tried to balance socio-economic development and environmental issues, but the evidence shows that such efforts have not been effective. Sustainable development and land use planning concepts are valuable, but the real challenge comes when we want to put them in practice. Ideally have a comprehensive framework to guide decisions daily, personal, business or political decisions are incorporated in one place, but these targets given the complexity, ambiguity and thinking at the same time based on different scales display and are difficult to implement. So considering the information presented, providing a sustainable development model that accurately show the effects of changes in land use in urban sustainability required to appear. The purpose of this article using DCA (analysis and decision) in urban land use planning, using four indicators, land use change (LUC), LUM and HHI indices mixed land use and land use diversity index LUF is. Here benefiting from abilities geographic information system (GIS) explains to spatial analysis specified criteria within the study area 1 in 14 municipal districts of Tehran.
    Methodology
    This study combines descriptive and analytical methods and comparative tried to influence urban land use changes in sustainable urban development will be analyzed. With the aim of using this model, after explaining the circumstances and causes of the problem statement and objective performance indicators in this study has been determined. Three indicators of performance changes in land use, land-use mix and diversity of land use performance indicators considered in this study. Finally, the status quo is presented in placement decisions. In this study, analysis of land use maps of the area under study in order to investigate changes in land use in the study area, a data comparison and land use maps in 1375 and 1385. The percentage change any of the user's specified range . For the purpose of this study is to assess the impact of land use changes in urban sustainability, the incorporation of land use in the area using LUM and HHI index has been measured. Because each of these criteria in a way users can measure mixing is not necessarily the two criteria used. Incorporation index of land use degree to which land use activities have been separated from each other is measured. DCA model indicators measured in the neighborhood District 1 District 14 of Tehran. The purpose of this model is the expression of speech and objective conditions and performance indicators have been determined in this study. Performance indices: changes in land use, land-use mix and diversity of land use performance indicators considered in this study. Finally, the decisions of the status quo alternative has been proposed. Finally, based on the DEA model using the results of changes in land use and land use mix index and benchmark multiplicity of alternative land uses or plans to replace the status quo to achieve the ideal situation is presented.
    Results and discussion
    The results after three indices measure change, mixing and diversity of land use has shown that the northern areas of the study of land use change on the stability and mixing and many more users than the other areas have been stable area.
    Conclusion
    Many urban elements are effective in urban sustainability, according to the concept of urban sustainability Pasion 5 Indexs may be considered, including natural stability, economic stability, political stability, social stability, and stability is physical. What has been considered in this study, the concept of urban sustainability is the next body. In addition, it can be concluded that the use of DCA model aimed at sustainable land use planning due to its ability to model was proper In the analysis of macro issues and problems combined with different sizes. In this context, urban design assist with must consider the land use sustainability criteria to the ideals expressed in the neighborhood at the community level to achieve aspirations of the central neighborhoods of urban sustainability objectives. In general, it can be concluded that the user changes their neighborhoods to urban sustainability and the incorporation of user and multiple user types and more, in terms of urban sustainability are more suitable conditions.
    Keywords: Urban Sustainability, sustainable land use, DCA model, neighborhoods zone 1, District 14 of Tehran
  • Reza Sepahvand *, Mohammad Jafari, Leyla Sepahvand, Amin Ahmadi Pages 263-276
    Bisheh station, located in Lorestan Province, is a village that has a lot of ecotourism development capabilities. Despite of having a lot of naturally environmental potentials in this village, there are no fundamental planning for tourism. The purpose of this article is to achieve ecotourism development strategies in this village through applying strategic planning process by giving questionnaire to people, tourists and officials. This study was a survey done by random sampling method. The finding of this process is indicated through quantity strategic planning matrix table and final findings show that, among the weakness-opportunity strategies, from the view point of the three groups, the best strategy is to arrange the special rules of best using of attractions, prevent these attractions from destroying, polluting and disappearing in order not only to attract more tourists but also prevent attractive and natural environment from destroying. Among strength-opportunity strategies, from the point of view of the three groups, the best strategy is to create tourism fairs in order to show different kind of cultural geography such as different kind of crafts, art, local clothes, foods, music, customs and local celebrations.
    Introduction
    Achieving sustainable development depends on the attention to the economic, social, cultural and environmental factors in a community. Tourism as an effective element in development needs further research. The complexity and density in urban life turn many people’s attention to the nature and in the meantime, areas with valuable natural capacity are paid more attention. Thus, the flows of tourism are formed in order to use the peace and beauty of nature. Tourism has different forms which are different in regard to environmental conditions. It is believed that tourism is a green activity and therefore; it does not damage the environment. Towns in terms of natural and historical circumstances, highland areas with beautiful perspective, lush gardens, environmental characteristics, altitude, beautiful topography and landscapes and landmarks in villages provide a good ground for the development of rural ecotourism with planning, proper management, and suitable investment. Rural Ecotourism is one of the most important approaches of tourism which is in line with the optimal productivity of natural resources and rural ecosystem. Protection and retention of environment and natural resources are essential. Although the Bisheh station village has many potentials for attracting tourists in terms of natural environment (for example: Cezar river), but there is no planning for tourism in this village. Bisheh village and Biesheh waterfall can be used for water sports and fishing, but this work has not been done yet. Attractive places should have been paved for tourists, but they are still bumpy. Understanding, planning and attention to ecotourism potentials of Bisheh can attract tourists and promote the rural economy through creating jobs and income and help income distribution in this village as well. Promotion of village ecotourism level is one of the benefits of this study which is effective in sustainable development and elimination of village deprivation. This study not only gives strategies and helpful tips for planning the village ecotourism but also it can enrich the literature of ecotourism, promotion of education, introduction of culture and ecotourism attractive places of this village.
    Method
    In this study, attractions, facilities and services of rural tourism in Bisheh were identified according to the sources, document’s information, and field of studies. In addition, a list of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of village ecotourism were identified through investigation of the internal and external environment. Then these factors were weighted through opinions of people, tourists and officials using questionnaires and targeted interviews and finally through setting the internal and external strategic factors which are bases in adjusting strategy, swot matrix was extraced and situation of ecotourism of the village was identified in interal and external matrix. And after matrix formation, the quantitative strategic planning was prioritized. At last the final strategies for ecotourism development in the village were identified. It is worthy of note that the sample in this study which contained three groups: 127 people in the village, 140 tourists and 44 officials were chosen randomly by Cochran. Discussion and Conclusion: In analyzing the internal environment, natural attractions and particular ecosystems ( Bisheh waterfall, oak and poplar forests, Cesar river, beautiful valleys, and plants and animals’ species) are known as a major strength with the mean of 4.45 from the officials’ viewpoint, 4.3 from of the people’s viewpoint, and 4.5 from tourists’ perspective. The harmony of these three perspectives for identification of the most important strengths of village indicates that these strengthns are such clear that all three groups identify it at first. From the perspective of people and officials, pollution of natural resources caused by garbages and lack of proper sewage disposal system with the means of 4.18 and 4.25 respectively. Also from tourists viewpoint, inappropriate and dangerous rout of Khorramabad to Bisheh with 3.96 mean were identified as the most important weaknesses of village ecotourism. In analyzing the external environment, providing more and better services to tourists compared with recreational areas for example Gerrit village with the mean of 4.39 (from the officials view point), strengthening the rail traffic and designing of wagons for tourists with the mean of 3.81 (from the people perspective), and easy and safe access to rural areas through Khorramabad road (from tourists viewpoint) are the most important external opportunity which were identified. Increasing facilities and services in competitor’s recreation areas such as Gerrit village (from the officials perspective), increasing the tendency of tourists to travel to these regions instead of traveling to the Bisheh village with the mean of 3.95, and pollution of Cezar river and Bisheh waterfall, loss of plants and the extinction of fish because of hunting (from the perspective of people and tourists) with the mean of 4.11 and 3.8 respectively are the most important external threats.
    Keywords: strategic planning, rural ecotourism, rural development, SWOT analysis, bisheh station village
  • Elham Shahi, Lobat Zebardast, Esmail Salehi *, Reza Salehi Pages 277-295
    Introduction
    Nowadays, the importance of urban environments as the main settlements for people is growing increasingly. High population density in urban areas has led to environmental degradation, therefore special attention must be paid to habitat quality in these areas. Today, Tehran is the largest and densest human settlement on Iran plateau, which has been established in one of the best natural and climatic conditions of Iran plateau. It seems that over two hundred years, environmental, natural and geographical conditions as well as ecosystems around the city have been changed in such a way that that not only it cannot be considered the city as an integral part of its surrounding ecosystems, but also even providing human biological needs and social demands has been faced to many problems. DPSIR approach, which starts with a chain of causal linkages of "driving forces" (cause) through "pressure" (i.e. pollutants) on logical "status" (physical, chemical, and biological) and "effects", eventually leads to "responses" (strategies) in ecosystems (structure and function).DPSIR was developed from model PSR model via Europe Environment Agency (EEA).This model was the most comprehensive model used in the preparation of environmental status reports (SoE). This model can be used via an applied approach as a tool to develop action and management plans. This study aimed to identify the cause and effect chains, analyze the environment of human habitats in Tehran city using driving force, effect, status, pressure and response model.
    Methodology
    This was performed as an analytical descriptive study based on DPSIR model using library studies and statistical analysis in 2013. The framework (DPSIR) used in this study which was among from causal-effect models, was the driving force of most of human factors which led to an environmental problem or issue. These factors were normally associated with socio-economic development, requiring the use of environmental resources. Excessive use of resources has led to laying pressure on the environment, consequently changing the situation of environmental parameters. These changes led to adverse effects on human and ecosystem well-being, and there is a need to offer appropriate responses by from the community to resolve these changes. This study was a part of the second environmental situation report on Tehran city, in which the various components of the human habitat component in Tehran city were analyzed using the DPSIR model. Using this conceptual framework, appropriate responses in terms of model components were presented. Then, using this framework, appropriate responses in terms of model components were presented. To achieve a quantitative approach for the analysis of causal-effect factors affecting the human habitat characteristics of Tehran, quantitative indicators were determined for each of the model components (DPSIR).To determine these parameters, literature review was applied and all indicators in the other metropolises habitats as well as similar documents were evaluated, then appropriate indicators were selected for each model component.
    Results and discussion
    The results of investigating the habitat components in Tehran city in form of driving force, effect, status, pressure and response (DPSIR model) showed that the most important development feature of Tehran city in recent times can be described as "rapid urbanization", as the development of the city over the last half century has not followed any discipline and in this viewpoint the city is regarded as an exception among the metropolises of the world. Accordingly, this can be considered as the root and driving forces of almost all environmental issues of the city. Under the direct influence of the driving force of rapid urbanization, pressure on ecological resources and natural resources of Tehran city and its surroundings is high due to the high volume of urban travels and increasing waste and runoff production and so on. But the main driving force of rapid urbanization is reflected in housing and construction, major land uses, situation of worn-out areas, transportation condition, green space, urban centers for leisure and public health. So for all variables assessed in this regard, despite having relatively positive trends, the situation is not very appropriate compared to the ideal standard. Also the most important effects of desirable and undesirable conditions of the major components of a habitat were reflected in two form of pollutions and public health. The main effect of pollutions in Tehran city is air pollution, followed by water pollution, vision and perspective pollution, and noise pollution. In public health, mortality and general health indicators reflect the impact of adverse environmental conditions of city on citizens. The response is adopted measures to reform the system, usually acts in the form of rules and control measures. Adopted responses were made in form of three parts including adopted policies and strategies, activities and studies then required policies and strategies were presented for reform.
    Conclusion
    Population establishment and working centers establishment as well as activities associated with frame work indiscipline(in the absence of effective regulations)were among the most effective indicators as the driving force of habitat in Tehran city. Among the most important responses in the form of adopted policies and strategies are: the preparation and publication of the first report on environmental situation in Tehran, approval and delivering the structural strategic comprehensive plan of Tehran city in 2008, approval of the detailed plan for Tehran city in 2009 and commitment to preparing practical plan of Tehran Municipality, preparing the report on environment status of Tehran, preparing the atlas of Tehran, study plan of organizing gardens and green spaces in Tehran, implementing several measures in response to increasing urban journeys to promote public transportation. Despite the measures taken as responses, investigation and analysis carried out in the form of human habitat DPSIR model in Tehran suggests that the responses are lack of efficiency and effectiveness because of not focusing on the driving forces. Therefore, environmental managers and planners in Tehran city need to focus on driving forces by revising their policies and plans in order to mitigate environmental issues.
    Keywords: human habitat, DPSIR Model, human settlement, status of environment, SoE
  • Maryam Khastou *, Marzieh Yahaghi Pages 297-315
    Introduction
    Welfare is the provision of a minimal level of well-being and social protection without current means to support basic needs, sometimes referred to as public aid. In most developed countries, is provided by the government from tax income, and to a lesser extent by charities, informal social groups, religious groups and inter-governmental organizations. Welfare and social plans supported by social justice can reduce poverty and social inequality in societies of towns and cities and. It is effective to resort to smaller-scale plans that aim to bring about justice in the cities in order to achieve social welfare supported by just affairs. Welfare can take a variety of forms, such as monetary payments, subsidies and vouchers, or housing assistance. Welfare systems differ from country to country, but are commonly provided to individuals who are unemployed, those with illness or disability, the elderly, those with dependent children, and veterans. A person's eligibility for welfare may also be constrained by means testing or other conditions.
    According to the egalitarian, justice can exist within the parameters of equality. This basic view can be elaborated in many ways, according to what goods are to be distributed—wealth, respect, opportunity—and who or what they are to be distributed equally among—individuals, families, nations, species. Egalitarian theories are typically less concerned with discussing who exactly will do the distributing or what effects their recommended policies will have on the production of the goods, services, or resources they wish to distribute. In this paper, the term “Welfare” is mainly investigated in relation with the concept of “Justice”.
    Methodology
    This is an applied descriptive and static cross-sectional survey study due to the fact that it is focused on development of practical knowledge in a particular field. Temporally, this research is a Cross sectional one because it deals with the current status of the urban areas. At first, the Conceptual model of the research has been prepared. In this model, Welfare has been divided to four dimensions: Economic, Social, Sanitation and Physical.
    The data is collected through field study and library survey methods. The level of social welfare is assessed using the T-Test and the indicators are prioritized using the Friedman Test in SPSS software.
    Results and Discussion
    The social welfare indicators in the current study are divided into several dimensions: economic, social, sanitary, and physical aspects due to their extensity and the opinions of experts. The questionnaire results together with status quo indicated that in the economic aspect, the indicators such as unemployment, job satisfaction, per capita income, purchasing power, and housing value were affected by the employment index. In the social aspect of the areas, the largest share was allocated to the emigration of non-Iranian nationals and individuals with low income and cultural level. The factor of weakness was effective in reducing family stability as well as increasing the sense of class differences in most of the economic indicators. In the sanitary aspect, the accesses to health care centers as well as the personal, social, and environmental health are not very satisfactory which mostly affected the young and economically active individuals. In the physical aspect, the quality of housing in the areas indicated the maximum percentage of building restoration, and in the educational centers, the education and buildings were desirable in terms of quality; however, the job skills and the type of provided trainings were not very compatible. The leisure centers of the areas indicated a lack of equal access to sports facilities and green spaces. Furthermore, despite the focus on service and commercial uses, there was not a growing trend in the diversity of users according to the residents.
    Conclusion
    People’s demands and needs are the main determinants of social welfare indicators; these indicators are introduced or dealt with according to the situations given the fact that there is not a fixed definition of them in terms of quantity. The current study aimed to assess and investigate the effect of these indicators in urban areas with an emphasis on the social justice approach in order to identify and benefit from the most important ones. In this study, the social welfare indicators establishing the social justice were determined in four aspects (economic, social, sanitary, and physical). The study hypotheses were tested after collecting the data from the status quo and questionnaires using the statistical Student’s T-Test and Friedman Test in SPSS software. In the first hypothesis, the unfair distribution of social welfare indicators in the areas of district one of Qazvin was accepted using the Single-Sample T-Test. It indicated the unwillingness of the respondents to the fair distribution of these indicators. In the second hypothesis, the Friedman Test indicated that employment is a determining factor in creating social justice for the welfare of the residents. The third hypothesis was rejected based on the favorable distribution of social welfare in the area of Imamzadeh Ali compared to Imamzadeh Hussein using two Independent Sample T-Test. Finally, according to the hypotheses test results and findings, the weaknesses of each index were separately shown. These could be used for taking necessary measures such as injecting or strengthening the indicators in order to reach a fair and suitable level of urban life on a micro level. In general, the unfair distribution of welfare in urban areas could be generalized due to the various perceptions of individuals regarding the favorable level of access to social welfare. Moreover, the economic aspect indicators, especially employment, significantly affected the indicators of other aspects which could be identified as the establishing indicators of social justice in the urban areas.
    Keywords: Welfare, Employment, Justice, Qazvin, Density
  • Mousa Kamanroudi Kojouri *, Freshteh Hosini Pages 317-337
    Introduction
    Rent is being defined as a surplus or non-productive profits resulted from inherent or intentional scarcity. Diffrence between inherent or intentional conditions and consumer and transaction values of urban lands have led to creation of "Rent", that is an extravagent profits in housing production sector. Land and housing rent are resulted from location, economical and physical factors as well as management decision makings. Building violations within city are associated with construction activities and measures pertaining to holdings without construction permissions issued by different municipalities. This study aims to investigate the occurances of building violations, land and housing rent to with respect to Sanandaj municipality between 2003- 2011 time period. This city with 35 square kilometers area and 373,987 inhabitants is located in central section in Sanandaj Province in Kordestan state in Iran. Sanandaj city is divided into 3 region, 21 area and 88 neighborhoods. Spatial-physical characteristics of these areas and neighborhoods together is quite different. In generally, Region 1 texture is older and marginalized tissue, Region 2 texture is old, central and modern and Region 3 texture is modern. Thematic studies have been done on the prevalence of informal settlements outside the country (particularly developing countries), but less attention has been building violations of reasons and factors, particularly the impact and relationship management, rent of land and housing and building violations. Limited research has been conducted in this regard, often the size and mix of social causes, economic, technical and administrative violations of the building.
    Methodology. This research method is based on field work along with documentation. Data analysis is dealt with descriptive statistics including regression coefficient. This study have been investigated relationship between 24 indicators of building violations (the dependent variable), the price of land and housing (independent variable) and the municipality (moderator variable). The most important indicator of this research are: the number of construction permits, construction permits area, the number of construction permits density of surplus, excess density area construction permits, construction permits surplus area density, spatial distribution of construction permits, construction permits spatial distribution area, the spatial distribution of licenses Construction excess density, spatial distribution of the excess density area of construction permits, construction permits spatial distribution of the excess density area, the number of cases registered in the commission of offenses construction cent, the number of votes violations construction, the number of votes carried by construction violations, violations of building area demolition vote, spatial distribution number of votes by the type of vote, the spatial distribution of votes the demolition area, the spatial distribution of the number of votes conducted by the type of vote, the vote fraud offenses Building, Construction offenses implemented opinions crime rate, crime rate spatial distribution of votes, the votes of the spatial distribution of crime rates implemented, the municipal income from the sale of surplus accumulation, income, crime municipal vote violations of the location, building and construction violations crime rates applied vote.
    Results and discussion
    This study suggests that out of 8072 issued building licences in the study period (1973-2011) in Sanandaj, 2886 (35.75%) is associated with 6291 building violations which covers 204294 squer meters. This shows that the bulk of the city's buildings were constructed without following building codes. The total number of building violations took place in Sanandaj in this period, 99/19 % in sector 2, 57/33 % in sector 1 and 43/46 % in sector 3 happened. The total area of the building violations carried out, approximately 204,294 square meters (20 hectares) of which 58 361 m² (56/28 %) of region 1 , 35 052 m² (15/17 %) of region 2 and 110 881 square meters (27/54 %) of the region 3 is concerned. Space areas studied the average price of land and housing in Sanandaj is probably also the fact that the average price of a square meter of land and housing in the section of 3, triple section 1 and section 2 is equal to 5/2. This difference is sent in land and housing prices in the three region of Sanandaj, causing the correlation between the demand for construction and violations of the municipality building profitable and purchased additional density. So that construction activities in the area, has a space fit with the price of land and housing.
    Conclusion
    It further indicates that land rent and housing value, trend in the issuance of housing permits and saling pertaining to creation of extra footages and stories and subsequent earning income by municipality have a determinant role upon this building violations in the study area. The majority of issued permits and licences (98.22%), saling of extra footages and stories occured in region 3 in Sanandaj which is associated with land rent and higher land values. This in turn, resulted in more earned income for municipality. The spatial distribution of the number and area of building violations at an average price of land and housing is in full compliance. In other words, the number of building violations in the area where the price of land and housing is higher. Also, due to the shortage of land supply constraints, mountainous terrain and there are plenty of obstacles to physical development, housing solo, single pattern has shifted to the mass construction and vertical housing production.
    By calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient, infractions of construction in three regions of Sanandaj in 1382 to 1390, with most indicators of price of land and housing and municipal performance, full correlation and significant relationship. In the meantime, measures the total number of issued building permit and license number of infringers, the total number of licenses issued and the number of licenses infringers containing excess density, and total number of issued licenses containing excess density and total area of building violations are moderate correlation.
    Keywords: land, housing rent, land, housing value, building violations, municipal performance, Sanandaj
  • Zeinab Fazlali *, Mahdi Pourtaheri, Abdolreza Roknedin Eftekhari Pages 339-354
    Introduction
    Rural housing is a social, cultural, economic, and skeletal phenomenon that have developed for providing required conditions for living. Main function of housing, in addition to being a shelter, is providing good conditions for family to fulfill their activities. In recent years, rural housing as a physical and cultural element has vastly changed. This cultural element, in addition to its resident role, is considered as a part of working and production space as well as storing space for life requirements. In recent decades rural housing has sustained considerable changes, so as main role of housing that related to family’s living and economic activities has diminished and it can’t fulfill the needs of a rural society. Given to our purpose we used descriptive-analytic as the research method. The quantitative (statistic) methods were used for analyzing field data
    One of the most important concerns for many people is the sustainable development alongside of human development. In such strategy optimal use of resources without destruction has a significant importance. One of the components of the human development is providing suitable housing appropriate for human dignity without destructing natural resources. Planning for housing development added to providing appropriate house, must heed the principle ecological components. So in order to achieve such program, we have to well understand dimensions and level of affecting factors on housing and its applicant and level of their demands. Because of current situation in each society, housing needs are different and vary greatly based on persona characteristics, social status, ideological conditions, and secio-economic status. Therefore housing status varies regarded to physical situation of each environment, technical and economic facilities. These changes must be identified and attended.
    Methodology
    Research method regarded to our purpose was analytic-descriptive, and quantitative (statistic) methods were used for analyzing field data. Gathering information was conducted by use of questionnaires. Question were asked in two ways, some of them were asked in form of three-spectral likert scale (appropriate, relatively appropriate, inappropriate) and the others were asked with “Yes” or “No” answers. For analyzing with descriptive statistic methods, like centrality indices such as frequency and percent by help of SPSS software, were used. Statistical society is the rural population in Mazandaran Province. 31 villages (coastal: 7, foothill: 12, mountainous: 12) were selected. Total population of the selected village was 4377. The sample size is determined 465 by Cochran formula.
    Results and discussion
    Based on results the observed changes in the studied rural houses have two aspects:Firstly, the changes in economic function of the house which include a space for livestock, forage, a place of baking bread, storing fossil fuels (oil and est.) and parking. In the past rural houses were completely appropriate to family economic and in designing house required spaces for each economic activity were considered. Given that in the past, the economic activities of most villages in Mazandaran were depended on farming and animal husbandry, the required spaces for storing crops and maintenance of agricultural tools as well as sustenance of livestock like barn and stable were embedded. But today with diminishing agriculture and mechanizing agricultural processes, farmers need less dedicated spaces especial for farming. In on the other hand under influence of inappropriate decisions of policy-makers, livestock has removed from rural family economic. As a result, need to economic spaces has decreased.
    Second, is the changing social function of the house which includes a separated kitchen, an open kitchen, bedrooms, a separated reception room and porch (a partition between indoor and outdoor. In the past there was a particular space for baking in a rural house that located in outdoor. It was because of two reasons: first because of lacking oil and gas, villagers used firewood for baking so resulted smokes were kept away from inhabitants. Second reason was preventing emission of food smell. But today thanks to gas and eliminating previous limitations (air conditioning), the kitchen has transferred to indoor. Today under influence of urban culture affected by western housing pattern, the open kitchens has replaced the old kitchens which are irrelevant to Iranian culture especially Mazandaran village. In the past because of financial problems of building a house and old rural traditions, number of bedroom were limited, but today because of economic improvement of rural families and changing attitudes of parents and children based on having separated a personal space, villagers has built more bedrooms.
    Conclusion
    The quantitative (statistic) methods were used for analyzing field data. In this study, gathering information conducted by use of questionnaires. The statistic society was rural population in Mazandaran Province that was classified in three types include coastal (plains), foothills, and mountainous populations. By use of Cochran’ formula, the sample size is determined 465. Based on the results in the studied rural houses has changed caused by changing economic and social circumstances in villages that include change the dedicated space for livestock, forage, place of baking bread, storing fossil fuels (oil and est.), parking, a separated kitchen, open kitchen, separated bed rooms, a reception room and porch (a partition between indoor and outdoor). These changes are consequences of skeletal and services development and affected by urban culture in villages and finally have changed the economic and social function of rural housing.
    It can be stated that some changes are happened in the studied village resulted from changing economic and social conditions in villages which include change in dedicated space for livestock, forage, place of baking bread, storing of fossil fuels (oil and est.), separated kitchen& bedroom, open kitchen, separated reception room and porch.These changes are consequences of skeletal and service development in villages and also the influence of urban culture in villages which finally resulted in changing economic and social function of the the rural houses.
    Keywords: Rural housing, changing, Housing Pattern, economic function, Mazandaran
  • hassan esmaeilzadeh *, Rezvan Safarkhani, Hosein Mahmodi Pages 355-374
    Introduction
    Inequality between urban and rural areas and also among different settlements across the country in terms of distribution of facilities and services, currently has been turned into an obstacle for integrated and sustainable Development, not only in our country, but also in all developing countries. So that most of the services and facilities are gathered in certain places, and in some areas particularly rural areas, lack of services has been caused more migration to the counties, evacuation of villages from population, unemployment and enormous problems for rural and urban areas as well as many problems in the planning for Sustainable development for planners and policy makers in the task of development. In this regard, in order to solve the problems of regional imbalances, the first step is the identification and ranking villages in terms of enjoyment from development indicators. In order to achieve this aim and also due to the process of rural depopulation in Kermanshah province from 44 percent based on the 1365 census to 30 percent in 1392, and the necessity of attention to this depopulation in villages and their migration to counties and urban overpopulation and problems regarding this evacuation of the villages, in this research the study and analysis of rural areas in the counties of Kermanshah province is discussed using multi-criteria decision-making models of TOPSIS, KOPRAS, SAW and Numerical Taxonomy. In this regard, the questions which this study seeks to answer include:1. Is there any difference between rural areas of Kermanshah province in terms of development?
    2. Which areas are most deprived and most developed rural areas in Kermanshah province in terms of development?
    Methodology
    In the process of planning and developing rural areas, identifying and analyzing the current status in the villages and studying facilities and their limitations in different fields is essential and helps planners to assign the goals of development and to specify policies and strategies of their achievement. In this process, determining development levels and developing rural areas and studying strengths and weaknesses of every area’s conditions in the fields of education, culture, health, infrastructure and services; provides the optimal allocation background of resources and facilities for the coordinated, integrated and balanced development of villages. In this regard, this study is prepared with the purpose of determining the levels of development in rural areas of counties in Kermanshah province. The method of study was based on descriptive-analytic method and the statistical population included rural areas of 14 counties in Kermanshah province according to statistical yearbook of 1392. Analysis of data accomplished using multi-criteria decision-making models of TOPSIS, KOPRAS, SAW, and Numerical Taxonomy.
    Results and Discussion
    After calculating multi-criteria decision-making models of TOPSIS, KOPRAS, and SAW for acquiring the amount of development and final ranking, the mean values obtained from three models are computed and rural areas of Kermanshah county ranked 1 and were known as most developed and rural areas of Salas-e Babajani in rank 14, were most deprived rural areas in this study. Also, in calculations accomplished in Numerical Taxonomy method, when the spatial distance between areas of study calculated, the results indicated a lack of homogeneity in studied counties. According to calculations, upper limit spatial distance is equal to 3/54 and lower limit spatial distance is equal to 2/08, in which counties placed between 2/08 till 3/54 (Sahne, Paveh, Dalahu, Sarpol-e Zahab, Kangavar, and Sonqor) are homogeneous together in a group, counties upper than 3/54 (Kermanshah) stood in a homogeneous group, and counties lower than 2/08 (Eslamabad-e Gharb, Gilan-e Gharb, Harsin, Qasr-e Shirin, Javanrud, Ravansar, and Salas-e Babajani) also stood together in a homogeneous group.
    Conclusion
    The consequence of many of development strategies which emphasized only on the improvement of social and economic aspects and provision of facilities and services, was the appearance of inequality in the surface of different spaces and areas. In all theories of spatial development, which have been planned based on the pattern of economic growth, rural areas are considered as marginal and no significant areas in terms of creating growth process. In these patterns, based on top-down planning approach, strong focus in the planning and implementation of development projects is considered as a principle. In different countries, the beginning of rural planning goes back to 1940 and 1950 AD decades. But in Iran, according to composition of 6 construction programs before Islamic evolution and 5 development programs after revolution, we are still seeing inequality in the distribution of services and facilities in the country; which maybe the most important reasons are the dispersal of villages in the country, the focus of planning from top to down, Lack of public participation in plans and projects, lack of coordination between different organizations in providing services and less attention to local management in the areas. According to the foregoing subjects and in order to understand the way of distribution of services and facilities in order to help the planning from bottom and local management with respect to sustainable rural development, in this research it is proceeded to study rural areas of Kermanshah province in the case of its counties using decision-making models of TOPSIS, KOPRAS and SAW and Numerical Taxonomy with 54 variables and 5 educational and cultural, hygienic, institutional And infrastructural, services and communications and population indicators. results of study indicate imbalance in the distribution of services and facilities in the counties of Kermanshah province, so that 30 percent of the rural population in Kermanshah province are in the well-developed level, 36 percent of the population are in the half-developed level, and also 34 percent of the population are in the deprived level. The overall results of the analysis indicate regional inequalities in the province of Kermanshah. The overall results of the analysis indicate regional inequalities in the province of Kermanshah.
    Keywords: development, Rural, services, Justice, Kermanshah
  • mohsen shaterian *, Younes Gholami, Jahangir Heydari, Hossein Bagherzadeh Pages 375-394
    Introduction
    Horizontal expansion phenomenon in the last half century, not only in developed countries but in developing countries has occurred. This phenomenon has spread into areas of marginal and outer space arbitrarily banning city and as low-density development and detached. Today our cities, with the development and increase access to physical space and new territory, beginning from within their own quality Azdstdadh depleted and many of the surrounding areas more and more developed, and any attempt to draw urban development program to deadlock. With the abnormal increase of population, especially urban population in iran in the recent decades, the issue of the environment and the spatial sustainable development of considerable importance have been.Urban population growth. in iran with sprawl development of the city and eliminating agriculture and natural resources of surrounding towns have been demolished,While many cities have space resources and are valuable but Deteriorated. The solution for many of the problems caused by cities now is the problem of Regeneration and the Revitalization of these. Valuable spaces are considered In this regard, Smart growth approach in the United States of America as defined management model, pay special attention to the capacity of the inner city. In this The approach, Defined principles and tools for land management and in the system the country's urban planning are applied. These executive instruments guide development the land so that it would occur in the landscape the land development. On this basis, the main idea of this research, the development of the inner city, with emphasis on the development of this tissue is too old to reminde this fact that As long as the capacity of the old tissues are in cities, Steer development towards the Cities around will cause instability in the Framework of the city.
    Methodology
    Therefore, in this study, using form-based zoning model is one of the Instruments smart growth approach, Area and neighborhoods Borazjan City according to Smart growth coding system In Software GIS Through the Respective indices were zoning in Three general Regions, communities and zones. The three levels are networking with each other. In the areas that are the equivalent regions Potential development areas in six separate sections determined. There are three zones at the community level that The development model defines six areas. In the third level, each of the areas of natural and rural zones to urban core part of the spectrum is divided. Accordingly, the use of spatial analysis software, GIS, suburban areas and penetration Borazjan, According to the above levels, Under transected was placed. Finally, according to the model using form-based zoning Borazjan, to test the assumptions. The study Distressed neighborhoods located in an area of 229 hectares and a population of 21614 people Borazjan (Population and Housing Census, 1390) that it completed the relevant information needed to be collected.
    Results and discussion
    Based on the research aims to study the development of endogenous damaged, Using smart growth approach, form-based zoning model Borazjan were included. The purpose of The implementation of this model, to meet the assumptions of the study. The performance of the model form-based zoning, zoning out city in six different areas in terms of power and talent development. Each of these zones based on indicators that are, On the part of the form and structure of a certain capacity to adapt to any development, respectively. In this zoning, the study area of research, In the subset of zone (G4), the area was re-qualified talent development. Therefore, according to this model, The first hypothesis, "old textures and Central Borazjan have the potential redevelopment" Was approved. The second hypothesis of the research is based on this theme"Using form-based zoning in smart growth development model old textures Borazjan be revealed." In order to verify this hypothesis, two gross population density and parts size were analyzed in the study area. Then using spatial analysis of these two indicators in the software ARC GIS, The results on the zone (G4), combined and integrated, and finally, two pattern (TND) and (RCD) In order to Old texture of community development. zone (RCD), the potential development of commercial orders and mapping (TND), the potential development of urban areas and regional centers are to having. In the third step of the analysis, Each of the two zones assigned to the T-Zone (transected) were divided. At this stage, the identity of any part of the urban environment to urban nucleus was determined. This research Is part of the Applied Research and of The method Part of the research is analytical and documentary field. In the process of researching and defining the principles and practices investigated And to perform old studies on the structure of the population, use, physical and access have been discussed.
    Conclusion
    According to what is said in relation to determining the pattern of development in each of the zones And necessity steer development to areas inside the city and protection of agricultural land and natural resources around the city It can be said the best area In order to future development Borazjan, old textures and city center. Led development of the city, within the context of old downtown, can be reduced to the extent of sprawl around the city and pulled it off. In this regard The use of smart growth strategy and Principles in the urban development plan, can accelerate this process and order and direction of future city growth and development within the context of old and inefficient guide. If you enter the land into city limits is inevitable due to the classification of land around the city based on factors such as soil type, erosion, land slope, soil depth and texture, the irrigation, drainage, water-holding capacity and so as much as possible is agricultural land that has less talent are to be added to the city limits.
    Keywords: Rehabilitation of Tissue, endogenous development, smart growth, form-based zoning, Borazjan city
  • shahrzad moghadam *, ZOHRE FANI Pages 395-408
    Inequalities and social problems caused by poor conditions urbanization. The Necessity of planning for the needs of different age groups, especially children require and certainly the construction of the urban environment compatible the spirits of children, The major contribution In social maturity and the evolution of Personality. It also the impact on growth and development of children in the field of urban design fits Based on the physical needs are and psychology of children Assumed to be. The purpose of this research is to identify child-friendly spaces to separate urban neighborhoods of Zanjan is based on safety. The method to be applied and the nature of descriptive and analytic that the data collection tools including library studies and documents have benefited. To analyze the data and results of GIS is used. The results suggest that neighborhoods such as Baharestan, Amir Kabir, Zibashahr and Arrazy Payyn, Due to Local Street blocked (deadlock) in the end, Space For the circulation of vehicles As well as of children's games Percent lower accident And also more children from the streets as their playground. In contrast to these areas, Islamabad district with network chess the highest percentage of accidents on the Streets of the local is allocated. While the neighborhood because of the high population density and low-income littered the streets as of children play outdoor use this requires attention and revision.
    One of the areas addressed in the context of child-friendly children's safety and security in public spaces of the city. That's why in this article Zanjan neighborhoods based on physical features and lack of accidents on roads in the district have been studied. Of all accidents are investigated in Zanjan 2/92% male and 8.7% of women have been reported. The remarkable thing about young drivers under 18 years who have illegally driving (Moradi Mofrad, 2013: 106). This indicates that children are not only victims of accidents but can also be a factor in the increase in urban traffic. As can be seen in the child friendly neighborhood Baharwstan, Ziba shahr, Amir Kabir, Arazi payyan, Ghodes, Olomeh Payeh, Koyeh daneshgah. In addition to these areas of low quality in the category of accidents neighborhood impasse network structure with open space vehicles. This has led to circumvent the import traffic areas of the road neighborhoods are at the time of the traffic the height of the shortcut not. Since traffic in the neighborhoods of dormitory residents is low-speed vehicles and drivers because of the recognition of the social and physical characteristics of these areas did not occur randomly in the neighborhood. Meanwhile, the open end of a dead end street in a safe neighborhood and public space available for their childish games and leisure activities, and the development and prosperity of the social interaction and creativity. In contrast to these areas in the neighborhood of Islamabad and Etemadieh the most inappropriate places for children Etemadieh in terms of traffic and easy access to urban spaces, respectively.
    Inequalities and social problems caused by poor conditions urbanization. The Necessity of planning for the needs of different age groups, especially children require and certainly the construction of the urban environment compatible the spirits of children, The major contribution In social maturity and the evolution of Personality. It also the impact on growth and development of children in the field of urban design fits Based on the physical needs are and psychology of children Assumed to be. The purpose of this research is to identify child-friendly spaces to separate urban neighborhoods of Zanjan is based on safety. The method to be applied and the nature of descriptive and analytic that the data collection tools including library studies and documents have benefited. To analyze the data and results of GIS is used. The results suggest that neighborhoods such as Baharestan, Amir Kabir, Zibashahr and Arrazy Payyn, Due to Local Street blocked (deadlock) in the end, Space For the circulation of vehicles As well as of children's games Percent lower accident And also more children from the streets as their playground. In contrast to these areas, Islamabad district with network chess the highest percentage of accidents on the Streets of the local is allocated. While the neighborhood because of the high population density and low-income littered the streets as of children play outdoor use this requires attention and revision.According to the study, and the results obtained in respect of accidents occurring at the local level and the appropriate relaxation of traffic, and ultimately identify child-friendly neighborhoods in the city, it can be stated The lowest rate of accidents occurred in places such as employees, Karmandan, Ghodea, Arazi Payyan, Shahrakeh Amirkabir, Mojtameh, Shahrakeh valiasr, Andisheh, Shahrakeh Laleh, Baharestan, Ghaesarea, Shahrakeh Shohada That the facts surrounding the accident are always 65 counts. According to conducted analysis of these neighborhoods, as part design and construction environments where space game is based on the features and needs of the child, respect for the hierarchy in the road network design, quiet environment, and restricting the movement of horses, and finally a good environment for children. In contrast to these areas, places such as Islamabad and Etemadieh have the highest accident rate. As the largest informal settlements of Zanjan Islamabad neighborhood population density notable as one of the most important commercial centers of the city, the neighborhood is known for absorbing journey. This is the checkerboard area network, local traffic and traffic flow on the neighborhood side streets, mainly due to lack of space for children as the playground is used, the risk of accidents increases neighborhood for children. In the neighborhood of Islamabad, neighborhood Etemadieh with network scanning, a neighborhood that is unsuitable for children in this article, because Accommodation privileged children in the neighborhood and low population density, access to open spaces, Leisure in kindergarten games, travel daily to school and home by school service and lack of outdoor space for children to play and interact neighborhood of Islamabad have been better.
    Keywords: Child-friendly, city, central neighborhood, city trip, Zanjan
  • shirko ahmadi *, Ahmad Pour Ahmad Pages 409-430
    One of the topics studied in order to understand the city and its formation, the historic fabric of the city. Although these sites are in urban centers, most of their houses due to the instability of the materials used in them are to be destroyed and abandoned. Old texture, the concept of spatial and physical exhaustion, the product of affect and are affected between social processes and geographic space. The phenomenon of burnout in the tissues of the body urban context and its impact on social and economic activities. Therefore, the issue of urban distressed areas, one of the scholars of different issues and challenges of today's cities and city managers in the area led efforts to it. The study population was selected as the Sardasht city central core. This study aimed analytical approach and gather information on library studies, scrolling and in most cases directly on-site observations, the author studied and analyzed using the software SPSS ver.19.0 and Arc GIS ver.10.1 respectively.
    The results show that the problem of the lack of inheritance, microlithic and impermeable central part of the study area are the most important factor in exhaustion. Also, the core of burnout indicators Sardasht exhaustion in the context of a significant positive relationship exists. According to calculations the old neighborhoods of stability is not a high level and Ashan old neighborhoods and the city of Sardasht Srchaveh are unstable.
    Introduction
    Until the global flow of the industrial revolution, very slow and subtle changes in urban communities and consequently, the Urban also faced with significant changes. Because of man-made artifact as well as other phenomena change over time, the evolution, growth and development. The aim of this study is to examine a sample of tissue near the center, with an area of 460277.3 square meters in the center of old town of Sardasht that using the GIS, identifying indicators of burnout, extraction and output maps to decide decision making and subsequent decisions is used.In general, the aim of this study was to analyze the physical-spatial structure of urban old texture and clarifying the problems of the city and offer solutions to solve these problems and achieving an optimal pattern for each of the applications studied in the neighborhood Sardasht city and to answer the following questions.What are the most important factors in the study area is exhaustion? General state of exhaustion desired range, based on the total indexes to identify damaged, how? Also, which of these indicators were more effective in the context of the target range are worn know?
    Methodology
    The research method is descriptive - analytical. The study area is the core of Sardasht includes Ashan and Srchaveh neighborhoods are the oldest neighborhoods. Data collection method based on library studies, scrolling and in most cases directly on-site observations, the author studied and analyzed using SPSS software and Arc GIS ver.10.1 been Ver.19.0.Forms authentication with the opinion of several experts and personnel of technical office verified the Municipality of Sardasht and all forms of audits by auditors completed and collected. By providing a thorough understanding of the properties of this layer of the old structure was obtained, then compare it with the whole city, statistics and more information was analyzed. Identify the criteria used in this study include: worn parts, size of property, burnout, use and durability.
    Results and discussion
    Given the size and quality of the environment in urban areas, the findings of the audit and completion of field work, the author, at the core of Sardasht is as below: was also the block pieces 1018 (54/66 percent) have less than 200 meters high microlithic which indicates the block has been studied in Sardasht city's central core. While 512 pieces (46/33 percent) over 200 meters in place that reflects the density and abundance of small pieces with a small area. As a result, one of the most important factors a sharp deterioration in residential neighborhoods tissues is microlithic parts. The output of the study show that between 1530 pieces, 719 pieces (99/46 per cent) of non-time-worn tissue and 788 pieces (50/51 percent) have been worn tissue which represents a significant deterioration in the tissues of the central core of the city of Sardasht is. Most buildings in these tissues are outdated or does not follow technical standards, So that their standard of well-defined exterior of the building. According to the table shown below the tissue physically not in good condition because a large percentage of tissue structures, they are old materials. The results show that the width of the streets in the neighborhood of 86/55 percent of infiltration and with a width of less than 8 meters.
    Conclusion
    One of the main causes of the problems of the historic fabric in most places the needs of today's non-compliance with the old textures. Especially in terms of physical, fatigue and shortness of texture as a result of these passageways, access to services and facilities are not new. The results showed that the index of major materials and antiquity and quality buildings the most important factors affecting the intensity of Worn-out In this research is the study area and Ashan and Srchaveh neighborhoods in the study area are a high percentage of Worn-out. The results of the study indicate that (in order of efficacy percent in exhaustion), permeability index, microlithic and physical strength and inheritance are the most important factors in the study area exhaustion.
    According to calculations the old neighborhoods of stability is not a high level and the old neighborhoods of the city of Sardasht are unstable Ashan and Srchaveh the following reasons:- the central part of the city, in addition to containing ancient heritage, the economic dimension is also important, as the market is the economic heart of the city, has increased the importance of this part of town.
    - Central and spatial structure of the current traffic capacity is not large, so the pressure on the sector is growing.
    Keywords: physical - space_old texture_Land use_GIS_Sardasht city
  • Mohammad Salmani, Mahdi Hajilou *, Amir Talkhab Pages 431-447
    Introduction
    Contribute to the development of villages and the withdrawal of current issues and problems in the economic, socio-cultural, environmental needs in the area of innovative and efficient orientation. In this study, for library e-survey questionnaire was general recognition of the importance of this type of investigation which led to the situation. A questionnaire was used for data collection, the population included rural village hooma, the central city is Khodabande. Which has 21 villages out of these villages, 4 villages (Zavajer, Sheikh Aloo, Bejeghen and Toop Ghareh) with a total population of 3752 people and 1039 families as villages have been studied. It is noteworthy that in the selection of the sample villages has been taken into account, meaning that the villages in the two groups with a population of over a thousand people and a population of less than a thousand examined. For example, two villages in each group were examined. It continues through the village of 348 samples were selected on the basis of random were tested. And goes on to analyze the data obtained from the questionnaire, method of T-Test and one-way analysis of variance and post hoc test DUNCAN ONE WAY ANOVA using SPSS and correlation method were used. Therefore, in this study that the city Khoda, Central District, suburban district was, in fact, a collection of villages located in this section Certainly with the arrival of a village in the area of entrepreneurship, motivation and orientation will be other villages in this area is certainly conceivable And also considering the potential of the area in terms of access to the city center, as well as services and facilities are located in a favorable position, At first the villagers' attitude to the fact that your personality traits and how to enter the jobs involved are important.
    Methodology
    In this study, the method for the reference survey questionnaire was general recognition of the importance of this kind of research that leads to a situation. A questionnaire was used for data collection, study population consisted of villagers suburbs, the central city is Khodabande which has 21 villages, Among these villages, four villages with a total population of 3752 people and 1039 households as the number of villages have been studied, It is noteworthy that in the selection of the target population has been selected villages. This means that the two groups in the study area villages with a population of over a thousand people and a population of less than a thousand people were examined, Following the analysis of data obtained from questionnaires, the method of T-Test and one-way ANOVA test and post hoc test DUNCAN ONE WAY ANOVA using SPSS and correlation method was used. In connection with the validity, before completing the questionnaire for pre-test study area, 15 were evaluated by professors and experts.
    Results and discussion
    In connection with the descriptive findings, the results of questionnaire data showed that in relation to gender characteristics of respondents, 69.4% of male respondents and 30.6 percent of women and girls have formed. Also in connection with the characteristics of the age of respondents, the results showed that 29.1 percent of people aged 17-20 years old, 40.3 percent were in the 21-30 age range, 18.3% of patients between 31-40 years of age, 8.6% in Groups age 41-50 years, and finally 3.4 percent were aged greater than 51 years old. Also in connection with the academic features of respondents, the results showed that 13.1% of cycles have less education, 33.6% cycle to school diploma, 26.5 percent of those holding a diploma to degree, 22 percent have a Bachelor's degree and finally 4.9 percent graduate and higher education respectively. It also continues to investigate the correlation between personality characteristics to determine the relationship or lack of relationship between them, In this respect, the results showed between internal communication with one person there was a significant positive correlation That is, work experience, skills, education, role models, such as the vanguard of age on individual desires and perceptions of samples, development-oriented, profit, gain power and prestige and impact.
    Conclusion
    Entrepreneurship as a new approach to solving problems and crises resulting from various factors, including economic factors is a special place, The rural areas such as migration due to economic problems and unemployment, requires a new approach is efficient approach to the transition of these chaotic circumstances In this regard entrepreneurship as the most important remedy for contributing to the growth and development of rural areas is important.Therefore, the study results showed that a total of villages studied, personal component of the index, which was evaluated in four dimensions. The villagers tend to be more entrepreneurial activities tend to meet their individual desires and has been picked up. As well as the underlying index,which includes items such as, birth, childhood conditions, etc. Compared with other indicators are less important. The main focus should be on the effects of entrepreneurship and acquaint them as much as the next person index In fact, the talent and your ability to believe and wait for the conditions, not environmental ones. Also in conjunction with the correlations between indices, personality factors results showed that in fact there is a link and correlation between these indicators. So that if failure occurs in one of the measurements its negative impact on other indicators laid And villagers have the tendency to gain entrepreneurial activity will not succeed. In your quest for success and an indicator of a direct impact on the index set, and finally reach the exit of entrepreneurship, the success and satisfaction will be effective.
    Keywords: rural attitudes, Trend, personal characteristics, Entrepreneurship, Khodabande city
  • Hossein Soltanzadeh *, Mohammadreza Khatibi, Shima Feli, Alireza Soltanzadeh Pages 449-466
    Introduction
    The expansion of the state apparatus in the Sassanid period and the significant increase in the number of teachers did not reduce the prohibition of mass participation in higher education and science education centers, and it was rarely possible for an individual to exceed the limits and limits of the class system, and to a class other than the class Self Improvement.
    It was as if there were pre-schools in the fireplaces located in the city's neighborhoods. And these elementary schools seem to be the center of elementary education (Sultanzadeh, 1364). There is no information available on the class status of the inhabitants of these neighborhoods, and the materials and materials that were used by the children in these elementary schools.
    After Islam, education was removed from the monopoly of the privileged classes, and the possibility of studying secondary and higher education was more or less available to many. The sciences such as medicine and astronomy were still concentrated in centers like Jundishapur, but religious science was taught in the early centuries in mosques and scholars' homes.
    Gradually, along with the development of religious sciences and the prolongation of their education and the need for resettlement, the foundations for the emergence of schools were provided. The location of these schools was mostly around, mosques, markets, residential neighborhoods, and sometimes squares and main streets or streets.
    Methodology
    The method of doing this research is a historical research as well as a descriptive-analytical method. Content analysis method has been used in descriptive research method. The method of data collection has been used through library and documentary studies, and in the studied samples (Qazvin and Isfahan), the places of the establishment of the schools of theology are discussed. The functional and social role of the city as well as the attention to religious phenomena, independent variables and the way schools are established, is the dependent variable of this research. Result and Discussion: According to studies conducted by the religious and religious schools in cities near the Jami Mosque, there were some markets, inside the neighborhoods, and sometimes around the streets or squares. The point to consider is that schools are considered as one of the most important elements in the spatial structure of Islamic cities, either directly with other important functions such as the mosque or the core of the city's core market, or through the intermediary The endowments of the lords and elders of the city were formed inside the neighborhoods. By examining case studies, it was concluded that most religious and religious schools in Isfahan were formed during the Safavid period of the market and bazaar of Isfahan, while the religious schools of Qazvin during the Qajar period were mainly in the neighborhood and adjacent to the main streets of the city of Settlement they have found.
    Conclusion
    Historical data show that, as a rule, in large cities and capitals, on the one hand, worldly and cultural investments could well be done in the development of religious sciences and the socio-historical conditions were such that the education of a large number of religious schools required a great deal, then a significant number of religues schools was built, which was first deployed in or near by its proximity to the central mosque. And in the second place, partly due to the fact that the school was a public and masculine space, it was part of the marketplace. In the third place, because some of the scholars, or the lords and the Rijal of the city who wanted to build a school, would prefer to act in their own neighborhood. To some extent, they have contributed to the development of their neighborhood, a number of schools in residential neighborhoods, along with the main ways of the neighborhood and points close to the market and far from the inner passage of the neighborhood, which are examples of them In the text of the research, as well as in some cases, a number of schools were set up next to or near the city streets or streets that were the direct route.
    In this research, two cities have been considered as different from the historical-social aspect and the function-demographic in different conditions, and as a result of the location of the religues schools were different. First of all, Esfahan, which twice as a populated city, the capital and an important political administrative center in the country, and in which there were many schools in it, was the first time of the Seljuk period, in which there were religious conflicts between Islamic sects. And the second Safavid period, in which these conflicts existed between religious groups inside and outside of Iran, and in both cases, it was necessary to educate the number of students and build schools. Of course, the place of the establishment of schools in the Seljuk period is not easy due to the historic distance and urban transformation, but the location of the Safavid period schools has been investigated. But despite the fact that in the era of Shah Tahmasb and his successor for nearly half a century the city of Qazvin, the city of Qazvin has not yet developed historically, socially and demographically to a single point, and the most important center of religious phenomena and training Religiousness could play a role and, as a result, at that time, a large number of schools were not built.
    But during the Qajar period, due to the transfer of the capital to Tehran, it became a relatively minor city; on the other hand, the government and the Rijal of the Qajar period seemed to have a slightly different religious ideals than the Safavid period. As a result, a number of mosques-schools were built in Tehran and in other cities such as Qazvin, many of them along the main roads of residential neighborhoods. In addition, it is necessary to add to the movement of the old Qazvin bazaar due to the relocation of the city's administrative and administrative center and the formation of a new market for the establishment of the schools.
    Keywords: Religious schools, Isfahan Schools, Qazvin Schools, Location of Religious Schools, Historic cities
  • bakhtiar ezzat panah *, Mohammad Bagher Qalibaf, Ezzatollah ezzati Pages 467-489
    Introduction: In the urban system of developing countries, due to differences in the political, social and economic structure of these countries, the spatial distribution of population and the distribution of urban activities and services have been carried out unbalanced and unequal. In our country, the phenomenon of inequality in the distribution of urban resources and facilities has been shaped by the escalation of false urbanization along with the socio-political and economic developments.
    Today, in urban planning system, in order to avoiding interference between land uses and also availability of these services in each region to residuals, land use and public services tend to centralization and aggregation pattern in certain regions of the city.
    In Sanandaj, relatively high aggregation of administrative, political, economic, and service providing organizations and its surrounding areas resulted in high population and consequently incidence of spatial effects such as inappropriate physical growth of the city and increase illegal settlement phenomenon in some parts of the city and also spatial distribution of urban land uses in the city has been unbalanced. In these cases, urban development plans organize the land use system conduct the city to specialize activities and segregate some of in certain regions of the city that withdraw land uses and functional zoning from traditional, physical, and deterministic approach.
    Main purpose of this paper is evaluation and studying the polarization process of urban land uses in order to specialize functions and systematic spatial development of urban activities in accordance with different socio-spatial structures between different regions and urban areas based on the suggestions of urban development plans.
    Methodology
    This research from the materials and method is descriptive-analytic. The method used to carry out research-given that this is an applied research in order to explore relations between variables and phenomena and also solving existing problems or impasses in spatial and physical development of Sanandaj is as follows: We assessed land uses aggregation in Sanandaj by using formal data and statistics and also apply statistical methods and LQ. At this stage, we use statistical methods and spatial coefficient model to analysis data as well as we use Arc View and Arc GIS software to draw up the required maps.
    Results and discussion
    we act based on the Shannon entropy model in order to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of land use in Sanandaj city. Based on the calculations, Shannon's entropy coefficient has been changed from -1.511 to -1.569, for commercial uses which indicates a relative increase in Shannon and shows spiral and diffused development of this activity. Significant changes have occurred in academic services and an increase in coefficient Shannon from -0.843 to -1.208 indicates that this use not tends to be aggregate and centralized. The Shannon entropy for medical uses decreased from -1.420 to -1.165, that indicates an intense and centralization in this function at some regions of Sanandaj.
    Regarding workshop industries, calculations show that the Shannon entropy coefficient for these activities has increased from -1.180 to zero, indicating a high centralization and aggregation of these functions. The LQ index or spatial portion is one of the models that illustrates the spatial distribution of urban utilities and their degree of specialization and polarization.
    According to the calculations, the workshops and medical uses have the highest aggregation in region 1 of Sanandaj, and in the region 2, military and tourism uses are high aggregated, as well as facilities and equipment, and academic and profession services, have the highest level of aggregation and centralization at region 3.
    According to the calculation of LQ range, industrial and workshops uses, academic services, urban facilities, equipments and healthcare in 2004, with LQ values were (0.09-2.80), (0.10-2.61), (1.77-2.61) and (0-2.45) have the highest amount of specialization or centralization among other activities, and the general education, governmental, police and residential uses have the lowest indexes respectively with (0.83-1.06), (0.50-1.23) and (0.61-1.37). According to the Sanandaj General Master Plan, which prepared by Tadbir Shahr consulting Co. in 2005, industrial and workshop uses, transportation and depots, healthcare, exhibition and shopping centers respectively has LQ amount by (0-7.55) (0-6.15), (1.46-4.35), and (0-3.10) will have highest centralization up to 2015 (Ofogh Tarh) and in case of realization suggested uses, the public education, residential, governmental, and police uses will have lowest centralization amount respectively by (0.88-1.23), (0.58- 1.32) and (0.44-1.34).
    Conclusion
    In general, comparing the proposed land use pattern in the development plan (comprehensive) in Sanandaj with the current pattern of urban land use, shows the tendency to centrifugal and polarization of urban functions. The transfer of military, industrial, transportation and depots uses from different parts of the city to the suburbs and even outside the city, the ecological separation lower classes of society on the northern and eastern suburbs of the city and even the Ghafour hill region in the interior of the old city versus the residence of middle and high class people in modern city buildings which is mainly observed in the southern parts of the city can be seen. Also tendency to move governmental, police center, municipal facilities and equipments, shopping centers, and exhibition from downtown to streets around the city are from the items that led to providing similarities between urban ecological and morphological structure with sector pattern. Formation of new cores such as university centers (Kurdistan universities, medical sciences and Teacher Training), service centers, such as terminals and military centers, as well as old villages such as Haji Abad that entered into the urban area, all indicate the similarity of Sanandaj spatial construction with the multi-core model of Haris and Ulman.
    Keywords: Spatial development, polarization, Shannon entropy, LQ coefficient, Sanandaj city.
    Keywords: Spatial development, polarization, Shannon entropy, LQ coefficient, Sanandaj city
  • Bahador Zarei *, Farzad Piltan Pages 491-511
    Intruduction:
    This research seeks to analyze multiple factors existing in society and geopolitics based in and around Iran, an important and effective role in shaping Iranian realism in the past four decades has been, will be, Factors such as the historical roots of insecurity in Iran, and Iran's regional geopolitical situation, the geography of the Iran-Iraq war, America continued hostility with Iran and Israel on the issue of rationalization and the realism of the Iranian role. Iranian realism has influenced the evolution of domestic and geopolitical realities and challenges of regional and international geopolitical and national interests in the pursuit of pragmatism in the fifth and sixth start of the global conversation the seventh and eighth and eleventh government has continued to engage with the world And domestic and foreign policy behavior on this basis, and in order to achieve national goals and interests in the international arena will continue with this approach and has largely succeeded. Historically, Iran's position as a crossroads and crisis fertility, your most important concerns of national security, territorial and known and proven in the field of insecure due to geographical location and risk and has always been able to fully shake the resolution This is a historical problem and to continue with this problem. Several factors during the life of the Islamic Republic government and the attitude of realism in the conduct of foreign relations and its international direction is It seems that the components of the geographical, historical, geopolitical and geo-political role has been most.
    Methodology
    The importance of this study in the current situation, analytical and descriptive, yet using the analogy of a large-scale national macro-oriented. In this study has been trying to library information and documentation, including an important and reliable source of external and internal resources in areas such as history, political geography, geopolitics, international relations, political science, sociology, history This broad approach will be used to prove and show how the components of the intellectual and cultural, historical, geographical, and geopolitical realism in shaping Iran's role. result and Discution: It seems Iran during the 2500 year because of the position of the intersection and fertility crisis that has invaded from all sides of the invaders and wilderness, Territorial and national security as their most important concern due to the geographical location of their fixed in this area unsafe and risky and shaky always able to fully solve the problem of history political elite and the government, so space is mind, The unstable security situation in the country remained mainly four times thus far spent in fear and trembling. In addition to Iran's regional geopolitical environment in the economic field as well as threats and shaky economic activity and We have experienced failure. One component of the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran's international behavior and attitude of realism in foreign policy direction is its geographical location and political geography of Iran. One component of the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran's international behavior and attitude of realism in foreign policy direction is its geographical location and political geography of Iran. War was not only an end to the cynical attitude, but Different aspects of land issues and the necessity of the national territory and its components as a constant and fundamental factors Present and future wars will emerge on the field and the grounds for the revival of the National Geographic realists in the country. Based on the enduring importance of geography, factors such as geopolitical and conflicts arising from it, the breadth of the national territory, sizes, shapes and dimensions of the borders and the population settled around it, Climatic characteristics of power and national security, especially Iran are effective and contribute effectively to the issue of Iran's realism. It looks like four security environment surrounding Iran Persian Gulf, the Middle East, Central Asia and the Caucasus, and Southwest Asia can be considered that Iran's threats and security challenges, political, economic, facing them. Each of the areas has its own problems facing the environmental decision-making Iran's influence. Conclution: Islamic Revolution, and less than twenty months of war forced many beliefs and ideas of revolutionary idealism marginalized And Iran inevitably during this period was consistent with geographical iron law of politics. In this period, geographic sustainable elements in Iran's foreign policy was more than ever before And Iran to the realism in domestic and international arena that direction. Ubiquity of America and its regional ally Israel in adjacent territories, The consequences of this presence and influence in the region such as Palestine, Afghanistan and Iraq, and finally, the expansion of cross-regional institutions such as NATO's political and military in the region, as well as an understanding of the requirements and demands of the security environment has a direct impact on the Iranian realism And regional approaches to Iran and Iran's recent governments towards pragmatism and realism in its foreign relations have taken a step forward. Iran's nuclear activities and deviations in the state of the laws and regulations of the NPT finds And led to sanctions on Iran by the Security Council and issued four resolutions and deadlock all economic activity, production, export and purchase of foreign products and complete cessation of bank activity with the outside world (Swift) yielded, Make government a better understanding and a more rational behavior and the application of this Iranian rationality and realism in diplomacy and foreign behavior was the eleventh state And the other nuclear activities, Iran is one of the most important factors of national power to the national power development can accelerate development And helping Iran in the face of challenges and international surrounding. Finally speech, the Iranian realistic approach in this era of environmental conditions in local, regional and international war grow ever Began and continues to this day and to the evolution of Iranian rationality, social conscience and political wisdom of nations with realistic government informed choice (During about 30 years of 4 3 of realism to the government and .....
    Keywords: realism, Iranian, geography Iran-Iraq war, the environment surrounding Iran, nuclear activities