فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 77 (پاییز 1390)

IntroductionNowadays the subject of “Sustainable Urban Form” is considerable challenge for urban planners. In American countries، during last two decades، some novel approaches، namely “New Urbanism” and “Smart Growth”، have been considered for making urban environments more sustainable. However، sustaining the urban environments in the smart growth theories and compact cities’ frameworks confronts with some criticism. In urban planning، the fair distribution of land uses and the availability of local and regional services with the priority of side walk and compact form have been notified. The main pivotal consideration about this view is the fair distribution of land uses and “compact form” with the maintenance of environment which lead to limited use of vehicles for transportation. MethodologyThe research methodology is of descriptive-analytical and correlational. For analyzing data different quantitative planning models like Topsis multi-criteria decision making، Entropy، dispersion coefficient، cluster analysis and regression analysis are used. The research population includes 14 regions of Isfahan which is based on political divisions in 1388. The research indicators can be divided into four groups of social-economic (17 indicators)، physical and land using (34)، environmental (7) and access and communication (13) indicators. The accumulation of aforementioned indicators makes a smart growth composite index. Results and Discussion Based on the carried out investigation، among the 14 region of Isfahan، district 8 in social-economic index، district 5 in physical and land using index، district 2 in environmental index and district 3 in access and communication index are standing at the top of the score. In composite index، the city smart growth of district 5 has had the highest score. For accessing to a definitive ranking by considering smart growth index، all the 75 indicators are used with the application of Topsis model and the results came out with a slight difference. Considering the composite indicators، district 5 with the Topsis score of 0. 6337 takes the first grade، this district has dedicated the first grade in physical and land using index as well. The last grade، with the Topsis score of 0. 0528، refers to district 14. It owns the last grade in access and communication index as well. The average score of composite indicators equals 0. 2047and its standard deviation is 0. 1404. Region 5، 6، 3، 8 and 5 own the scores upper than average score and the other region have the scores lower than average. The results based on ranking show that 14 region of Isfahan all have various scores and outcomes in socio-economic، physical and land using، environmental، access and communication indicators. This indicates the inequality and profound difference in some of indicators. The most inequality is visible between access and communication indicators and the least one is between socio-economic indicators. The investigation on the relationship between the score of population density and composite smart growth indicators reveals that there is no intimate relationship between population density and the smart growth indicators. Its reason goes back to the city span and the low building density of Isfahan. But among the physical and land using indicators and the grade of composite smart growth indicators there is a meaningful relationship of 0. 93. To predict the indicators effective on smart growth، the regression analysis is used. The results obtained from the conducted study on regression analysis shows that among socio-economic، land using and physical، transportation، communication and environmental indicators، there is no fitted meaningful final regression model in socio-economic and environmental indicators and the land using، physical، access and communication indicators are meaningful. According to inequity in smart growth indicators، the region with “underdevelopment” like the region 14 and 10 are the prior in planning and mid-development region are at the second phase of urban planning. ConclusionAccessing to Sustainable Urban form requires putting the smart growth strategy in disciplining the sustainable form of the city as a dominant strategy. This matter not only leads to environmental protection but also frustrates the city expansion and makes the rate of trips weaker in local and regional region. To obtain such sustainability، we require designing and land using planning based on side walk and open access of distribution services in the whole city. The optimal use of arid lands، fast completion of Isfahan metro، increasing of building density around the city، designing the pedestrian and bicycle paths، all as pivotal approaches are considered to access the smart growth algorithm in different region of city.

IntroductionCrime and the sense of insecurity in urban neighborhoods، particularly in large cities and metropolitan areas have been the main concern of both citizens and local authorities. Now-a-days the insufficiency of the social sanctions and penalties regarding to the prevention and remedial measures of deviant behaviors and crimes in human societies resulted in a very rapid increase in the incidence of all types of crimes almost every where، both in less and highly developed industrialized countries. The aim of this research is to study; the sources of crimes، types of crimes and the factors which bring about unsafe and insecure environment in urban communities. To find an appropriate strategy to face with such a social obstacle is another part of the aim of the research. MethodologyThe methodology of the research is based on descriptive analysis. The data have been gathered through field research، interview and filling out the related questionnaires. The respondents have been selected among the residents of the neighborhoods of the 17th. Region of the City of Tehran were selected as the site of the research. A part of the needed data and information and documents have been collected from libraries. SPSS and GIS soft wares are used for processing and analyzing the data. The hypothesis of the research is: the mixed usage of urban lands around the public spaces in the district under investigation affects the increase of the inhabitants'' feeling of security. Results and Discussion The results of the research according to the relevant maps، analytic and scientific reasoning show that higher feeling of security among citizens in those places with more public spaces and amenities have been much more than those areas which had been vacant or have had less public spaces and facilities (i. e. Mix land use). The results also show that those places of the area under research which were dispersed and far from sight of the people have been used by the consumers of all types of drugs، particularly at the sunset and late evening. While those places which are crowded due to various kind of land use such as shops، mosques، main streets، well-lighted open spaces، etc. have been free from criminals as those places are always under the direct watch and inspection of the citizens. The results also indicated that 40 percent of the incidence of crimes was related to the drugs. Another important result is that like other socio-economic، political or hygienic issues، “prevention is better than cure” and applying the policy of “Nip in the bud” can play a very positive and effective role in keeping our neighborhoods far from crimes and criminals. ConclusionTo attain more secure and safe urban environment، we have to practice our social laws and regulations more strictly and vigorously. To get to such a condition، local authorities and other governmental and semi governmental organizations have to be supported by the citizens in various ways. For instance، the municipality ought to try to enhance the lighting of the streets، recreation areas، isolated corners، parks، bridges، etc. and put more policemen to control indefensible places of the neighborhoods at nights. This will be good to some extent to reduce the incidence of crimes; but will not be enough. Here the citizens themselves have to participate with the police via watching and inspecting their living environment carefully and responding to the authorities regarding what might be happened as deviancies or crimes in their living territories. A very good case where people participation is practiced in regard with neighborhood security protection and control is Australia. In all Australian cities there are huge numbers of small and large billboards، each signed by the picture of a police، a man، a woman and a child. Under these billboards its written «Watching Area». It means that these places are under the direct and indirect inspection of everybody during day and night; therefore، nobody dares to commit any deviant behavior in these places. It’s a good experience for any urban community to learn lessons of experiences from others. If we add this experience to what we have in our religion، Islam as the Institution of “Amr-e- Be Marouf Va Nah-ye As Monkar” (To encourage norms، good manners and ethics and to discourage abnormal behaviors and deviancies in our communities); we will have more safe and sound neighborhoods all over our country.

IntroductionGenerally، the theories in explanation of studying phenomena consider on a specific identity dimension of phenomena (objective، subjective or objective - subjective) and appropriate to that select a specific method to get the understanding، or interpretation of explanatorily cognition of phenomenon. Theories discussed in political geography from this perspective are different. Classical theories in the field of political geography based on the objective nature of phenomena and using positivism method give an explanatorily cognition from the phenomena. Based on this، it was easier to understand them. But from late 1990 a new generation of theories called as postmodern political geography and critical geopolitics emerged in political geography، giving exciting and challenging attitudes from world and it’s features، and technical terms used in them are often difficult and complex. So Richard Muir interpreted، understanding them in compared to classical theories requires understanding the intellectual – philosophical development in the late twentieth century. MethodologyThis essay using hermeneutical method and content analysis of written articles and books in this area try to understand epistemology and methodology foundations of those theories. And that philosophy schools emerged in the late twentieth century what impact on the political geography and geopolitical theories have emerged. Results and Discussion We want to discuss about the philosophical nature of theories and philosophical and intellectual developments in the late twentieth century. Then we know whether the intellectual – philosophical developments have influenced on the philosophical foundations of epistemology and ontology theories in the political geography and geopolitics or not. There have been described the philosophical foundations of theories، the epistemology، ontology and methodology، and then intellectual – philosophical developments in the late twentieth century، the Structuralism، Post-Structuralism، post-Marxism، feminism and post-modernism، and their affect on philosophical foundations of theories in social sciences. In the main part of essay، opinions are known as the post-modern political geography and critical geopolitics، based on those intellectual and philosophical foundations explained to specify the nature of their methodology and epistemology. Conclusionesults show that new ideas in the field of political geography go out from the status of positivism which was obtained using positivism method and based on considering objective phenomena. These theories are following objective or objective - subjective phenomena. So their methodology is changed. The major of theirs is discursive and hermeneutics.

IntroductionNowadays consideration to security and ways of its increasing is a critical priority of urban planners. Although there is many theories about urban crimes، but the idea of effect of urban physical development on urban crimes is an important subject that new theories of urban planning considerate that. We can analyze urban crimes from different aspects. One of these aspects is reasons and factors cause a crime. Totally all of reasons and approaches can divided on 7 included: selective approaches، biological approaches، psychological approaches، social psychology approaches، sociological approaches، ecological and population approaches، and environmental design approach. The newest and recently theory among all of them is environmental theory or CPTED (crime prevent toward environmental design)، that favors of this theory belived that urban design، building form and housing pattern types have a critical impacts on number and type of urban crimes. Hence، they are looking for ways to upgrade security using some changes in envronmetal design. MethodologyAt the present paper the main framework is CPTED and the subject is to study correlation between number and type of crimes and high rise buildings or compactness and also recognition of crime hot spots in 22 zones of Tehran. After studying the theories and approaches about urban crime and security، we studied history and background of building high rise houses and towers in Tehran، that statistics and studies show that building this sort of houses started since the early 1960s in Iran and specially in Tehran، so، after that decade they are increasing always in all zones of Tehran metropolis. Results and DiscussionTherefore، now according to ministry of housing and urban planning، there are more than 50000 high rise buildings. In the next step of research، for studying relation between two variables، some indicators are used. The indicators of urban crime are homicide، plural discord، two- person discord، burglary، social bad treatments، document impersonate، spoof، and the indicator of making high-rise are the number of high-rise building، the number of apartments and house density. It is a reality that although in comparison with other metropolitan areas in all around the world، Tehran is more secure and the number of crimes is lower than most of them، but in comparison with other cities in Iran، Tehran is the most unsecure city and this city devoted majority of budget of military and administrative forces for increasing security. In addition to this، we have to consider this point that because of special situation and role of Tehran in official and political system of Iran and leader of national economy، every kind of insecurity in this city might create a big crisis and risk for national security. ConclusionThe concluded results confirm that change of life style and consumption pattern in Tehran and its outbreak in building and houses type، it means transition from one floor and one family house to traditional to living in apartments and high rise building and huge towers has an enormous effect and impact on number and type of insecurity indexes and factors. The findings show that there is meaningful correlation among these indicators. So، the zones with more high-rise buildings overlap with the zones of full of crimes. The statistical results of SPSS analyses stated that the correlation coefficient and drawled regression confirmed the findings as well In the other word، Tehran zones where have more apartment and high rises and more compacted، at the same time the most unsecure parts and have more number of crimes. So، in connection with building vertically and huge towers، lots of factors like social، economic، cultural، environmental، physical and technological factors are deal with. This phenomenon is using in western countries as well، but in those countries، there are some regulations and rules that decrease negative effects of them. But، in Iran، because of huge immigration from rural to cities، demand for building this form of housing in increasing and lack of attention of legislations and regulations appeared big troubles and problems. As a matter of fact، although high rise building and apartments affect urban security as the result of this paper showed in regions of Tehran more apartments and more towers، more crimes and more insecurity، but the main point is that pay attention to criteria and regulations in the time of building can decrease many related problems. It can be concluded that، in the subject of urban security، we should not only attention to the police and its role in making more security، but also، we should attention to effective factors on the number of crimes and presentation of some resolution for decreasing crime rate using environmental design and housing patterns.

IntroductionThe characteristics of our age include urbanite population، increase of population of cities followed by development of small and large cities. Each land is constituted of various factors and elements located in the surface or near to the surface of the land which are different from each other in different regions individually or collectively. These factors and elements which form different regions are called natural or ecological resources which consist of physical and biological resources and are utilized by man individually or collectively. Considering the increasing development of cities، more problems appear in daily life of man in the form of serious issues. On the other hand، development of cities which is one of the necessary aspects for continuation of life and activities of human may not be limited، rather it should be arranged proportional to present and future needs of man. so that any damage to environment is prevented. Use of land without talking into consideration ecological differences and environmental potentials will cause unpleasant consequences and destruction of environment which will ultimately threat natural resources and prevents from sustainable development of environment. Therefore، land planning based on preparation and assessment of ecologic power has recently been considered by many countries as the most tool and factor in fulfillment of sustainable development. MethodologyIn the near past، land units were studied and assessed on a descriptive and qualitative basis، while today، land preparation planners need quantitative assessment to meet economic needs. In such conditions، qualitative estimation cannot be effective. On the other hand، by considering the fact that several factors، for example، contribute in establishment of a city in a geographical plain، use of different qualitative indexes becomes more necessary. But in such conditions، considering the mental limitation that everyone suffers from it، inputting several indexes or measures in the assessment causes deviation of the assessment from a simple analytic status that can be afforded by mind and a powerful scientific analytic tool will therefore be needed. Therefore، researchers'' attention has been drawn toward multi-index decision making models for complicated decisions. Multi-index decision making is the selection of superior option by considering several criteria where more than one measurement index contribute in the selection of superior option. But considering the fact that it is assumed in these techniques that the area under study has a spatial compatibility، these techniques lack any spatial dimension. This premise seems unreal in most conditions resulting from decision making since assessment index changes throughout the space. Therefore، a framework for the analysis of GIS-based multi-index decision is needed so that GIS capabilities may be used in obtaining، storing، recovery processing and analysis of data on an integrated basis along with technical capabilities of multi-index decision making models. Results and Discussion The present research has been compiled with the goal of determination of a suitable urban development landuse based on the standards of ecological capability assessment model of urban، rural and industrial development of Iran and by using MCDM method based and Geographical Information System in Sari City، Mazandaran Province (GIS). The results indicate that from the total area of Sari which has been. Identified in 1995 ecological units، 32713. 23 hectares have been allocated to suitable landuse، 47668. 465 hectares to moderate landuse and 275438. 399 hectares to inappropriate landuse of urban development.

Introduction «The sustainable development model is a challenge to the conventional form of development. Conventional approaches see development as simply modernization of the globe along Western lines.» Pressing constraints on development and entrenched negative trends were the result of modernization in the world. These include: economic disparity and poverty، the impact of diseases، over-consumption of resources in industrialized countries contributing to climate change، and environmental deterioration and pollution of many kinds: including the impacts of intensive farming، depletion of natural resources and loss of forests، other habitats and biodiversity. «The 1960s and the 1970s were marked by an intensification of concern about pollution and awareness that environmental problems arise within the context of a complex interrelationship between humankind، the global resource base and the social and physical environments. As a consequence، questions about the acceptability of conventional growth objectives، strategies and policies were brought to the forefront of public debate.» Sustainable development has been the central concept in the United Nations World Conservation Strategy and in the report of the World Commission on Environment and Development، also known as the Brundtland Report. The Brundtland Report defines sustainable development as «development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Urban development is especially important within the broader context of sustainability The reality of» accelerated urbanization growth in the south countries (like Iran) overrides its damaging influence in local and global scales; «e. g. environmental، social، economical and political problems such as an increase in resource demands، waste production، air pollution، poverty، inequity، housing shortages، crimes، narcotic use… caused concerns about urban sustainable development. Tehran is one of 10 under developed metropolises among the 124 metropolises in the world، and as such is obliged to contend with a variety of problems; e. g. air، noise and water pollution، traffic jams، housing shortages، biodiversity reduction، vulnerability to probable earthquakes، lack of urban services، facilities، infrastructure، overcrowding، poverty and social vulgarities. This research takes the 17th municipal region، as a study area، for measuring the sustainability we collected data in the neighborhood scale. MethodologyAn» indicator of sustainable development must assess human development and sustainability «They can help incorporate information from physical and social sci ences in decision-making، and they can help measure and calibrate progress toward sustainable development goals. They can provide an early warn ing to prevent economic، social and environmental setbacks. They are also useful tools to communicate ideas، thoughts and values. In order to attain a superior spatial comparison of the urban area، all of neighbor hoods were selected as the area of study; in order to measure sustainability 20 indicators were used the sustainable development indicators were selected based on availability and fact and the indicator’s data was collected. Main data sources utilized are Tehran Municipal Reports، The Statistics Center of Iran and The Iranian Survey Organization. Using urban sustainable development indicators will help to understand the situation of the city in the sustainable development context. This article is trying to use Fuzzy Logic and GIS as a sustainable development measuring tool. For measuring the sustainability، this research used 20، economical، social، environmental indicators. Due to a broad range of varying scales، subsequent to the original data collection the scales were refined to a standard scale for use in further analysis. Fuzzy logic is an extension of classical formal models of reasoning into models that incorporate fuzziness. The fundamental difference between classical logic and fuzzy logic is in the range of their certainty-values. In fuzzy logic، the certainty or fallacy of any given fuzzy proposition is completely subjective. Assuming that certainty and fallacy are expressed by values 1 and 0 respectively، the degree of certainty for each fuzzy proposition is expressed by a number in the unit interval of [0، 1]. Foremost a fuzzy membership function was defined for the normalized value: in this stage a triangular fuzzy membership function was defined with three linguistic values of Weak، Moderate and Strong; after which the fuzzy membership grade for the total data was calculated. Mamdani Fuzzy Inference was used for measuring sustainability. Early inference has five linguistic values of Very Bad، Bad، Average، Good and Very Good. Final inference which indicates the sustainability status in a special indicator has 9 linguistic values. Results and Discussion After all، they returned to non fuzzy value and the results were plotted in GIS. The result of study shows، intermediate sustainability in Fallah neighborhood، which has the best position among the neighborhoods، also Bolursazi neighborhood has the worse condition among the neighbor hoods. Using fuzzy logic as a measurement tool for Tehran’s 17 region sustainability، demonstrates the fact that non-existent sustainability among the various city districts is a very serious problem impeding national development strategies. By reviewing the history of urbanization in Iran، the problem consuming today''s cities has risen from problems existing in peripheral regions، a result of inconsistencies in the country''s governmental policies. ConclusionPressing constraints on development and entrenched negative trends were the result of modernization in the world. The Brundtland Report defines sustainable development as» development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Urban development is especially important within the broader context of sustainability. Tehran is one of 10 under developed metropolises among the 124 metropolises in the world، and as such is obliged to contend with a variety of problems. This research takes the 17th municipal region، as a study area، for measuring the sustainability we collected data in the neighborhood scale. In order to measure sustainability 20 indicators were used the sustainable development indicators were selected based on availability and fact and the indicator’s data was collected. Foremost a fuzzy membership function was defined for the normalized value. The result of study shows، intermediate sustainability in Fallah neighborhood، which has the best position among the neighborhoods، also Bolursazi neighborhood has the worse condition among the neighbor hoods.

IntroductionMigration is one of important rural - urban interaction between rural and urban region. Approaches to the migration Studies consistently between Pessimistic and optimistic view، from the 1990 re-optimistic approach to migration is considered. Seasonal migration is types of rural urban migration that has been less studied. For the first time in the 1970 the studies of migration start. However، this type of migration in less studied in Iran. in rural areas if agriculture and animal husbandry activities not provides annual household needs and does not provide the permanent migration for rural labor to move the seasonal migration will occur. The migrant in unemployment season or even in season of Agriculture migrate to cities and after a few months activities in urban areas return again. This seasonal and rotational motion is repeated in any year. Mountainous area with above the level of poverty and the unsuitable natural environment that not able to supply the needs of rural households and rural region with marginalized position this type of migration will occur. There are many countries with seasonal labor migration around the world and Iran and have influence on the economy and livelihoods of rural households. MethodologyThese study surveys the effect of seasonal labor migration on rural livelihoods of rural households in Sarvabad region in Kurdistan province have been done. We used livelihood approach for analysis، livelihood approach that used in this study، proposed in past two decades. According to this approach، the livelihood of rural households in five categories of capital assets are divided into these funds consists of social capital، physical capital، natural capital and financial and human capital. This increase in assets improved livelihoods reduce vulnerability and increase prosperity and reduce poverty is. The effect of seasonal migration for labor on the livelihoods of rural households for each type of capital initially considered indicators and questions designed to measure them. Two types of questionnaires for both groups include households with migrants and non migrants were considered so that all assets in the two groups compared. Total numbers of 236 questionnaires were two groups in 13 villages were randomly performed. After all assets in the two groups of non-migrant and migrant households were compared with the total average of assets this comparison was performed. We used of T test for compare two group in 5 assets and total assets. Results and Discussion About social capital score obtained among migrants is higher than non migrants it was probably due to weak governing relations among rural migrant and migrants because a few months of the year outside the village are less dependent on social relations in the village. Natural capital as non migrant households in migrant households is higher than that this seems logical because if the natural capital those migrant households were high there was no reason for migration. Other funds that finance capital، physical capital and human capital in migrant families is higher than non-immigrant households. The average total assets in the migrant households than non-migrant households. In the concrete case of capital (natural capital and physical capital) as well this investment is higher in migrant households. The results of this study shows positive impact of seasonal labor migration on rural household livelihoods in the city is Sarvabad. In fact، migration can play a vital role in reducing vulnerability and poverty reduction in low-income countries، and this view is that the negative effects of migration on departure and destination is needed reforms. Because of this seasonal migration leading to permanent residence in the destination of immigrants will not be fewer negative consequences than other types of migration to urban areas is on. A remittance is one important thing that transfer by rural migrants to villages. This earned income in the city or money that sent to the village either in consumption or production investment has generally positive impact on the livelihoods of rural households. ConclusionIf proper management can be performed seasonal migration can have positive effects and management should including education and professional training to migrants in order to increase positive effects of seasonal activities in the city. Legislation context like insurance support can help to seasonal migration for find work or increase income. seasonal migration is one of the livelihood strategies in rural region in Sarvabad in Kurdistan province by doing seasonal migration they increase at least three type of household livelihood capital and eventually increase in capital assets will improve rural livelihoods. For 85 per cent of migrant''s seasonal migration income is unique source for household livelihood and they can not manage household livelihood without seasonal migration. seasonal migration has vital role in rural livelihood and the migrants cannot provides household needs base on rural source. We should change our view at least about effects of rural-urban seasonal migration in the household livelihood and rural economy in this case study because household livelihood is depends on income of this type of migration.

IntroductionAssessing quality of environment in urban patterns is an important and necessary issue in identifying quality condition of environment in old patterns of cities and making efforts to improve it as well as offering appropriate models for environmental quality for new developments which are formed through recognition and application of pre-planned designs and programs. The new and old urban patterns of Shiraz considering its specific characteristics in terms of environmental quality face some problems like security، access، density and traffic، health، aesthetics، and cheerfulness. Examining and ranking the factors affecting the satisfaction of the citizens with quality of their environment has revealed that these factors in the two areas under study were to a large extent the same. It was also found out that the residents of the new urban patterns in comparison to those ones living in old urban patterns are more satisfied with quality of their environment. The research has also shown that in the three levels which were studied here (home، neighborhood and the city) both in the new and the old urban patterns the highest satisfaction rate was with the city scale and the least was with quality condition of environment in the scale of neighborhoods. It was also revealed that in the new urban pattern the socio – economic dimension and in the older one the perceived dimension were the most affecting factor in the satisfaction of the citizens with quality of their environment. MethodologyFor a meticulous explanation of the subject the following hypotheses were considered: ـThe satisfaction of citizens with quality of environment in the new and old urban patterns is the same. ـThe factors involved in the formation of quality of environment in the new and old urban patterns are different. For this reason assessing the satisfaction with quality of environment، valuing and ranking the factors involved، draws the attention of the decision takers، decision makers، executives and even consumers (citizens) of the urban designs to the important subject of environment quality and finally has triggered the alarms for quality crisis in the cities and especially in old and valuable patterns of historical cities are among the main objectives of this research. This research in terms of objectives can be categorized as development and applied one but regarding the research methodology it can be considered as descriptive – analytical one and the nature of the data is quantitative. The theoretical framework is literature review and library work relevant to the environment quality subject. Assessing environment quality is carried out through Life Quality Approach. To do this research، and in order to choose the area for the study، District 8 has been selected as the oldest neighborhood، and Sharifabad as the new one which is located in District 7 of Shiraz. Results and Discussion The research findings have shown that the residents of the new neighborhoods are to some extent more satisfied. In addition، the parameters which got the score of more or less than the average (3) are all the same for both neighborhoods، except one. The frequency of answers related to the assessment of citizen satisfaction at three scales of home، neighborhood and the city، has shown that the residential buildings as one of the main factors involved in quality of environment has a better quality in the new urban patterns. The results have also shown that in the new patterns، factors like waste، social interaction and security have got the scores between 1 and 3 and were the most effective factors in the new neighborhoods respectively. Similarly، factors like location ties were the most important ones in older neighborhoods. ConclusionIn the end، it should be said that the main research objectives i. e. assessing citizen’s satisfaction، valuing and ranking the factors affecting satisfaction with quality of environment were completely achieved، and the minor objectives like drawing the attention of decision makers، decision takers، executives and consumers of urban designs to the important subject of environmental quality and triggering the alarms for quality crisis in cities and especially in older and valuable patterns of the historical cities following the findings of this research will be achieved.

IntroductionTopic on people''s participation in local affairs as a key factor in development studies is considered. The start of the official institutions Ideas participation in the executive their residence، be it back to the Constitutional Revolution and since that date the various institutions and different local nature have curetted to objective of people''s participation in local affairs Transferring their local office is. Some of these local institutions، home equity during the Pahlavi regime and Councils during the conflict is the Islamic Republic with the aim of the judge role at the local level were created. MethodologyThis descriptive research method - content analytical and data collection based on official documents and library، the study of how these two institutions to form and composition of members، duties and powers، organization and administrative budget، monitoring the central government and the rate of two independent institutions above، belief and belief in regime strategy to transfer power and spatial distribution of local affairs for the Office of the people meter is a better society. Criteria this study، the formation and home equity Standards dispute Executive regulation of council. Results and Discussion Analysis of research findings show that the two institutions and the local council settlement Home equity indices studied with the fundamental differences are. Based on how the combined members، local institutions in home equity through a democratic process of election is made and home equity area residents members will be elected local institutions and also by the president is elected by its members. While the council members in a dispute resolution process through democratic elections by the people are not selected location. But most of its members selected by the central government representatives are appointed to the Council at least two members of the course of this their members are residents place … According to the Regulations the Council President is elected by the judiciary. Index levels based on duties and powers، although the formation and ome equity standards executive council dispute resolution، common tasks for these two institutions considers local judge. The standards executive council duties in the areas of greatest conflict the council duties are that these cases are not any equity home duties. Home equity also formed the significant powers for the institution and not in this institution by the verdict of the advice and suggests a valid judge knows and if approved judge of votes shall have no value. Standards executive council while conflict، many powers for the council to implement their orders considered and entities that are obliged to cooperate with the council، is obligated to cooperate to do. Council of the council in the affairs of the duties and powers of the local judge has more. According to administration and organization of index funds. Home equity fixed location activities conducted no specific budget for duties do not enjoy the necessary administrative organization such as employees; the secretariat has the required equipment. According to the house and the fairness of the organizational structure and not have a clear physical identity. While the settlement council of a fixed place to perform specified activities has. A row has an independent budget and administrative organization required، such as secretariat، staff and equipment required as well. Therefore، this institution and the organizational Structure and has a clear physical identity. Index based on the amount of supervision and independence of the central government، central government decisions، home equity has a severe lake of supervision approved judge، and verdict by the public equity house does not matter. This independent monitoring severe action taken from the home equity and it has become an inefficient institution. But council conflict in sentencing and execution of orders issued to that has powers and supervision of central government such that independent is not questioned it and take to an inefficient institutions and into neutral. So although local institutions in home equity through a democratic process، elections will be formed and composition of its members have fully funds the people، but lake of organizational structure and physical identity specific، duties and powers of the small and severe central government supervision، the nature and because the home equity and the following question to a neutral body، properties and has become inefficient. Therefore، it seems pahlavi regime’s strategy of spatial distribution of power and transfer them to the local affairs office did not believe the community better. But although the council in a dispute resolution process through democratic elections is not formed، but at least two of the three members of the council are people place. Therefore، in terms of composition of the council members in addition to government money funds also have the people. The duties and authorities granted to the council to dispute resolution higher than the home equity and thoroughly monitor the council government is also a way that questioned the independence and promotes the cause of inefficiency. Therefore، the settlement council home equity. The role of the local judge has more independence of action and has more power role. ConclusionPresent study shows that Islamic Republic’s strategy of spatial distribution of power and transfer them to the local Foreign Office believes a better society. But this problem does not mean that the settlement of a local institution is complete and without defect. Standard Executive Council، but conflict in the way local people judge transferring matter of fundamental weakness. The reform law and resolve legal weaknesses، the council can judge as local institutions to present a very efficient operation and effective.

IntroductionThe term social justice was raised by John Stewart since 19th century. According to him، social justice means that society should have the some behavior with all those who have the same capabilities. This phrase entered geographical literature since late 1960. And affected radical and liberal geography more than other schools such that David Harvey، one of the followers of radical school، in his book «social justice and city»، considers the use of social justice as essential in geographical analyses. In the first section in Islamic Republic of Iran insight for 1400، developing an advanced urban society with social justice is emphasized. In order for all the city residents to have equal access to urban facilities and services، «social justice» in cities is discussed. Social justice in cities means continuity of the protection of different social groups rights based on the optimal distribution of urban sources، income and costs. Realizing social justice is one of the basic elements of urban studies and a city can be a city once social justice covers all its angles. The important issue in social justice is how to distribute services and facilities among urban areas. The consequences of lack of social justice can be suburban settlement، excessive accumulation in one area، land plays and many others. The point to mention in this regard is the function of cities in attracting people and a kind of social and economic classification. In the book «theory of city by Queen Lynch، providing space for essential functions appears in line with powerful values and providing justice and equality in line with ideal values which have been rarely achieved and are not followed seriously. One of the principles of urban planning is spatial justice which should be taken into account. On the other hand، land has always been a source of social problems. The extra value of land is one factor in social separation، change in urban space and dispersion of less profitable activities from the city center. Thus، distinct areas are formed inside the city. Studies indicate the existence of active، semi active and deprived areas. MethodologyThe city of Ardakan with the area of 2928 hectares is located in 60 Kms North of Yazd and central plateau of Iran. This city with a population of 52102 and accumulation 17. 8 in hectare is one of the biggest cities of Yazd province and the transit road from Tehran to Bandar Abbas called sento this city. This city is divided into 13 areas considering social and economic features. To investigate the realization of social justice in these areas، indices such as spatial distribution of urban services and facilities and additional value of land have been taken into account، using different methods. The hypotheses in this study are as follows: 1- There are remarkable inequalities in 13 areas of Ardakan considering social- economic and cultural indices. 2- The spatial consequence of unfair distribution of facilities and services is difference among land prices in 13 areas of Ardakan. Results and Discussion To test the hypotheses and quantitative analysis، statistical tests (correlation coefficient) are used and several models of categorization of residences and determination of optimal place are used which include the sum of service units، standardization of heterogeneous data، feature coefficient model and numeral taxonomy model. The main purpose of this research is to identify the spatial distribution of facilities in Ardakan and its relation with the realization of social justice. And finally to analyze its spatial reflection with respect to land price and its increased value. For the final combination of the results of models، after find categorization، one numerical value was given to every model. Then، the numerical values of the ranks were added and based on the sum of numerical values، the ranks of areas were determined. So that the highest numeral has a higher rank. According to this method، area 4 as the first، area 7 as the second، area 8 as the third، area 2 as 4th، area 9 as 5th، area 12 as 6th، area 11 as 7th، area 10 as the 8th، area 13 as the 9th، area 3 as the 10th ranks and finally areas 6،1 and 5 as are placed at the lowest ranks respectively. ConclusionResearch findings show that in 13 areas of Ardakan the distribution of urban services is imbalanced and it has caused social injustice in Ardakan so that areas 4 & 7 have been provided with development facilities more than other areas and areas 5 &1 less than others (proof for the first hypothesis). The cost of land also has meaningful correlation with the discussed indexes (proof for the second hypothesis).