فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 70 (زمستان 1388)

In connection with new towns, it is worth mentioning that they are generated and developed based on some kinds of industrial, mineral, touristy and - especially- agricultural activities. Their existence mostly depends upon the development of non urban activities. Concentration of the services for special activity in certain placs shapes the central part - or the core- of the city; through passing of time and the expansion of dimensions of activities of the city, and the size of the city expands. Pars Abad new town, as an urban center, has shaped based on agricultural and agro-industrial activities and despite its short history, compared with other cities and towns in the region (Ardabil province), currently ranks second in the province, both in terms of population and extent. Variable, such as population, the number and dimension of the households, the number of residential buildings, the rate of employment in important economic sectors, the volume of production and the rate of employment and investment in agro-industry units and physical expansion of the city, during different periods, have been examined.On closer examination through collected data, information and the study of the maps and different satellite pictures of the Pars Abad, it is found that the number of the population and the size of the city have increased about 170 and 10 times respectively during 4 decades, from 1977 to 2008. The government has invested heavily in order to establish Moghan and Pars Agro-industry complex and their annual turnover amount to billions of Rials. A large proportion of the city’s employment belongs to agro-industry companies; total job opportunity created by these companies is nearly 10000 jobs. Furthermore, services such as transportations, affiliated industries and other services generate great number of indirect job opportunities, several times more than direct ones generated by agro-industry companies. As mentioned, two firms have over 10000 employee and pay more than 400billion rials salary to their employees. The economy of the city, therefore, strongly depends on these companies; so that when these companies delay paying salaries, the consequences of recession is obvious. Generally, most people who participated in the interview, which selected from all groups living in the city, believe that the continuation of the life of the city is almost impossible without these agro-industry companies. The expansion of Pars Abad new town, which had about 500 people according to 1956 census and with an increased and unique population growth rate, among the cities of the country, based on the latest census at 2006, its population has increased dramatically and reached to about 82000, as a result of development of the agro-industry complexes and the creation of different job opportunities in the field of agricultural activities, production processes, processing industries and finally the value-added, resulting from large scale agriculture sector with state management. At the present, the life of the city, economically and socially, depends on agro-industries and affiliated activities, in such a manner that, it seems as though, the continuation of the process of the city development and prosperity is impossible, without the mentioned activities. Furthermore, some new employment and job opportunities come into existence and different enterprises established out of agriculture development. New shopping and business centers established along the main and minor roads to the city and finally, the dimension of the traffic to the city increased. The city currently ranks the second in the Ardabil province, in terms of different urbanization indicators. About 94 percent of the people, who participated in the interview, argued that the agro-industries complexes and related economic activities have had the greatest effect on physical development of Pars Abad, during the last 4 decades. The main goals of this article are to examine the influence of the agro-industry activities on the urbanization process, socio-economic and physical transformations and understanding the mechanisms of the agro-industry activities on the urban development of Pars Abad new town. In this study, besides the examining of the documents, books and census information, interview and field-study techniques have been vastly used.

Urban management in a city with so many growing problems is a never-ending difficult task (Nkurunziza, 2007, 5؛ Abbott, 2000, 8). Along with the growing perception of the role of cities in the international development throughout the world, one can see the disability of governments to provide the needs of peoples. Indeed, the economical success of governments depends of the successful management of cities. Therefore there should be a new management method which by integrating different fields improves the efficiency of the management. Nowadays one of the well-known management systems is geographical information system. This system has a special role in many urban activities, management and urban planning. With the capability of GIS in gathering spatiotemporal data, management, analysis, retrieval etc. studies of historical data are easily achievable. Misunderstanding and insufficient understanding of the urban systems and future expanding mechanism of cities are among the main reasons for the failure of many of management activities and urban planning in developing cities which brings about disorder and informal settlements (Abbotte, 2002, 3). By using geographic information system, one could easily understand urban dynamics and evaluate circumstance of physical development (Sietchiping, 2003a, 2). Nowadays informal settlements are among the main problems in many of the developing countries. For efficient management of these places one of the ways is to know, evaluate and forecast trends of development at different times. The case-study in this research is the city of Ahvaz. Ahvaz is a metropolis with 8 official districts. From spatial point of view it is constructed of crossed system. Non existence of natural element, plantar coverage and high topography has made accessibility network, constructions and buildings to develop widely and disorderly. Marginal expansion of the city caused some rural part be connected to the city and cross the official boundary which in turn has attracted many immigrants. Finally, these places with aimless planning join the city. This city is a metropolis whose main portion of its population has resided in informal settlements. Considering the existing poverty in this city, 17 sectors can be determined as informal settlements (Ahvaz Informal Settlement Studies, 1385, 68). This study then seems to be essential for improving and managing and control the rapid irregular expansion (Taghizadeh, 1387, 30). In order to achieve the main objectives of this research different types of data have been gathered. According to their type data are classified into three groups: 1- Official boundaries data; 2- Generally and formally proposed and land- use data; and 3- Remote sensing images that include TM (1991) and ETM (2002) datas. After collecting each data and considering its primary states they are processed and adjusted to be ready for importing into analysis. For example city boundary data are first scanned and then after geo-referencing are imported into ArcGis9. 3 and then are digitized. Some of generally proposed data were in DWG format and the others are scanned maps. For improving the accuracy and reliability of these data they are controlled and refined by using IKONOS satellite images. The last group (remote sensing) data are also controlled and refined by using IKONOS image because all the data have the same spatial accuracy and precision. In practice, the general trend of expansion of the city was analyzed first and then this was also applied to land - use maps which derived from remote sensing and the city land-use maps. After analysis the results of each type of data are compared to recognize the main aspects of development. The city boundary map in the years 1364, 1374, 1385 gained and compared to each other to analyze the rate and total directions of development. For this reason, area of expansion in the periods 1364-77, 1374-85, 64-85 is gained and the portion of each direction is calculated. Comparison of areas in each direction shows that the general trend of expansion has headed towards the south, north and north western directions. Remote sensing data; such as the city boundary maps are also analyzed; and finally, by comparing different maps in some periods the portion of each direction from expansion is calculated. Before doing this experiment by using remote sensing data some extra operations like reconnaissance, choosing training points, analysis of group classes and classification were also done. Comparison of residential districts by using remote sensing images, in two periods of 1991 and 2001 shows that the North eastern, south and north-western directions had the most portions of expansion. General projection and formal projection maps in period of 1364 to 1374 are also compared and the results show that north western, south western and south directions have the most expansion. By looking at each map individually, one can see that the dominant directions of expansion are not exactly the same as result of the total comparison in two years (1364 and 1374). This conflict means that the area can not individually show the accurate direction of expansion, and ratio of increase should be considered. Comparison of results in all data shows that the Northeastern, South and Northwestern are the dominant directions of expansion. despite some natural preventive factors in development directions, they have expanded. This shows the fact that there is no firm limitation, especially official one, in these areas. In accordance with rapid settlement growth in these directions, as result of total population growth, urban planners and managers should immediately adopt new approaches to control this issue. The research’s suggestions are: Creation of green belt, legal prevention of informal settlement and moving them to other areas, planning for these areas should be in priority; and Creating new towns in this direction and supervision on construction and land development.

The residency places sustainability depends on management, environment economic and social sustainability. The process of sustainable development involves both environmental and socio-economic qualities that leads to production and life reconstruction of humans aimed to realize sustainability. Until decade of 1960 physical investment was the most important factor of growth and development of countries, but in decade of 1970 development by some countries like Japan were weakened interims of physical investment and caused to get priority human investment as motor of nations development. Thus different vectors of social investment like confidence operation spirit, tendency to be in civil fields, work a wisdom, try and discipline in development in terms of city sustainability got space growth, i.e. other city places as the smallest unit of urban space organization played role in urban sustainability as shaping place identity, security, space development and empowering social relations has been related with urban places sustainability. Today to solve urbanization problems, approaches based on local communities development associated with urban sustainability and citizents based management have found on unique role in urban administration. Management while assuring some place services and increasing them for filling gap of city governing duties plays a good role for advancing better affairs, to make the least distance belong citizens and state elements as minimum, thus shaping place councils in Tehran form ordibesht 1385 as a new social agency relating city management by citizens have played role for establishing and empowering civil society and establishing place societies. Although consellars in managing districts affairs and city districts directly will not interfere but as people representatives cooperate with city management by admitting counselling role. Therefore duties counsellors places is clear according to the mile but since establishing counsellors places is a new phenomenon in Tehran has faced to some deficiencies. Being as instrument due to country management system that does not provide local and choice agencies growth. Evin, darakeh and velenjak with 5100, 4200 and 6200 persons in 1385 have been located in a continuous placement in the first district of Tehran municipality on Alborz mountains in northwest of Tajrish. Neighbourhood in the past were from old shemiran localities as living goes back to some of them since 3000 thousands years, but today as a result of growth of Tehran by sprawl phenomena have joined big city and have changed. In this research by emphasizing on indicators of sustainable development, sustainability levels of city places of Evin, darakeh and velenjak in the first district of Tehran municipality is assessed that by adjust comparison effective factors have been recognized on sustainability or ustainability and role of counsellors places in recovering sustainability manner is evaluated. Thus for responding to main questions based on which level of sustain ability is measured. Whether there is difference between performance of counsellors places? And what are dues? By using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) for levelling places and ANOVA statistical test has been analysed in spss soft ware medium. By using hierarchy process in addition to ranking local sustainability level, it became clear that darakeh place by weight (0.2528) in terms of sustainability level at the first rank and Evin place with weight (0.2018) is at the 2nd rank and velenjak with weight of (0.1223) at the third rank, places comparison shows from different aspects that places of darakeh and Evin as social, cultural, and economic and velenjak are hight by physical. Also for recognizing effective factors in sustainability of places in respect to each of measures Anova variance analysis and Lsd statistical test (the least meaningful difference) and test or fisher was used (0.05 meaningful level). The result shows that places of Darakeh, Evin and Velenjak in 15 measures have meaningful difference with each other, by comparing these factors the result is that Darakeh has better conditions to evin and Velenjak by sustainability and after it Eving is at the second rank. Also by attention to counsellors function Evin place by recognition of more people and in near relation of places people have more activities and for getting into reality goals of development document of place has taken effective steps as 80% of Evin residents and 75% of residents of darakeh have assessed function of their places promote the role of counsellors completely effective, as a result role of counsellors is necessary for improving social life of people in all management fields including legal and executive.

Considering the importance of urban sustainable development and increasingly importance of it in contemporary urban issues, bicycle as a means of essential sustainable transportation is considered in related literature. Bonab is the suitable case for cycling because of natural conditions including favorable climate, suited in plain and human characteristics such as: high population density and tissue compact city, short urban trips, the spatial distribution of villages around it and finally, there infrastructure cycling. This paper attempts to show the importance of cycling in Bonab transportation and surveying the factors of tending citizen to it. The methodology of this research is descriptive-analytic and based on field work 105 questionnaires distributed among samples. As a result of studies, more than 71 percent of samples use bicycle as a transport means. According to the questionnaire obtained significant relationship between different segments of society and use of bicycles. 37.5 percent of total bicycle users are students. In other words, the students are most important bicycle users. Cycling needs many power and energy, so than the elderly and even adults can not use bicycle. In fact, one can say that with risen age, the rate of bicycle is reduced. So between age and the rate of bicycle use is inversely. The second factor used more students bicycle is path near the school house. In other the word, Bonab is the most compact city in East Azerbaijan Pronvice, and distance between schools and houses is less than 4 km. The biggest factor that prevents students from using a bike is lack of security for cyclists with the dominance of car and motorcyclists transport on the city. After the students, businessmen are the major bicycle users. Nearly 30 percent of the samples use the bicycle to go to school, which including students, teachers, staff and workers of education centers. Nearly 23 samples use the bicycle to work place and 19 percent samples to shopping. Not only to Bonab citizens use bicyde but also surrounding villages that are located near the city use bicycle for journey to city. High transport costs in those villages and paved and privacy streets are the next reasons for the villagers use the bicycle. Short path is a very important factor for the development and encourage Bonab citizens to bike. Sport and health is important in the next rank. 54.7 percent of citizens have preferred to bicycle transportation, and for 43.8 percent of citizens, public transportation is preferred. More citizens in their reasons for preferring to bicycle transportation, short course, exercise and health and be time-consuming public transport have mentioned. Lack of security for cyclists, lack special routes, and the long path are among the main limitations for use bicycle. Low social status, perhaps as one of the main barriers to use bicycle in our cities, is not only low in Bonab but use the bicycle is a part of the city's culture, so that bicycles per capita for each household is 2.7 (excluding women). One advantage of the city Bonab facilitate cycling compared to other cities in Iran is special bicycle paths. Construction of special routes that maybe the most important action in order to facilitate cycling, one of the paths (St. Imam) to the city center also reaches. More than 63 percent of citizens believe that application special bike paths in city is weak. While 31 percent also believe that special bike paths do not apply at all. Main reason for the no application special bicycle paths is occupying it’s by owners. In fact, citizens believe this path become a become a parking for the shop owners and on over time also are destroyed. In addition to construction of special paths, one of the most important measures to facilitate cycling in the city is to create bicycle parking. It is true that cyclists in this city of many problems such as lack of security, bicycle paths occupied by shop owners, not enough special routes, etc. suffered, but this city can be considered as a model for other cities of the country. Bikes can be as Means compatible with environment, need not to value fuel sources such as gasoline, useful for the health and availability for all, replacement car and other motor vehicles in cities is with the condition that should be considered more.

If the population of a region has internal and external balance, it can reach higher levels of development and power. One of the most important and effective internal variables is the situation of population fertility. The main purpose of this article is standardization and spatial analysis of fertility differences in Khorasan Razavi Province, based on the data collected in 2006. The method for this analysis is descriptive-analytical along with suitable statistical tests. The results of this research show that the border counties with their Sunni sect population have a significant fertility difference with the counties that are not located in the border regions and the same issue has caused that in a larger scale, the fertility of the province has a significant difference with all over the country. The results of the tests have applied significances, and this is because of the similarity of the standardized and general fertilities of the counties. According to correlation test, independent variables such as the ratio of poverty, literacy, population size, social development indicator and the rate of immigrants entering from other provinces, have a significant relation with the rate of fertility. In the multivariant regression model, the two variables of poverty and literacy have entered into the equation. So, it is very important to consider these two variables, especially in the counties of Khaaf, Taaybaad and Torbat-e-Jaam. Iran is a significant example of prevailing realistic in history, because contrary to last prevailing procedure from implementation of population control methods, Iran has highest level in Islamic countries (Roudi Fahimi, 2004, 6I). Of course, regardless of claims such as opposition of Islamic fundamentalism to birth control (Getis et al, 2006, 212), Islam has never forbidden prevention of pregnancy (Fillmann et al, 2005, 1071). However, the Muslim theocracy of Iran has endorsed a range of contraceptive procedures and developed one of the worlds most aggressive family planning programs (Getis et al, 2006, 212). In the third stage of the demographic transition, birth rates begin to fall in response to lower death rates, urbanization, and other changes associated with modernization. Fertility falls in modern societies as women derive statues from activities other than childbearing and motherhood Children in modern societies become economically active at much later ages than those in agrarian societies and marry later (Kuby et al.2004, 112). Regardless of this, study of fertility spatial patterns due to regional differences is necessary and attractive. For example, in course of time, due to welfare state order, negative relation of fertility and women eco7nomic partnership in Denmark and Sweden has been weakened (Billari and Kohler, 2004, 164). Conventional economic theory predicts that increases in the wage rate of women has lead to increases in women s labour force participation and decreases in fertility owing to increased opportunity costs of children in combination with a low income elasticity of the number of children. A negative association between fertility and migration may exist because of selectivity, disruption, or adaptation. Selectivity implies that migrants are different from non-migrants in many ways, both observable (i.e. education and age) and unobservable (i.e. motivation), that lead migrants to have lower fertility that non-migrants (Jensen and Ahlbury, 2004, 219). Fertility studies in Iran have proved fertility relation with level of women literacy (www.nocrir.com), increase of marriage age, women employment and urbanization (Novrozi, 1998, Rashidi, 2000, Ghodrati, 2005). Province of Khorasan Razavi due to ethnical and religious variety, having a long boundary with Afghanistan and Turkmenistan and specially high and heterogeneous rate of births- 20 per 1000 and 1.88 to 3.7 total fertility- has particular appeal for fertility studies. In this research, following hypothesizes based on a formal census of 2006, have been tested: - There is any significant difference between rates of general fertility with standardized fertility of counties of province. - There is significant difference from fertility between frontier and non-frontier counties. - Fertility rate has a reversed relation with urbanization, literacy and acceptance of migrant and direct relation with poverty. Calculation and comparison of general and standardized fertility rates indicates that there is a relatively complete proportion between thent In the other words, age structure of population had no influence on fertility rates so that fertility is affected by other factors. Based on spatial analysis one can say that difference of frontier and Sonian counties such as khaf, Torbatjam and Taibad with other 16 counties is completely obvious. Value of t-test equal with 2.73 for total fertility and value of F-test(7.8) are indications of significant differ ce of them with other counties. Maxirnum total fertility (2.3 to 3.7 children) in khaf, Torbatjam, Taibad, Serakhs and Daregaz, respectively and minimum of that in center of province (Mashhad, 1.88 children) is considerable. Correlation coefficients between dependent variable (fertility) and independent variables have proved third hypothesis to a large extent. The only exception is lack of fertility and urbanization relation due to generality fertility control in villages. In Multivariable Regression Model for analysis of the effects of independent variables on total fertility, two variables of poverty and literacy were included in equation. Based on R-square, nearly 40 percent of total fertility changes is determined by literacy variable and 21.5 percent of that by poverty variable. Due to relative homogeneity of population age structure, rates of general fertility are not significant different with standardized rates of counties. So multivariable regression and correlation tests are important to identify affecting factors on fertility. Based upon the results of Regression Model, emphasis on the promotion of literacy level and decrease of poverty by means of increase of knowledge, information, skills and self-reliance of families, is not avoidable. The basic changes should be aimed environmental-social justice, and approaches such as empowerment women, ethnics and democracies enhancement (Cunningham, 2006, 77), particular in Khaf, Taibad and Torbatjam counties.

The multiplicity of ethnic groups with political tendencies in current societies is a potential origin for weakening concord and a threat to the national integrity of states due to the natural differences with the ruling political regimes. The existence of ethnicity theory and following that imagination of national security weakening is changed to an extended theory in analyzing ethnicity and political sovereignty relationships. But this theory cannot be extended in some states which have multiple ethnos. The aim of this research is to show that whether the existence of the ethnicity and divergence theory is in conformity with the ethnic conditions of Iran. The applied data includes the stable elements of ethnic convergence territory, geographical bases and stability of territory; sovereignty and political structure; historical continuity, cultural bases (and credible sources of ethnic threat) modern state, relative deprivation, ethnic and non-ethnic elites, regional and supra-regional threats. Research conclusions show that ethnic multiplicity in Iran had not only weakened national security but had perpetuated Iran identity based on the stable elements of ethnic convergence and ethnic groups are part of Iran’s identity and form based on long history and deployment in Iran. Therefore, the proposed threats in relation with ethnic groups is not radical and material and are more than new challenges and changes which can be resolved by appropriate and correct management. Major ethnic groups with political pluralism in contemporary society's nature due to differences with the ruling political systems weaken a potential source of consensus and national cohesion is a threat. Hypothesis of ethnicity and consequently thought to undermine national security analysis Hypothesis of possible expansion relations and ethnicity has become political sovereignty. But this hypothesis cannot be that some countries with multiple ethnic groups are generalized. The purpose of this study is showing that there are diverging hypotheses in relation to ethnicity and ethnic conditions of matches. Iran vast land of ancient history, heir to the pervasive culture thousands of years the range variable language, religion, dialect, the customs and habits and Comparative etc., with flexibility and tolerance has created a dramatic and religious groups-linguistic during several centuries lived together and experience historical and cultural heritage have business units. Mental phenomenon of ethnic identity and fantasy in the context of the contemporary conditions has been formed. Iranian society before being introduced topics ethnic, tribal and tribal society was based on the traditional structure, was political space role. However, due to the phenomenon of ethnic and ethnicity realties in contemporary form and structure can be analyze available. Composed of ethnic Azeris, Baluchi, Turkmen, Talesh, Arab, Persian, Kurdish, etc. that diversity language, religion and race are. Contemporary challenges of ethnic-based agents is part of Infrastructural challenges to force ethnic active part of the active forces and non-ethnic and transnational sector, due to performance is the ruling political structure. Each of these differences between ethnic groups along ethnic, also has many subscriptions are subscriptions that cause them is integrity and symbiosis. Applying data to analyze the above mentioned elements of sustainable convergence hypothesis ethnic all geographical foundations and land stability; sovereignty and political structure; continuing historical, cultural institutions) and credit resources threatened ethnic(modern state, relative deprivation, ethnic and elite Non-ethnic, regional threats, Super regional. The results showed that stable convergence ethnic factors mentioned in this study because the stability of the elements land, participation in government structures and political power, historical continuity, cultural institutions such as sustainable language, religion, traditions, myths and symbols and other overlapping each other and have mutual dependency. These variables sake of identity creation and nation-maker in Iran by Iranian tribes and create a historical process has been continuing ethnic solidarity and cause the land is immobile. Factors including the threat of ethnic instability which varies at national level due to lack of coordination with the advent of modern state functions ethnicalism global political, ethnic areas of relative deprivation compared to other regions and ethnic and non ethnic elites which are specific goals are. Organized regional level, countries involved and learn from regional sources are unstable ethnic threat. Unstable under the influence of these resources threatens national power and weight of geopolitical can be increased or decreased.This article with an analytical-explanatory approach is on this assumption that stable bases in convergence and identity for the strength of Iran has attempted to discover ethnos’ role in the political structure of Iran by the existence of ethnos in traditional structure in the form of tribes and in the modern structure in the form of ethnic groups.

Today tourism has become an important socio-economic fact in all environments like cities, villages, beaches and mountainous areas. Indeed the presence of tourists and its growth in any region can be a source of changes in regions where the tourists are welcomed and hosted. Among the changes that can be resulted from tourism, spatial ones can be mentioned. In this research it is tried to examine one of the main dimensions of tourism called trade tourism, and its impact on urban areas. To find an answer to this question of whether it can have an impactful role in physic-spatial changes of the cities, Baneh City in Kordestan province of Iran has been selected as a case-study of this research. The reason for choosing this city as a case was due to its spatio-locational situation and domination of economy based upon trade and informal exchanges of goods (smuggling) in the region and the physic-spatial implications on the city. Owing to far low prices of imported goods, low purchasing power of the people, high prices of rival home-grown products, and consumerism, the real demand for these products which are informally imported has been increasing. This has in turn encouraged the people from all over the country to travel to the region for purchasing purposes. Through increasing number of travelers to the city from 25000 in 2005 to 568000 in 2007 and more prosperity of the imported products in the city, a new form of tourism which can be called trade tourism has been developed. In this type of tourism the main goal of the people to travel to the city is simply purching. To measure the impact of such form of tourism on physic-spatial development of the city, statistics and figures were required that through some field work, documentary study and finally filling out questionnaire were supplied. Statistical populations of the research have been among the urban experts and the residents of newly-built neighborhoods. On this basis, as well as based on the differences between the two statistical populations the need for designing two questionnaires for the research hypotheses were recognized. The reason for choosing newly-built neighborhoods was finding a relationship between tourism and accommodation of new entrants to the city in these neighborhoods, their sort of occupations and finally examining this question of whether tourism has been effective in absorbing the people to the city to deal with their affairs or not. Due to lack of statistics on employment and exact number of employed people in tourism sector, it is tried to find the rate of employed number of people in the sector through sampling and then reaching to a time for constructing new neighborhoods in the city as well. It is worth mentioning that the data collection process was not just through questionnaire but part of that has come from municipality’s land use and master plan and the rest by tourism administration of the city. Hence two types of analyses were needed to analyze the research hypotheses. The first was through library method and the second was through statistical methods like T-test, Binominal, and Sign. Based upon the analyses and testing the research hypotheses, it can be said that trade tourism in Baneh, although affected by informal economy, but has had a great and considerable physic-spatial impact on the city. The point is that it might be generalized to other similar cities. In other words, tourism for this city has become an impactful physic-spatial parameter which in turn had a great impact on the landscape, general feature and the economy of the city which can be considered as a new and impressive chapter in the change process and development history of the city. It is obvious that this trend because of its nature of activities (informality of the economy) which has undeniably affected the development of the city if institutionalized, could be a threat for the future trends which needs more attention of the policy- makers.

In this research the role of people’s participation in development of villages of Solgi county of Nahavand province from Hamedan state are surveyed. Emphasis on people’s participation- meaning voluntarily participation of them in the process of development- is a turning point in most developing views of current era, which according to this viewpoint for achieving development there is an inevitable need for people participation. If this principle be neglected in the process of programming for development, the motion of rural societies would become a traditional, rejecting and inefficient motion and would have a lot of expenses for future alterations of rural societies. Besides, participation of villagers in affairs related to them makes these actions compatible with their actual needs and increases their power of thinking, decision taking and programming and finally leads to self-confidence, thinking maturity in knowing problems and taking actions for removal of them, promotion of character and deeper participation of villagers in their affairs. On the other hand, many of plans and rural development programs need vast participation of them due to limitation of governmental facilities and necessity of their compatibility with needs of villages and villagers. Therefore, rural growth and development has a close relation to participation of villagers, since participation is followed by increase of efficiency of economical, social and cultural programs and quality of decision taking for rural regions. Selection of the title of relation between people’s participation and level of rural development in Solgi county is done in this regard, which in this case the opportunities and limitations in the path of this strategy are detected, while survey of the situation of participation in villages and mutual relation of that with the level of development and some solutions are provided for improvement of the situation of participation of villagers in achieving sustainable rural development in the county being studied. Solgi County in Nahavand province has 22 villages by residents with a population of 14001 persons. Statistical unit in this research is included of supervisors of families resident in villages over Y families. The total number of Statistical families in the county is 3395 families which among them 345 families were specified by use of Crown sampling volume formula as the Statistical community. In this research, the approach of document study and covering method are used by using questionnaire filling technique for detection of situation of participation in sample villages. For reaching to this objective, after preparation of questionnaire and survey of its validity, questionnaires were distributed and data were used for confirmation or rejection of concerning hypothesizes. For testing the hypothesizes and evaluation of role of people’s participation in rural development of the studying region, 6 sample villages were surveyed by use of developing indicators and having the economical, welfare and cultural indicators, then the development percentage of villages being surveyed was measured by the rate of believing in participation of them in rural development by help of Pierson’s correlation coefficient that the result gained is indicative of a relation between the rate of rural people’s participation and the level of development of villages of the region was in the level of 95 percent. The studies show that in the region of study there are economical, social, cultural and political problems besides existence of potentials and possibility of participation in the field of rural development which removal of them requires the use of a specific strategy. Approve of hypothesis of this research shows that in case that a village has a more suitable situation concerning the level of development, the rate of participation would increase there and in case there were dynamic and active participation, the opportunity for promotion of developing situation would be provided. Promotion of the level of participation of villagers and removal of existing obstacles seems possible via education or creation of participating organizations; improve of economic situation in villages with undesired economic situation and involvement of all people from poor to rich, man and woman from any level or tribe. By attracting self-guidance participation of villagers in preparation and execution of developing plans we can mix vernacular knowledge of villagers with today’s knowledge and give a domestic character to rural developing plans.