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پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی - پیاپی 72 (تابستان 1389)

فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 72 (تابستان 1389)

  • 188 صفحه، بهای روی جلد: 20,000ريال
  • تاریخ انتشار: 1389/08/15
  • تعداد عناوین: 11
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  • عبدالرضا رکن الدین افتخاری، مهدی پورطاهری، حمدالله سجاسی قیداری صفحه 1
    استفاده از تجربیات افراد موفق و نمونه در محیط زندگی و فعالیت خود از ضروریات و ابزارهای تسهیل و تسریع کننده جریان توسعه روستایی پایدار است. افراد موفق به عنوان کارآفرینان، نوآوران و افراد خلاقجامعه روستایی دارای الگوهای معیشت و فعالیت ویژه ای هستند که بر اثر نوع درک آنها از محیط پیرامون، استفاده اصولی از توانایی ها، استعدادها و خلاق یت های فردی، ریسک پذیری، آینده نگری، گروه گرایی و مانند اینها به دست می آید و این افراد به خاطر تجربیات موفق خود می توانند الگوی مناسب زندگی و فعالیت برای سایر کشاورزان روستایی در منطقه باشند. به این دلیل که اکنون کشاورزی به مثابه الگوی غالب اقتصادی و فعال یت در روستاهای منطقه از نوع کشاورزی آسیب پذیر و معیشتی است، با کمترین تغییرات در ساختارهای اقتصادی و اجتماعی و اکولوژیکی پیرامون، تاثیرات شکننده و جبران ناپذیری را بر کشاورزان وارد می سازد. بر این اساس، در تحقیق پیش رو هدف سنجش نگرش کشاورزان نسبت به شاخ ص ها و متغیرهایی است که می توانند روشنگر و تسریع کننده بخش های کشاورزی مناطق روستایی باشند. از این طریق زمینه های تفاوت و شکاف اندیشه ای، عملکردی و فعالیت در بین کشاورزان عادی و موفق شناسایی می گردد و راهکارهای مناسب برای کاهش آن تبیین و تشریح می شود. به منظور رسیدن به این هدف از روش تحقیق ترکیبی کیفی و کمی استفاده شده است و نتایج نشان از وجود تفاوت در جنبه های گوناگون نگرش T به دست آمده با استفاده از آزمون من ویتنی و کشاورزان دو گروه نسبت به متغیرهای موثر در عملکردشان دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: کارآفرینی کشاورزی، توسعه روستایی، توسعه پایدار، کشاورزان موفق، شهرستان خدابنده
  • کرامت الله زیاری، سیدمحمود زنجیرچی، کبری سرخ کمال صفحه 17
    با توجه به ضرورت توسعه یکپارچه ناحیه ای، تحلی ل وابستگی سکونتگاه های انسانی در سطوح نواحی، اساس کار در هر برنام هریزی محسوب می شود. توزیع مطلوب جمعیت و توزیع روند توسعه اجتماعی اقتصادی، هدف نهایی تحل یل سیستم های ناحیه ای است. بنابراین کاهش محرومیت و نابرابری به دلیل داشتن تبعات اقتصادی و سیاسی، امری مهم و درخور توجه به شمار می رود. درواقع نیل به پیشرفت و توسعه فراگیر در آینده مستلزم شناخت موقعیت مناطق و نواحی مختلف است. به کارگیری معیارها و روش های کم ی به منظور سطح بندی سکونتگاه ها در سیستم فضایی مناطق از سویی منجر به شناخت میزان نابرابری نقاط سکونتگاهی می شود، و از سوی دیگر معیاری است برای تلاش در زمینه کاهش و رفع نابرابری های موجود میان آنها. این مقاله بر آن است تا با استفاده از روش تاپسیس که یکی از تکنیک های خانواده تصمیم گیری چندمعیاره محسوب می شود، به سطح بندی و تعیین میزان نابرابری موجود میان شهرستان های استان خراسان رضوی بپردازد. نتایج یافته های پژوهش حاکی از آن است که در سال 1385 شهر مشهد دارای رتب ه نخست به لحاظ میزان توسعه یافتگی بوده است. این شهر به دلیل مرکزیت اداری سیاسی به عنوان قطب رشد منطقه، امکانات، خدمات و نیروی انسانی متخصص را از نواحی پیرامونی به سمت خود جذب کرده و به این ترتیب برتری و تفوق آن بر ساختار فضایی استان حفظ شده است. همچنین شهرستان مشهد رتبه 1 و شهرستان خلیل آباد رتبه 19 را در بین 19 0 بوده است، که خود / شهرستان استان خراسان رضوی کسب کرده و ضریب پراکندگی به دست آمده 3 بیانگر وجود تفاوت و شدت نابرابری در میزان بهره مندی از مواهب توسعه است. از این رو الگوی حاکم بر ساختار فضایی استان خراسان رضوی، تابع الگوی مرکز پیرامونی است که با در نظر داشتن آن، توجه به برنام هریزی فضایی ب همنظور نیل به توسعه و پیشرفت متعادل منطق های، ضرورتی اجتنا بناپذیر است.
    کلیدواژگان: توسعه ناحیه ای، نابرابری ناحیه ای، سطح بندی سکونتگاه ها، تکنیک تاپسیس، خراسان رضوی
  • سید حسن مطیعی لنگرودی، زهرا بخشی صفحه 31
    از جمله طرح هایی که به منظور توسعه روستایی در برنامه چهارم توسعه به صورت همه جانبه آغاز شده، طرح ملی مقاو م سازی مسکن های روستایی است. اعتبارات مقاو مسازی، ه مسو با اهدافی چون احداث مسکن مقاوم، تامین مسکن متناسب با نیاز روستاییان، حفظ هویت و سیمای عمومی روستاها، و نظایر اینها به روستاییان پرداخت می شود. کیفیت نامطلوب و آسیب پذیری نسبتا زیاد مسکن های روستایی از حوادث زیان بار و ناخواسته طبیعی، به دلیل استفاده از مصالح کم دوام، مکان یابی نامناسب و دیگر عوامل از این دست، سالانه هزینه های زیادی را به خانوار و جامعه روستایی تحمیل می کند. دهستان بیهق نیز در این مورد، در محدوده خطرپذیری نسبتا زیاد از لحاظ زمین لرزه قرار دارد، و مصالح مورد استفاده در غالب موارد، سنتی ه س تند و مسک ن ها نیز عمدتا فرسوده اند. این مشکلات، بر ضرورت مقاوم سازی و بهسازی مسکن های روستایی تاکید می کنند. در این مطالعه، از روش های توصیفی و تحلیلی استفاده شده است. در این تحقیق نقش اعتبارات مقاوم سازی مسکن بر توانمندی، رضایتمندی و ماندگاری جمعیت روستا یی در 0 بین دو / دو گروه وا م گیرنده و غیروا م گیرنده مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته، و تفاوت معناداری در سطح 99 گروه از نظر توانمندی، رضایتمندی از بهبود مسکن و تثبیت جمعیت مشاهده شده است. بنابراین پرداخت اعتبارات مسکن، ضمن ایجاد توانمندی و رضایتمندی روستاییان در زمینه مسکن، در ماندگاری جمعیت در روستاها نیز موثر است.
    کلیدواژگان: اعتبارات خرد، اعتبارات مسکن روستایی، توسعه روستایی، مسکن های روستایی، دهستان بیهق
  • رسول قربانی، راضیه تیموری * صفحه 47

    کوشش های جهانی برای حفظ محیط طبیعی عمدتا به زیست بو مها یا اکوسیستم های نسبتا بکر و دارای تنوع زیستی و حفاظت گونه های جانوری و گیاهی منحصر به فرد توجه داشته است؛ لیکن نزدیکی طبیعت به محل کار و زندگی انسان ها، فضاهای سبز کوچک داخل شهرها و نیز فواید آنها برای مردم در این میان کمتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته اند. فضاهای سبز از یک سو موجب بهبود وضعیت زیست محیطی شهرها می شود، و از سوی دیگر شرایط مناسبی را برای گذران اوقات فراغت شهروندان فراهم می سازد. هدف اصلی این مقاله بررسی تاثیرات روانی اجتماعی پارک های شهری در بهبود کیفیت زندگی شهروندان از طریق بررسی عوامل جاذبه پارک ها، در پوشش دادن عوامل دافع های محل سکونت آنان با استفاده از است. یافته های تحقیق، بیانگر آن است که شهروندان تبریزی بیشتر Seeking-Escaping الگوی به منظور دسترسی به هوای سالم، تفریح خانوادگی، کسب نشاط و دوری از آلودگی ها و تنگی محیط مسکونی، پیاد هروی، رفع خستگی، و گریز از یکنواختی زندگی به پار کهای شهری روی م یآورند.

    کلیدواژگان: پارک شهری، الگوی Seeking، Escaping، وامل جاذبه و دافعه، کیفیت زندگی، شهر تبریز
  • زهرا پیشگاهی فرد، رضا جنیدی صفحه 63
    از نظر راهبران روسیه، حوزه نفوذ سنتی اتحاد جماهیر شوروی به ویژه آسیای مرکزی و قفقاز نخستین سنگر پدافندی برای پاسداری از امنیت ملی روسیه است و رفتار مسکو بر سیاق دوران روسی ه تزاری و شوروی سابق، باید به دنبال اعمال سلطه بر این منطقه باشد. با وجود این، روسیه در طول دو دهه اخیر، رویکردهای مختلفی در قبال آسیای مرکزی در پیش گرفته که در نگاه اول ممکن است تداعی کننده سردرگمی سران کاخ کرملین باشد؛ اما با بررسی دقیق علت اتخاذ چنین رو یه ای، می توان دریافت که این رویکردها صرفا تاکتیکی، و ب همنظور تحقق راهبرد کلان روسیه در آسیای مرکزی بوده اند. آنچه که برای جمهوری اسلامی ایران اهمیت دارد، این است که روسیه در روند تحقق راهبرد و اعمال سلطه بلامنازع خود بر آسیای مرکزی، از چه منظرهایی نفوذ کشور ما را در این منطقه با محدودیت ر و به رو می سازد. استدلال مقاله حاضر بر این است که علایق ژئوپلیتیکی ایران و روسیه در این منطقه در بسیاری از زمینه ها از جمله رژیم حقوقی دریای خزر، ترانزیت انرژی و رقابت های اقتصادی به طور طبیعی در تعارض با یکدیگر قرار دارد؛ چرا که اساسا هر اندازه نفوذ سیاسی اقتصادی و فرهنگی ایران در این منطقه افزایش یابد، به طور طبیعی از دامنه فرصت های روسیه برای بهره برداری از موقعیت جغرافیایی خود کاسته خواهد شد.
    کلیدواژگان: رفتار سیاسی، چالش ژئوپلیتیکی، آسیای مرکزی، روسیه، ایران
  • مجید عبدالهی، مظفر صرافی، جمیله توکلی نیا صفحه 83
    در فرایند کنونی برنامه ریزی و مدیریت توسعه شهری، استفاده از راهبردهای مشارکتی و رویکرد برنامه ریزی از پایین به بالا به تدر یج مورد اجماع نظر برنامه ریزان قرار گرفته است. تحقق این رویکرد، را به عنوان واحد پایه و محور «محله» نیازمند تعریف نظام تقسیمات فضایی خردتری است که می توان برنامه ریزی مشارکتی در عرصه همگانی در شهرها قلمداد کرد. این مقاله می کوشد با توجه به برداشت های گونا گون از محله، مبتنی بر دیدگاه های مختلف علمی و با تاکید بر زمینه های حقوقی و تاریخی در شهره ای ایران به اصول مشترک در تعریف محله دست یابد. مطالعه حاضر به لحاظ روش انجام «تحلیل برون ی» و «تحلیل درون ی» تحقیق براساس رویکرد کیفی، و تحلیل اسناد مطالعه به دو شیوه شد. یافته های این مطالعه نشان می دهد که محله مفهومی است که هر یک از حوزه های مختلف علمی بنا به زمینه های نظری خاص خود، به تعریف و کاربست آن پرداخته اند. دارا بودن مرز و محدوده مشخص، حس همبستگی و روابط متقابل میان ساکنان، هویت جمعی و اشتراک اهداف، یکپارچگی ف ضا و فعالیت، خودکفایی نسبی و جمعیت متناسب از مضامین مشترک در تعریف محله بوده است. برمبنای ویژگی ها و معیارهای مورد انتظار، مفاهیم جمعیتی، زیرساختی، سیاسی، حسی، اجتماعی و محیطی به عنوان اصول پایه در تعریف محله محسوب می شود. مفهوم شناسی محله در شهرهای ایران نشان می دهد که در گذشته ویژگی ها و معیارهای قومی، مذهبی، نژادی و نظایر اینها، و در زمان حاضر اصول رسمی و قراردادی در تعریف مفهوم و تعیین حدود محله نقش تعیین کننده ای دارند. در مجموع محدوده فضایی یکپارچه، وجود مرزهای کالبدی مبتنی بر درک ذهنی و یا نشانه ع ینی، حس تعلق مکانی و همبستگی اجتماعی، امکان شناخت رو در رو و وجود تسهیلات و خدمات محلی از جمله نکاتی است که در مفهو مشناسی محله اهمیت م ییابند.
    کلیدواژگان: جامعه، اجتماع، اجتماع محلی، محلیت، محله
  • رسول افضلی، وحید کیانی صفحه 103
    بسیاری از مسائل مهم جغرافیای سیاسی و ژئوپلیتیک، اساسا روش شناسان هاند. موضوعات رو ششناختی در ابتدا در دهه 50 و 60 با تحول رفتارگرایی در علوم سیاسی و روابط بی نالملل، به جغرافیای سیاسی و ژئوپلیتیک نیز وارد شد و بسیاری از پژوهشگران جغرافیای سیاسی و ژئوپ لیتیک، تلاش کردند تا روش های علمی را در جغرافیای سیاسی به کار بگیرند. این امر واکنش مدافعان رهیاف ت های سنتی یا کلاسیک را موجب شد. در نتیجه، روش های دیگر ملهم از علم یا اثبات گرایی، مانند انتخاب عقلی و تجزیه و تحلیل ساختاری، توسعه یافت. این امر به نوبه خود روش های دیگر فرااثبا ت گرایی و از جمله نظریه های انتقادی و پسامدرنیسم را سبب گردی د. این تحقیق تقسیم اساسی بین دو گروه از محققان روش های اثباتی و فرااثباتی را مورد مطالعه قرار داده است: 1- آن دسته از پژوهشگران جغرافیای سیاسی و ژئوپلیتیک که معتقدند روش پوزیتی ویستی می تواند برای تشریح علمی جغرافیای سیاسی و ژئوپلیتیک به کار رود؛ و 2- آن دسته از پژوهشگران جغرافیای سیاسی و ژئوپلیتیک که تصور می کنند این امر ناشدنی است و آنچه در پژوهش های جغرافیای سیاسی و ژئوپلیتیک می توان بدان دست یافت. از لحاظ پژوهشی، تفسیر پدیده ها در قالب روش های فرااثبات گرایی است. از این رو تحقیق حاضر صرفا به ماهیت و جایگاه این روش ها در مطالعات جغرافیای سیاسی و ژئوپلیتیک پرداخته است و قصد سوق دادن پژوهشگران و اندیشمندان این رشته را به سوی روش خاصی مدنظر قرار نداده است. بلکه هدف اصلی این است که اگر در تحقیقی از روش اثباتی یا فرااثباتی استفاده شده است، پژوهشگر باید از چه اصول و معیارهایی پیروی کند تا مطالع های روشمند انجام داده باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: اثبات گرایی، فرااثبات گرایی، جغرافیای سیاسی، ژئوپلیتیک، نظریه های انتقادی
  • محمدرضا حافظ نیا، مصطفی قادری حاجت، زهرا احمدی پور صفحه 121
    جغرافیای سیاسی شاخ های از علم جغرافیاست که به مطالعه و کالبد شکافی پدیده های سیاسی فضایی و نواحی متشکل و سازمان یافته سیاسی، از سطح خرد تا کلان (میکرو تا ماکرو) م یپردازد. از دیدگاه علی، موضوع دانش جغرافیای سیاسی را کنش متقابل متغیرهای سیاسی با متغیرهای فضایی تشکیل می دهد.
    پس با توجه به آنچه که اشاره شد، دو مولفه سیاست و فضا از مفاهیم اساسی این رشته اند که شناخت شاخ صهای آنها از مه مترین اقدامات زیربنایی در درک پدید ه های سیاسی فضایی به شمار م یآید.
    فضا را می توان عرصه ای س هبعدی که دارای هویت، ساختار، سیستم ها و مرزهای مشخص است و مقیاس های مختلف و چشم انداز پویا (دینامیک) دارد و قلمرو زندگی، تحرک، احساس، آرمان و فعالیتانسان ها را تشکیل می دهد، به حسا ب آورد. اما سیاست متاثر از ایدئولوژی های گوناگون عبارت است از: مفاهیم و نهادهای سیاسی فرمانروا، فرایندها و سازوکار های تصمی م ساز که بر پایه نظام ارزشی پدید آمده اند و با پشتیبانی عامل قدرت مستتر در حاکمیت، بر فضای جغرافیایی تاثیر می نهند واز آن تاثیر م یپذیرند. این مقاله به صورت کتابخانه ای و میدانی و با شیوه توصیفی تحلیلی، سعی بر شناسایی و رتبه بندی، شاخص های سیاست و فضا در جغرافیای سیاسی دارد. یافته ها بیانگر این مطلب است که شاخصه های شناخته شده در مباحث نظری با توجه به یافته های میدانی تایید شدند، و بر این اساس از 51 شاخص مورد آزمون، تعداد شاخ ص های سیاسی مطلق 19 شاخص، شاخ ص های فضایی مطلق 22 و شاخص های دوگانه 10 شاخص شناسایی و رده بندی شدند. نکته شایان توجه وزن و اهمیت بیشتر شاخص های فضایی در قیاس با شاخص ه های سیاسی بود، که نشان از اهمیت و جایگاه هر یک از این مولف ه ها در مطالعات جغرافیای سیاسی و ژئوپلیتیک دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: سیاست، فضا، ایدئولوژی، جغرافیای سیاسی
  • حسنعلی فرجی سبکبار، سیدعلی بدری، سید حسن مطیعی لنگرودی، حجت الله شرفی صفحه 135
    امروزه توسعه روستایی به عنوان یکی از مباحث توسعه با چالش های فراوانی روب ه روست و بدون انجام سنجش و برنام ه ریزی و تصمی م گیری، پویایی از تصمیم گیری بهینه و فرایند بازخورد توسعه پایدار حذف می گردد. در این تح ق یق برای سنجش میزان پایداری نواحی روستایی از مدل تحلیل شبکه ای که یکی از تکنیک های تصمیم گیری چندمعیاره به شمار می آید، استفاده شده است. مدل تجزیه و تحلیلشبکه از سلسله مراتب کنترل، خوش ه ها، عناصر روابط بین بخشی، بین عناصر و بین خوش ه ها تشکیل شده است که موضوع تصمیم گیری را به چند سطح مختلف تجزیه می کند و وابستگی درونی بین مولف ه ها و درون شبکه را کنترل و مدیریت می کند. در این تحقیق از شاخ ص های در نظر گرفته شده مربوط به هر یک از ابعاد پایداری برای سنجش نواحی روستایی استفاده شده است. براساس چنین هدفی، فرضیه تحق یق این گونه صورت بندی شده است که بین ابعاد پایداری (اجتماعی، اقتصادی و محیط ی) منطقه مورد مطالعه تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد. روش شناسی تحقیق توصیفی و تحلیلی است و با استفاده تکنیک بردا 250 خانوار در 46 روستا در چهار بخش شهرستان فسا مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است، به گونه ای که بعد از محاسبه وزن ها با استفاده از تکنیک بردا، تفاوت در میزان پایداری ابعاد اقتصادی، اجتماعی و محیطی نواحی روستایی این شهرستان مشخص شو د. یافته های تحقیق نشان می دهد به دلیل وجود ه م پیوندی میان شاخص ها و معیارها در ابعاد مختلف برای سنجش دقیق پ ایداری، توجه به گروه ها و ابعاد مختلف پایداری به صورت مستقل از یکدیگر، همچنین استفاده از نظرسنجی ها و در نظر گرفتن نظریات کارشناسی الزامی است و از این رو شیوه تصمیم گیری گروهی با بهره گیری از روش بردا و پرسشنامه و به خاطر توجه به ساختار شبکه ای و متقابل شاخص ها و معیارها در ANP ترکیب داده های آن در مدل این مدل، دارای کارایی بالایی است.
    کلیدواژگان: سنجش پایداری، تحلیل شبکه، تکنیک بردا، نواحی روستایی، شهرستان فسا
  • حسن حکمت نیا، سید علیرضا افشانی * صفحه 157

    حاشیه نشینی یکی از پیامدهای صنعتی شدن و رشد شهرها در کشورهای م ختلف، اعم از توسعه یافته یا در حال توسعه اس ت. حاشیه نشینی پدیده ای نامیمون و ناهمسو با سایر ابعاد جامعه تلقی می شود، چرا که به نوبه خود پیامدهای متعددی برای جامعه به دنبال دارد که یکی از مهم ترین آنها رشد انحراف اجتماعی است. هدف تحقیق حاضر بررسی رابطه حاشی ه نشینی با ارتکاب جرایم اجتماعی در شهر یزد بوده است. فرضیه اصلی تحقیق این است که بین وضعیت بد اقتصادی و معیشتی حاشی ه نشینان و ارتکاب جرایم اجتماعی آنها رابطه وجود دارد. روش تحقیق از نوع پیمایشی بوده است. جامعه آماری تحقیق را کلیه خانوارهای ساکن در حاشیه شه ر یزد تشکیل می داد. با توجه به پراکندگی متغیر اصلی تحقیق در پیش آزمون انجام شده و سطح اطمینان 95 درصد، نمون های به حجم 282 نفر از ساکنان مناطق حاشی های شهر یزد انتخاب و به صورت حضوری با آنها مصاحبه شد. طبق یافته های تحقیق بین بیکاری، درآمد خانواده و ارتکا ب جرایم اجتماعی رابطه معنی داری وجود دار د. افراد بیکار و با درآمد پایین نسبت به افراد شاغل و افراد با درآمد بالا بیشتر مرتکب جرایم اجتماعی شده اند. همچنین نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که بین مهاجرت، تحصیلات پدر، تحصیلات مادر و ارتکاب جرایم اجتماعی رابطه معنی داری وجود ندار د. نتایج این تحقیق، همسو با نظریات قشربندی اجتماعی و به ویژه نظریه محرومیت و همچنین نظریه فشار است که مدعی است افراد به دلیل داشتن مشکلات اقتصادی و کمبود درآمد از یک سو و مقایسه خود با دیگرانی که در شهر هستند از سوی دیگر، تمایل زیادی به ارتکاب رفتار مجرمانه پیدا م یکنند.

    کلیدواژگان: حاشیه نشینی، جرایم اجتماعی، فقر، بیکاری، شهر یزد
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  • Eftekhari A.R., Purtaheri M., Sojasi Qidari H Page 1
    Introduction
    According to sustainable development principals, one of the highly important sustainable rural development theories is economic development. Nowadays, this economic approach in economic theories pays special attention to rural entrepreneurship. In most countries entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs are particularly noticed; and entrepreneurship and providing the grounds for its development are considered as instruments for economic development in different countries, especially in developing ones, because entrepreneurship with high effectiveness leads to economic development (including employment, compatibility and pioneering). On the other hand, if rural development in an overall and synoptic approach, is assumed to be based on sustainable development, increase of people’s choice process, democratic development, empowering people to decide on forming the environment, increase of happiness and pleasure, increase of potential opportunities and capacities, empowering women, the poor and farmers to organize their environment and team work, then we can claim that empowerment and creating capacity is a new paradigm and focus point. Moreover, based on sustainable development, paying attention to economic development along with social and ecological development is one of the most crucial dimensions of sustainable rural development (SRD). Economic development is associated with social and ecological development, because using villager's ability and talent appropriately is the main factor of improvement and the proper method of achieving the goals. In entrepreneurship program, there are three specific subjects under the title of local economic development. Making people understand that local economy belongs to them is the first subject. The second subject is systematic analysis of ways by which local economies can be augmented and the third subject is developing local economic institutional structures.
    Methodology
    Today the study of the literature of rural development and planning, indicates that in every problem, organized and cultural coalitions frameworks should emphasize on the people and the rural societies, so that they would be able to use their abilities, capacities, and innovations appropriately. Such attitude is assumed to be one of the requirements of rural sustainable development. The origin of this attitude is derived from sustainable development and its novel conceptualization which is clarified in the capacity development perspective through capacity creating and empowerment. For this reason, use of available opportunities and abilities assists rural people to reach a desirable future. On this basis, use of the life experiences of successful people and environmental activities is the tools of success. Because successful people are creative and innovative people and entrepreneurs in their own communities who are successful in their lives and can be patterns for others. Farmer community cannot be excluded from the rural territory. Successful entrepreneur people in Agriculture, using their abilities, talents and creations make a different life pattern in their community. Therefore, an entrepreneur farmer is one who detects, evaluates and recognizes the best and the last market and the economic opportunities with regard to environmental restrictions and learning from his or her experiences by a specific future prospective method; and then uses potential and actual agricultural opportunities wisely and properly based on his or her talent and external guidance and observing human, spatial and place rights.
    Results And Discussion
    The way of problem solving is among the characteristics of entrepreneur farmers. They believe that to achieve a creative solution, it is necessary to know and define the main problem at first. They assume that each problem contains two sections i.e. risk and opportunity and to achieve an appropriate solution, it is required that both sections be understood exactly. As a result, the problem is considered by them from the perspective of a researcher (to detect opportunities) and an inspector (to detect risks). Of course it should be noted that successful entrepreneurship in rural agriculture requires an inseparable bond with the industry section or industrializing agriculture, because they have ante- post relations. In other words, their developments are interrelated, but development of economic sections is sequential i.e. the development process begins in agriculture section and expands to industry section and lastly to service; because all individuals and social professions and skills of people in developing countries are concentrated in the agricultural section. On this basis, the goal of fundamental research is Measurement and Assessment of the Effective Factors in the Function of Successful and Ordinary Rural Farmers. The research methodology is the synthetic of qualitative research and quantitative research. The findings of the research show that with Mann -Whitney and T test of the whole variables, there are significant differents between the attitude of successful and ordinary country farmers of Khodabandeh in the field of Effective Factors in Function.
    Conclusion
    Based on the results, each group of samples made different statements and consider successful factors as the most effective factors in agric-entrepreneurship of rural regions. In this way, the successful farmers experiment can be considered as the core and center of entrepreneurship and innovative activities in rural communities.
    Keywords: Rural development, Sustainable, Iran., Agricultural entrepreneurship
  • Ziari K., Zanjirchi S.M., Sorkhkamal K Page 17
    Introduction
    Due to the need for unified development, the analysis of human residences dependency over regional levels is the basis of any programming in third world countries. The final goal of analysis of regional systems is suitable distribution of population and distributing socioeconomical development. Therefore, decreasing deprivation and inequality is an important issue in developing countries; in fact widespread development and improvement in the future, requires recognition of the situations of different regions. Using criteria and quantitative methods for leveling residences in spatial system of regions not only leads to recognition of the rate of inequality of residential places, but it is also an index for attempting to decrease and remove the inequalities among them. This article focuses on leveling and rating the inequalities among cities of Khorasan Razavy using TOPSIS model as one of the multi criteria for decision making technique. This technique contains logical mathematics in ranking and using absolute (non-comparative) data. TOPSIS measures the distance of each alternative from the positive and the negative ideals and makes an index (Ci) for comparing alternatives, and then this technique can be used for the purpose of this research.
    Methodology
    This is an applied research that uses analytic- descriptive method to survey the question of the research. The populations under study are the cities of Khorasan Razavi province containing 19 cities based on the census report in 2006. 84 indexes were selected as indicators of development containing infrastructure (rate of roads to city area, rate of blacktop roads to city area, roads per 100000 persons, rate or city roads to province area, rate of travel roads to city area, rate of main roads to city area), Health (number of doctors per 10000 persons, number of dentists per 10000 persons, number of laboratory per 10000 persons, number of sickbed per 10000 persons, number of employees in health care department per 10000 persons, number of pharmacists per 10000 persons, number of paramedics per 10000 persons, number of pharmacies per 10000 persons, number of experts per 10000 persons, number of psychologists per 10000 persons, number of auxiliaries per 10000 persons), culture (number of libraries per 10000 persons, ratio of books to educated persons, ratio of library members to educated persons, number of mosques Human Geography Research Quarterly, 4 arterly, No. 72, Summer 2010 per 10000 persons, ratio of cinema viewers to population, number of cinemas per 10000 persons, ratio of educated women to city population, ratio of high educated persons to population and ratio of high educated women to high educated men), rural development (education rate in rural areas, education rate of women, percentage of villages that have electricity, number of villages that have gas, ratio of rural roads to city roads, ratio of blacktop rural roads to rural roads, ratio of rural roads to city roads, inverse of rural family dimension), population (population relative compression, inverse of family dimension, inverse of death rate, inverse of pregnancy rate, average population growth rate), housing (percentage of lasting houses, inverse of non-lasting houses, ratio of permissions for high level houses to whole permissions, inverse of number of houses with one room, ratio of four room and more to all houses, rate of houses with one family in and rate of houses with four family in), farming (education growth in farming employees, ratio of farms to city areas, performance of wheat farms, performance of barley farms, rate of area under farming with water, number of fowl per farmer, number of tractors per 100 hectares, number of reapers per 1000 hectares, ratio of areas under farming to farmers), universe economics (employee rate, activity rate, inverse of sponsorship, ratio of city areas to provincial areas, percentage of women employment, ratio of industry employees to whole employees, ratio of area population to province population and urban percentage) and education (ratio of teachers to students in initial schools, ratio of teachers to students in secondary schools, ratio of teachers to students in high schools, ratio of classrooms to students in initial schools, ratio of classrooms to students in secondary schools, ratio of classrooms to students in high schools, ratio of students at university to whole population, ratio of students to population above 10 years old, ratio of girl students to boy students, rate of employees, rate of literate persons, ratio of higher educated to whole literate persons, ratio of literate persons to population above 6 years old and rate of literate women). We used IRAN Central Bank, Iran Statistics center and Statistical Annual data to measure research variables. Then TOPSIS was used based on a mathematical model to compare the cities of Khorasan Razavi province. Finally, Ci was the base of the conclusion.
    Results And Discussion
    The level of development in these cities was compared based on real data on 84 indexes in sectors like: education, infrastructure, farming, economics, culture, health, housing, population and rural development. The results of the research show that Mashhad had the first position for developing rate in the year 1385; however this city, due to political - administrative centrality, attracts facilities, skillful human force and services from other regions and grows as a pole of the region; therefore it preserves dominance and distinction on spatial structure. City Khalil Abad got the last grade between 19 cities. Cities Mashhad, Sabzevar, Bardeskan, Kashmar, Rashtkhar, Gonabad and kalat are at the top and cities Kashmar, Mahvelat, Torbate jam and Rashtkhar are at the bottom based on different indexes. Coefficient of variance between different cities shows that there is a kind of divergence and incongruity between areas on the structure of khorasan Razavi province regional development.
    Conclusion
    We can say that the model of regional development in khorasan Razavi is "on Center- Periphery pattern", and continuing this procedure, the present break and inequality will deepen. Therefore, it is an inevitable necessity to notice the regional programming study of cities in development, recognize regional residential religions in order to program ystematically and offer correct and performable guidelines toward the regional equal expansion and development.
    Keywords: TOPSIS, Human residences leveling, Regional inequality, Khorasan Razavi., Regional development
  • Motiee Langroodi S.H., Bakhshi Z Page 31
    Introduction
    Increasing of rural - urban migration, results in various consequences for the economic, social and legal systems of the country; on one hand, villages’ development indexes start to deteriorate and on the other hand, limited resources in the urban areas are insufficient for the immigrated population. Changing this trend requires a comprehensive consideration of the issues related to the rural areas, most important of which is alleviating the poverty of rural areas compared to the urban areas that can be recognized in the income, education, healthcare, awareness, knowledge, infrastructure, and physical development level of rural areas. One of the most important ways of alleviating the rural poverty is physical and economic investment, credit granting, promoting job creation, and comprehensive improvement of the living standards of the rural population, which influence their satisfaction and welfare and stability of population in such areas. One of the most important forms of investments is credit granting and in particular, micro-credit from the official resources (e.g. government). Such credits can influence the welfare and reduce the inequality among the rural population. Rural credits are granted in sectors such as agriculture, construction, healthcare, etc, and each can improve a specific aspect of rural development. Improper location, unreliable construction and low quality are among the most salient symbols of rural housing in Iran. Housing, as the cornerstone of humans’ life, responds to a wide range of individual and social needs of human beings and rural housing, as a result of its versatility, deserves more attention and consideration. Granting rural housing credit in the framework of Rural Housing Project commenced amid the 4th Development Plan and will continue throughout the 5th Development Plan. These credits are given with the goal of making resistant houses and improving the housing and physical development level of the rural areas in order to increase the satisfaction and empower the population and hinder the population immigration from these areas. This project covers all villages and towns with less than 12000 inhabitants. The importance and necessity of this research by topic: The role of rural housing creditgranting in empowerment, satisfaction with the houses and stability of the rural population lies in the increasing trend of rural-urban migration at the district level as well as the fundamental qualitative and quantitative deficits of the rural housing. Beyhagh Rural District with a Human Geography Research Quarterly, 6 arterly, No. 72, Summer 2010 population of 7375 inhabitants is located in the south of Sabzevar County and despite its affinity to the city and possessing a wide range of natural potentials, is facing a rapid rural-urban migration. This trend is created as a result of frequent droughts, lack of financial and economic infrastructure, high unemployment and lack of basic infrastructure. The present research aims to address the following questions: Main Questions 1. Have the rural housing resisting credits been successful in increasing the empowerment and satisfaction level of the population with the houses? 2. Do such credits influence the population’s tendency in staying in the rural areas? The following hypotheses have been developed with regards to the main questions of the research: Hypothesis 1: Rural housing resisting credits have increased the empowerment and satisfaction level of the population with the houses. Hypothesis 2: Rural housing resisting credits positively influence the population migration from rural to urban areas.
    Methodology
    The statistical population consists of the two groups of credit borrowers and those who have not applied for credit. Using Cochrane formula, a group of 120 persons who used the credits and 318 persons who did not, were studied. The statistical population is spread among 21 villages with more than 20 inhabitant families and 2 villages of under 20 inhabitant amilies (Beizakh and Hossein Abad villages where the number of credit applicants were onsiderably high). This research is practical in its approach and analytical-descriptive in its methodology. For analyzing the data, various means such as maps, pictures, tables, graphs, and computer softwares such as GIS, Excel and SPSS were deployed. For testing the hypotheses and analyzing the data, Mann-Whitney test statistic was used.
    Results And Discussion
    The results of this research show that at 99% significance evel, considerable difference can be observed in the level of satisfaction; the first group (credit users), were satisfied whereas the second group were not satisfied with their housing condition. With espect to rehabilitation, the first group considers the credit to have increased their ability to enovate their houses, while the second group indicated that without being granted credit, they ould not be able to renovate their houses. In the second hypothesis, at the 99% significance level, the first group is more inclined to stay in the rural areas compared to the second group.
    Conclusion
    Use of credits in retrofitting rural housing, in addition to improving the housing conditions, causes the capacity for new housing construction and the villagers’ tendency to stay in villages to increase.
    Keywords: Beyhagh rural district., Microcredit, Population stabilization, Satisfaction, Rural houses, Rural development
  • Ghorbani R., Teimouri R Page 47
    Introduction

    Global efforts for protecting natural environment put more emphasis on ecosystems that involve environmental variety and protection of unique animal and plant species and less attention has been paid to the nature of the residential and occupational areas along with small intercity green spaces and also their benefits to urban residences. Access to safe and convenient green space is likely to be an important environmental factor in public health. Green spaces cause to improve the environmental status of cities and also they provide appropriate conditions for the urban residences to spend their leisure times. Green space plays an important social role in easing tensions and improving psychological and mental health. In this paper, we have examined four main parks (Mashrooteh, Baghmisheh, Azerbaijan and Elgoli) of Tabriz. This city is located in the North-East of Iran with approximately 1378000 populations. Tabriz has approximately 132 parks in big and small areas.

    Methodology

    The main purpose of this research is to study the socio-psychological ffects of residence through studying the attraction factors of parks in covering the rejection of their residential area. Research Data was gathered from one hundred persons who use the four main parks of Tabriz. In this research, we completed 25 questionnaires for each park visitor in random regardless of social or expert condition of visitors that came to the parks. The questionnaires were distributed on holidays and ordinary days and in different times and locations of the parks. Also we used questionnaires to examine the tendency or non tendency to public green spaces. For data analysis and getting attraction and repulsion factors, we used Seeking-Escaping Model. The findings of the research are categorized in four Sections: Causes of Parks’ Recourses, Repulsions from Residential Area, Mental effects of Parks on People and Priority of Parks to other recreational Places.

    Results And Discussion

    People feel better living around green spaces. Living in areas with abounded green space helps to reduce anger and violence and improve the ability to concentrate and work effectively. There is good scientific evidence that relations with natural spaces in urban areas can improve mental health and can help in restoration in psychological well-being. The results of the studies show that all people from all age groups acknowledge the advantages of parks in improvement of moral, social and economical conditions. Also the majority of people feel better when they are in parks and they use parks as a space to go to for rest and reinforcement. In this research, to analyze people’s motivations to go to natural environment, indexes were used that suggest both attractions and repulsions. Analysis of data suggests the motivation of most people to go to parks is to spend time with family and friends.

    Conclusion

    Parks provide easily accessible recreational opportunities for people and offer opportunities for healthy physical and mental activities. The findings of this research indicate the tendency of Tabriz residences to urban parks for accessing good weather, family entertainment, getting happiness, walking and avoiding pollutions, narrowness of residential environment, resting and escaping from life homogeneity.

    Keywords: Urban park, Life quality., Attraction, rejection factors, Seeking – Escaping Method
  • Pishgahifardz., Joneidi R Page 63
    Introduction
    The political behavior of Russia in the Central Asian region, since its collapse has experienced four different periods: 1. 1991-1993, during which, for some reasons, the Russians did not pay any special attention to this region;2. 1993-2001, with the growth of radical fundamentalism and the beginning of the New Great Game, the Russians’ attention was drawn to this region; 3. 2001-2005, after September 11, Putin started new relationships with NATO, while agreeing with the presence of US troops and European companies’ investments in the region; 4. 2005-2009, the nature of Russia’s behavior turned out to be based on energy imperialism for punishing revolutionaries and disloyal states, reviving the old empire, and challenging the West in a new world competition;The present paper studies the reasons for Russia’s paradoxical behaviors in Central Asia and the consequent geopolitical challenges for Iran’s national interests.
    Methodology
    Some scholars believe that Russia’s behavior towards Central Asia changes ccording to Russian authorities’ approaches – Atlantic’s, Slav cists and Eurasian’s. Although the authorities’ role in determining foreign policy pattern is not deniable, according to Kenneth N.Waltz’s systemic theory “understanding international politics is not possible by merely looking into the governments”. The writers argue that the theory of Structural Realism can be useful for analyzing the nature of Russia’s behavior in this region. James Doherty and Robert Pfaltzgraff believe that the main elements of realism are power, national interests, and fight for power ininternational fronts.
    Results And Discussion
    The implications for each period are as follows: A. 1) Russia’s chaotic economic condition and the necessity to improve it through intermingling with international economy; 2) the dominance of Atlantic approach; 3) lack of attention to this region from other world-powers;B. 1) the necessity to control radical fundamentalism; 2) the necessity to prevent Uranium and drugs trafficking; 3) protecting the rights of the Russians remaining in Central Asia; 4) guaranteeing the survival of CIS for safeguarding Russian interests in the future (Shiazi, 1997: 193); 5) discovering new oil and gas reserves and beginning the New Great Game; 6) the necessity of more dynamism to keep up with the competitors in the New Great Game. C. 1) Central Asian states’ developing intended to undermine Russian geopolitical dominance as a result of Moscow’s strict behavior in the 90s; 2) stopping the continuity of the states’ unstable economic condition with the help of the West and the subsequent decrease in fundamentalist activities; 3) drawing the advantages of cooperation with the West, especially the permission to confront the separatists, like in Chechnya, and improving the chaotic Russian economy, especially through membership in WTO and the Group of Eight (G8); 4) establishing its transit conditions through cooperation with the US; 5) understanding Russia’s superior geographical-political situation, especially its energy power; 6) the ability to function as a rein to control this region’s countries in superregional factors; 7) confronting the influence of regional powers, especially China. It seems that in Russian authorities’ view these goals would not be attained but through tactical cooperation with the West. D. 1) the US attempts in the last two decades to disintegrate Russian political and economic power; 2) The West attempts to change Central Asian leaders’ attitudes through supporting Russia by means of Colorful revolutions, and the increase of Russian historic cynicism with theAmericans; 3) the improvement of Russia’s economic conditions (Mathieu, 2009: 2) and its ability to revive Russian empire through economic means and even using hard force against rebelling states like Georgia. Cogen says that historians consider August, 8, 2008 as a historic turning point, no less than the fall of Berlin Wall, November, 9, 1989: “In fact, Russia’s attack against the independent Georgian territory formally signals the return of history to 19th century Great Game.” Hence, taking into consideration the changing international situations and its means of force (soft, hard, and smart), Russia has managed to exert and establish its geopolitical dominance on Central Asia. In other words, Russia uses hard force (economic punishments, blocking transit routes, and even military attack) against regional rebelling states, soft force (appeals and motivations made possible by economic and security supports) against obedient states, and energy policies against the influence of superregional powers, especially the EU – what Tsygankov calls “energy imperialism”. Although Russia has, in some cases and for some geopolitical implications, tactically accepted the Western presence and influence in Central Asia, the nature of Moscow’s behavior in the region – i.e. total dominance – is always stable and the same. Iran, with its unique geography, is one of the most important potential competitors of Russia in the region. Geopolitical logic urges Russia to restrict Iran’s influence on the region, as it does with other influential powers. Because the more Iran’s influence on the region increases, the more Russian geographical and political appeals, especially in energy transit and economic competition in Central Asian market decreases. Moreover, in its attack to Georgia, Russia showed that in addition to soft force, it will also use hard force if necessary. Based on such attitudes, Russia, ignoring Iran’s views, emphasizes the joint nature of Caspian surface and the division of its water, in order to exploit sea resources and, in emergency cases, conducts maneuvers and exerts psychological influences on the neighboring countries for gaining more advantage. However, due to some tactical implications, especially reining the unilateral behaviors of the US, the geopolitical challenges between Iran and Russia in Central Asia, have Human Geography Research Quarterly, No. 72, Summer 2010 11not been revealed and focused on and will probably be taken to the olitical stage sometime in the future.
    Conclusion
    This article presents that Iranian and Russian geopolitical interests in the region are naturally contradictory in several ways: the Legal Regime of the Caspian Sea, energy transit, and economic rivalry. This is because the more Iran’s politico-economic and cultural influence on the region increases, naturally the more Russian opportunities for using its geographical position decreases.
    Keywords: Geopolitical challenge, Political behavior, Iran., Russia, Central Asia
  • Abdolahi M., Sarrafi M., Tavakolinia J Page 83
    Introduction
    In the present process of urbanization and urban development, the utilization of participatory strategy and bottom-up planning has been agreed by most of urban planners and managers to be essential. Realizing this kind of urban planning and management, we need the subdivision of the urban space into smaller units. Neighborhood can be considered as the basic unit for participatory planning. This concept has some similarities and differences from the meanings of the words such as community, society, local community, space and place. In this paper, it has been tried to describe the definitions of neighborhood and its dimensions with regard to various suggestions and definitions based on different points of views, to reach common principles and consensus of opinions for neighborhood. Also, it is intended to get an overall glance of scientific suggestions on the concept of neighborhood conformable to historical investigations and legal basis in Iran cities, in order to reach a concept closer and more common to the present reality of urbanism and urban development.
    Methodology
    The present study has been done based on qualitative method. Since the aim was to understand the neighborhood conceptual changes in different scientific fields and scientific urban & urbanism literature, documentary observation was used. Also the analysis of the documents of the study was done in two
    Methods
    a) internal analysis, b) external analysis. In internal analysis, the sources and documents containing a view to subjects, recognition measurements, scientific fields and theoretical & philosophical thoughts were considered. In external analysis, the connection between container documents and social and political reality of society was considered. Resource and
    Discussion
    The result of this study has shown that, Neighborhood is a term which different fields such as sociology, geography and urban planning have defined and utilized in different ways on the basis of theoretical and contextualized differences. However, there are common issues in these variations which help us to draw the concept of neighborhood. Neighborhood has some aspects in common with concepts like community, society, place, space, vicinage and etc. Community and society, as basic concepts in social geography and sociology, have some characteristics. Specific geographical territory and interrelationships between its residents are considered as their common aspects. The distinction between these two concepts is that the ''community'' is formed upon emotional and organic linkages and the ''society'' is formed upon thoughts and conventional relationships. The concepts of space and place, also similar concepts, have some characteristics which are important in the clarification of the concept of ''neighborhood''. The change of views from mere physical perspective to social and physical perspectives of space and place is the cause of social activities running in the figure of city. This view is noteworthy in defining and conceptualization of neighborhood. In this sense, the concept of local community is formed upon common relations and interests and also place and specific geographical borders, which clarifies some principles for defining the concept of neighborhood. From the urban sociology point of view, neighborhood is a social unit including people with similar social, cultural and economical characteristics and residents who have social solidarity and local interrelationships. From the social sciences point of view, a ''neighborhood'' signifies a residential area with residents who have interrelationships between them. The approach of urban and social geographers in defining the concept of ''neighborhood'' is based upon having specific place and social relationships between its residents. Urban planning, in a different framework, defines neighborhood as an identifiable area of a city which has several land-uses for supplying the needs of its residents. Also this concept has considerable aspects in frame of functions and characteristics expected from neighborhood. The study of the concept of neighborhood in different scientific areas indicates that having clear borders and boundaries, sense of solidarity and reciprocity among residents, collective identity and sharing goals, integration of space and activity, relative independency and proportion of the population, are common themes in the defined neighborhood; Although based on expected characteristics and criteria, population concepts, infrastructure, political, sensory, social and environmental principles are to be considered as basic concepts. Recognition of neighborhood in cities of Iran indicates that ethnic, religious, racial and other characteristics and criteria in the past and the present official and formal principles have a determining role in definition and determination of the boundaries of the neighborhood.
    Conclusion
    An integrated spatial area, existence of physical boundaries based on subjective and/or objective cognition, sense of place, social belonging and face to face relationships, as well as containing daily facilities and services, could be expounded as common elements in the redefinition of the concept.
    Keywords: Community, Society, Neighbourhood., Locality, Local community
  • Afzali R., Kiani V Page 103
    Introduction
    Scientific research is a regular collection activity that with a standard visionary sight, and the efficacy of a specific methodology answers to questions which beget into the mind of researcher. Each theory or paradigm includes the three elements of ontology, epistemology and methodology. The systematic relevance between these three elements can rebound in research with scientific identity. Political geography and geopolitics theories are transmitting to a new status and their appearances are graduating vicissitudinou. First, the new significance and words overture (for example the international political economy, feminism, environment, critical geopolitics, popular geopolitics, and globalization) in discussions of political geography and geopolitics; Second, some of the prevalent significance and thoughts in political geography and geopolitics definite at new style (for example government, autonomy, ridge, security, minority laws and law of humans).
    Methodology
    The Research Method is Descriptive – Analytic and the information was collected in library method.
    Results And Discussion
    We generally assume that reality is objectively given and can be described by measurable properties which are independent of the observer (researcher) and his or her instruments.Positivist studies generally attempt to test theories, in order to increase the predictive understanding of phenomena. In line with this classified IS research as positivist if there was evidence of formal propositions, quantifiable measures of variables, hypothesis testing, and the drawing of inferences about a phenomenon from the sample to a stated population. Post positivism method (critical) assumes that social reality is constituted historically and that it is produced and reproduced by people. Although people can consciously act to change their social and economic circumstances, critical researchers recognize that their ability to do so is constrained by various forms of social, cultural and political dominations. The main task of critical research is considered as being one of social critique, whereby the restrictive and alienating conditions of the status quo are brought to light. Critical research focuses on the oppositions, conflicts and contradictions in contemporary society, and seeks to be emancipator i.e. it should help to eliminate the causes of alienation and domination. Many of the important questions in Political Geography and geopolitics in principle are methodological. In the beginning of 1950s and 1960s, the methodological Issues with the changes of behaviorism in political science, also entered Political Geography. Many of the Political Geography and geopolitics researchers began to seek the usage of Scientific Methods. These questions caused the reaction of the defenders of classical approaches. As a result, the other science methods developed similar structural analysis. These works created the other methods as Critical and post modern theories. This research has considered the basic division between the two groups of researchers i.e. Positivism and Critical
    Methods
    1- a group of researchers who believe Positivism methods to be efficient for the science description of Political Geography and geopolitics and, 2 - a group of researchers who believe that this work is impracticable and what it can do to control Political Geography and geopolitics studies is commenting phenomena.
    Conclusion
    Comparisons between classical and critical geopolitics are made with the suggestion that both versions, although different in most respects, are equally legitimate for study and perhaps may be brought closer together, at least in ways that may complement each other, after inspection of their comparative approaches. The classical version deserves consideration as a contribution to international relations theory and to foreign policy making. The critical approach provides a necessary critique of the classical, exposing its weaknesses and suggesting an emancipator alternative. Accordingly, the author has selected a variety of associated characteristics that show the primary variations between the classical and the critical approach, illustrated by appropriate quotations and examples, reaching the conclusion that both versions of geopolitics, the classical and the critical, merit credibility, and that a possibility exists where certain connections may be located between the two that could mutually clarify and strengthen their unique contributions to geopolitics as a whole. This research has considered the basic division between the two groups of researchers i.e. Positivism and Critical
    Methods
    1- a group of researchers who believe Positivism methods to be efficient for the science description of Political Geography and geopolitics and, 2 - a group of researchers who believe that this work is impracticable and what it can do to control Political Geography and geopolitics studies is commenting phenomena. Therefore, the present research tries to distinguish the nature and position of this method in Political Geography and geopolitics studies.
    Keywords: Post – Positivism_Geopolitics_Critical theories._Positivism_Political geography
  • Hafeznia M.R., Ghaderi Hajat M., Ahmady Poor Z Page 121
    Introduction
    Political geography is a branch of geography science that deals with studying and analyzing the spatial-political phenomena, crystallized and organized political areas, from micro to macro levels. From the casual standpoint the subject of political geography science is the wrought of interaction between political and spatial variables. So based on what was said, the two indexes “policy” and “space” are considered as fundamental concepts of this field and therefore, recognition of them is an infrastructural action in order to have an understanding of olitical phenomena. Space can be considered as a three dimensional compound which includes identity, structure and systems with defined barriers; it has different scales and dynamic visions that create life dominion, mobility, emotions, ideals and human activities. But policy which is affected by various ideologies is: concepts and political ruler institutions, procedures and decisional mechanism that is created by a value system and supported by the power factor hidden in the government, and is affected by geographical space and also has influence on it.
    Methodology
    This research is done by library and field research with descriptive - analytic method which tries to recognize and rank indexes of policy and space in political geography. Data and Information collection in this research is done in two steps: first step is related to the subject methodology information gathering and history of related researches that is gathered by library search, websites earches, scientific journals and researches. Second step is done by field research (via questionnaire). Statistical population of research consists of domestics and foreigner masters of political geography, political science and international relation fields and the sample is 60 persons of the mentioned fields masters that are selected randomly.
    Results And Discussion
    This research is organized to index policy and space indicators in the field of political geography studying in order to evaluate the results and rank them according to the opinions of experts. We feel that field research is needed more than library studies which is why the questionnaire was designed. After collecting the 50 questionnaires, the following results were found: After receiving the experts’ opinions and analyzing them, the results yield as follows: among all political indexes, basic law, unions and bilateral or multilateral contracts have the most and the least receiving weight respectively 387 and 216.5. From the 27 indexes which were considered as political indexes by researchers, 20 indexes were assigned to absolute policy. 8 were twofold or spatial-political and only 1 index was recognized as spatial index by experts’ opinions. For the spatial indexes after analysis the following results were obtained: among all spatial indexes, biology basis (water, land, air, etc.) and service structures have the most and the least receiving weight respectively 381.5 and 249.5. From the 24 indexes which were considered as spatial indexes by researchers, 22 indexes were assigned to absolute space and 2 were twofold or spatial-political.
    Conclusion
    From the 27 indexes which were considered as political indexes by researchers, 20 indexes were assigned to absolute policy. 8 were twofold or spatial-political and only 1 index was recognized as spatial index according to experts’ opinions. Total receiving weight of political indexes is 7840.5 and the mean of total weight of each index is 290.4 and mean weight of each index is 5.7.From the 24 indexes which were considered as spatial indexes by researchers, 22 indexes were assigned to absolute space and 2 were twofold or spatial-political. Total receiving weight of spatial indexes is 7635 and the mean of total weight of each index is 318.14 and mean weight of each index is 6.2. Research data represents that indexes of space indicators are more important in political geography. Based on what was mentioned, wecan classify the indexes of space and policy indicators in political geography with their corresponding subunits as follows:
    Keywords: Policy, Space, Ideology, Political geography
  • Faraji Sabokbar H., Badri S.A., Mottei Langrodi S.H., Sharafi H Page 135
    Introduction
    As pervasive as the term may be in our discourse, “sustainability” is far from having a clear, distinct, or wholly accepted meaning in contemporary development circles (preto, 1996). “Sustainability” is increasingly cited as an explicit goal of development efforts and remains a widely-touted global concern in spite of the fact that it is an inherently “complex and contested concept … [For which] precise and absolute definitions … are impossible”. The foundations of international development were laid after the end of World War II with the goals of alleviating poverty, reducing inequality, and improving the global standards of living. In 1987, the UNmandated World Commission on Environment and Development (the Brandt land Commission) responded to an emerging recognition that the human economy was stressing global ecosystems. The Commission affirmed the importance of which “extend to all the opportunity to fulfill their aspirations for a better life.” At the same time, it emphasized that this development must be “within the bounds of the ecologically possible,” They called for sustainable development “that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. An action plan for sustainable development, called Agenda21, was launched in 1992 at Rios Earth Summit (World Summit on Environment and development Goals, adopted in 2000, called on all countries to integrate the principle of sustainable development into national policies and programs. These indicators must not only reflect the changes in quality of life, but must also show if these changes are compatible with the current plans in ecological limits. While a precise and complete definition of sustainability may be elusive, it is possible to define measurable bottomline conditions for both human developments (Social, Economic) and ecological sustainability.
    Methodology
    While specific context, goals and methods of any program will vary widely (and so will the criteria for evaluation), we can fundamentally compare any sustainable development diminution based upon criteria that describe the type of approach taken. We examine and measure sustainable evelopment in terms of its three dimensions: environmental, social, and economical. Decisions leading to sustainable development ought to be based on science and adequate information. Thus, data are needed on environmental, social, and economical factors of sustainability. Recently, Analytical Network Process has been proposed as a systematic tool for the assessment of sustainability. Based on this approach, we have developed a model called sustainability assessment through Analytical Network Process (ANP) evaluation, which uses basic indicators of environmental, economic and social as inputs, and employs ANP to provide sustainability measuring on the local rural Fasa county, Fars province. This paper provides an approach to sustainable decision- making on local level using ANP model. In this research, the index of each dimension of sustainability has been used by measuring of rural areas. For this aim, the hypothesis is that there is a meaningful relationship among sustainability dimensions (social, economic, ecological aspects).The methodology of this article is descriptive-analytic using Borda technique on 250 family and 46 villages in Fasa county. For this purpose, after calculating the weights using Borda method, the differences are stated by sustainability dimensions of rural areas.
    Results And Discussion
    The design and development of sustainable development approaches is dependent upon identification and development of an appropriate information infrastructure to support decisionmaking. The findings of this research show that because of the relationship among indexes and criteria in different dimensions for measuring, exact sustainability is needed for the groups and different sustainability dimensions. They should be paid attention to independently and there should be polls to hear the experts’ recommendations. The collective decision-making employing Borda method, compression questionnaires and compounding the data in the ANP model improve their efficiency in comparison with the other methods.
    Keywords: Evaluation, Sustainable development, Borda model., Analytical network process, Fasa county
  • Hekmatnia H., Afshani S.A Page 157
    Introduction

    Suburban settlement is defined as life condition of those who are considered as the residents of urban society, but are in undesirable conditions considering income and utilization of urban facilities and services. During the recent years in Iran, urban settlement resulted in suburban settlement and this growing phenomenon has caused many economic, social, cultural, security and environmental problems in metropolitans of Iran. Suburban settlement is regarded as one of the consequences of internal migration from villages to cities in developing countries such as Iran and has attracted the focus of social and urban programmers. This phenomenon has in fact come into existence as a result of the movement of these societies from traditional to modern style and the related contradictions. Suburban settlement has a close and direct relationship with crime. Diversity, luxury and dramatic difference between the social classes in big cities and also high living costs cause unspecialized immigrants with insufficient income to take any action, even illegal, to fulfill their needs. In such areas, due to lack of human values, social deviation grows very rapidly and crimes such as theft, addiction, smuggling and prostitution will increase. Moreover, increase in abusing drugs and disorder in families is among the ominous consequences of migration from villages to cities. Gathering of immigrants with various cultures in suburban areas, together with unemployment resulted in crimes. Sociological studies and researchers have shown that suburban settlement has a close and direct relationship with increasing crimes and in some cases, this relationship is mutual, i.e. suburban settlement and crimes are both causes and effects of each other. Yazd has also faced suburban settlement in some old and surrounding areas. The living condition in these areas is qualitatively different from other areas and regions of Yazd. It is much lower. Factors such as unemployment, poverty, lack of standard accommodations, being in social isolation and not being commited to values have caused social abnormalities and urban damages. Therefore, suburban settlement in Yazd has not only caused heterogeneity in the appearance of the city, but it has also caused cultural imbalance, increase in crimes, contradictions, poverty and social heterogeneity and etc. This study aims to answer these questions: What kind of relationship exists between suburban settlement and social crimes in the city of Yazd? Is there any relationship between family income, parents’ level of education, unemployment and migration and social crimes?

    Methodology

    A survey has been done and the previous researches have been reviewed to determine the theoretical framework of the study. This study is applied in terms of purpose and with respect to time and depth criterion has been sectional and wide respectively. The data collection instrument has been a questionnaire and the data has been analyzed using SPSS software. All The subjects in this study had in common the feature of settling in suburban areas of khtargah, Amir Abad, Sajadieh, Nasr Abad, Kasnavieh, Mehdi Abad, Fahadan, Maryam Abad, Charkhab and Seyed Alshohada. The sample size was calculated to be 282 families using coukeran formula and variance taken from pretest, the level of significance of 95 percent and the probable error of 5 percent.

    Results And Discussion

    One of The findings of this study is the relationship between income and crime in suburban areas. The theory of poverty emphasizes the role of insufficient income in committing crimes. One of the important factors in developing Suburban settlement is the low income of people living in these areas. This issue is important from the viewpoint of economical geography. These people are hardly able to afford the lowest level of life for their families. Other factors such as illiteracy, quitting education in primary levels, financial poverty, malnutrition, physical illness, irregular employment, unemployment and working in farms and traditional working places have resulted in low income for these people. This problem causes these people to move from context to The margin (edge). Another factor having a significant relationship with social crimes is unemployment. Regarding unemployed people, low income and economical pressures on one hand, and social and mental pressures on the other hand, make them have wrong thoughts and commit crimes. To decrease these crimes, better jobs should be provided for at least the second generation of these families. Some of the actions that should be taken are as follows: A) teaching them necessary skills to find appropriate and permanent jobs, B) providing them with credit and loans both for unemployed people and those with low income, C) encouraging private and public sections for investment and providing job opportunities, D) preventing industries, factories and governmental organizations from being centralized in big cities, E) assisting economy and agriculture, e. g., by increasing agricultural budgets, F) compiling long-term endogenous strategy in the area and making dramatic changes in the economy of the area, specially indication for production and deletion of urban intercession and correction of consumption pattern. One of The crucial factors for the families to settle in the suburban areas is the low price of accommodation and results in these areas. In order for low-income people to have access to appropriate accommodation in the city and reduce the current problems, it seems essential to modify the costs of purchasing and renting houses and to organize the rental system.

    Conclusion

    Applying supporting, supervising and controlling policies in providing social accommodation can solve some of the problems. In addition, comprehensive regional and urban plans and middling programs in the residence section should be carried out and at the same time they should be connected with construction activities in the city. In the city of Yazd, one part of the solution is providing people with appropriate conditions for construction with the assistance of government and private sections and cooperation of urban management to increase legal constructions and transfer facilities to renew the old texture and also cooperation of benevolent people. In sum, it should be noted that the findings of this study are congruent with the theories of social deprivation and pressure which hold that crimes are the result of financial problems, low income and one’s comparing oneself with those who live in the cities.

    Keywords: Yazd city., Unemployment, Poverty, Social crimes, Suburban settlement