فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 80 (تابستان 1391)

Extended Abstract Introduction After the collapse of socialist Soviet Union in 1990 decade, and their under dominance autonomous countries, Iran became neighbor on it north and northwest boundary means central Asia and the Caucasia. One of these countries is Azerbaijan republic that has significance relationships with Iran, high level of mutual cooperation is expected between two countries. In spite of being abundant opportunities and benefits to increase cooperation direction, we have faced with low level relationship and sometimes conflict although confused. So we want in this article, with constructivism theory have achieved understanding from dominant geopolitical structure in mutual relationship between Iran and Azerbaijan republic. In this article we want to answer this question that it is: how and under effect of with processes has constructed dominant geopolitical structure in mutual relationships between Iran and Azerbaijan republic? This article has two hypotheses: at first it seems the dominance geopolitical structure in relationships between Iran and Azerbaijan Republic has created from divergent mechanism and convergent mechanism dialectic process. The second it will seems as such divergent mechanism are more than convergent mechanism that is provide much chaos in mutual relationship in geopolitical structure. Methodology In this article both hermeneutic and positivism methods have been used for achievement to answer this question and implementation to have understanding of this issue, then we have conceptualized the ideational construct basis on religion and identities of two countries as text, so after that for analysis of material construct of Islamic republic of Iran And Azerbaijan republic based on ideational construct we should used the positivist approach. in other hand our research method in this article is complementary method for our suitable analysis. Results and Discussion In this article we have tried to design and survey process and dominant geopolitical construct in Iran and Azerbaijan mutual relation with constructivism approach, for considering and conceptualization of this structure. in this article specify some convergent process such as Shiite, cultural and ceremonies, belief, and Nowruz ceremony and proximity, geopolitical mutual needs cause two country close to each other for cooperation, but in contrast some process like different identity rooting in their geography and history, ethnic and conflict in political system and government (Islamism –Iran, & secular-liberalism- Azerbaijan). This actors have faced with some conflict and dissolution in their relation that cause divergent for some procedures like, karabakh, hesitation in identification Azerbaijan from Iran government and challenging communications and behaviors cause divergent in relation two countries like relation Azerbaijan with America, Israel, Turkey and legal regime of Caspian sea. Conclusion In summary of this article base on top text and analysis we conclude that Iranian actor and Azeri actor have been conflict in ideational structure, this issue cause to define disagree conflict for each other, therefore they try to do different explain from material environment, regional and hyper regional powers, so for reduction of detente and promotion of level two countries relation and exit from disorder presents actors. Anyway two countries should strongly recommended reproduce their ideational structures and identities till accomplish adopt interest with each other. In spite of top recommendation they must closely have understood from material environment and actors, as well in designation friend, competitor and enemies they had better have convergent approach.

Extended Abstract Introduction The word Geopolitical Rivalries is older than the words: geopolitics and geopolitical knowledge, and they date back to the period of ancient civilizations and the time of rivalries between powerful states. In modern times, based on colonial, ideological, economic and cultural characteristics, these rivalries can be divided to three periods: a period of 450-years (from late the15th century to 1945), a period of 45 years (from 1945 to 1990) and the period of recent 20 years (from 1990 to present). Words such as "Greater Iran" "Greater Khorasan", "Greater Sistan" and "Greater Baluchistan" will lead us to a historical period which includes the entire nineteenth century and a part of the twentieth century. The heritage of this period was territorial disintegration and delimitation of new boundaries in the eastern and south-east parts of Iran. These events took place around north, east and south-east of Iran, during the period generally referred to by historians and geographers as the period of "Great Game", which coincided the period of Qajar rule in Iran. This research, with a historical approach, tries to analyze the impact of geopolitical rivalries between Russia and Britain on the south-east corner of Greater Iran and aims at studying geographical contexts and conditions of this region. Finally it will assess the role of the Qajar dynasty and its performance in governing affairs of South East Iran and rivalries geopolitical powers of the time therein. Methodology This research in its theoretical foundations is based on traditional Geopolitics approach, because it is a historical research. Data collection method is based on library works and the study of documentation. In the analysis of materials, in order to evaluate government performance, a model has been created in respect of historical findings and evaluating indexes of the model. Results and Discussion In the period of colonial geopolitics, in order to achieve its geopolitical aspirations, each colonial power was busy expanding its territory. Geopolitical spheres of influence of the two great world powers, Russia and Britain, overlapped until the first decades of the nineteenth century and the geographical expanse of what was known then as Persian Empire in Central Asia became the arena for their rivalry, and/thus the start of their rivalries was the "Great Game". Iranian territories on the neighborhood of these two world powers became increasingly vulnerable to their game of territorial rearrangement, while the Qajar rule was not able resist the impact of this colonial game on Iranian territories. The geographical location and natural and human geography conditions of the southeast of Iran paved the way for geopolitical rivalries influences. On the one hand, marginal position, environmental and climatic constraints and also some, geographical impediments such as deserts of south east made relationship of this region with central government and the mainland difficult, and on the other, this region had the shortest distance to British India and was the gateway to India, and also it was a way for Russian to have access to the coastal waters. In all, these characteristics subjected the south east of Iran to the Geopolitical rivalries. The State was the most important actor at the national and local level and it could could manage or deal with the influential geopolitical rivalries if it chose to function properly towards the south east of Iran and the global, regional and local actors. During the rivalries of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, it was the Qajar rule that was supposed to play such a role towards the southeast of the Greater Iran. Conclusion During geopolitical rivalries of the nineteenth century, Britain and Russia, as the important poles of Great game, made two sides of east and north of Iran as the field for their rivalries and so severed many territories of Iran by border treaties and arbitrations. Because of the Adjacency of the east and south east of Iran with British Indian, the British government disintegrated these historical territories of Iran. Numerous historical documents confirm the role of Britain in imposing the Treaty of Paris, and several border arbitrations. Russia, in the northern wing of Iran, separated many territories too. However, geographic features, including Iran's southeastern marginal position and its adjacency with British India, climatic constraints, environmental and communication difficulties and linguistic, ethnic, religious and cultural differences geopolitical rivalries. These situations needed central government’s more attention, as a national actor, in the south east of the country to minimize transnational actors’ influence on Geopolitical rivalries of the South East. But the Qajar regime, as a traditional and tribal state, suffering from structural weakness had the least awareness of the south east, and its functions (including in the fields of protection, arbitration, solidarity, bureaucracy, etc.) towards the south east was weak. All these caused the Qajar state to play a passive role during geopolitical rivalries of the 19th and 20th century. The final result was disintegration of the historical territories of Great Iran which made the new boundaries of north, east and south-eastern of Iran.

Extended Abstract Introduction City looks to has different dimensions new life and perspective of human development. Nonetheless, emphasis on quantitative aspects of growth in many countries, especially in developing countries leads to the two cities is polarization. The most important consequence of the rapid growth of urbanization and physical development of cities in ten countries in recent disintegration of the urban system of distribution centers that is service the underlying social inequality of citizens and enjoyment of land uses in the urban fabric of city services. In fact the city as a context of human biology with a major role in making sense of satisfaction and had actually shape human life style and his quality of life determinants. So Attention is the physical environment of the city planners and organizing its significant role in improving the quality of human life. Yet people live environment and sense of his environment is effective more than economic and demographic factors - the social quality of life. Methodology This method was done research - descriptive and analytical studies of the first exploratory visit to a library and conducted preliminary field study using the research tools. Gathering information has been library resources and questionnaire. Statistical community citizen residing in the tissues studied were old Sampling and thus the sample size formula using questionnaires Cochrane (a relationship) (Hafez Online, 1386, 139) and then determine the total fabric of neighborhoods in which detailed plans have been divided into 12 neighborhoods, And then determine the total fabric of neighborhoods in the detailed plan has been divided into 12 neighborhoods, has been sampled for analysis, In this study, various indicators were that the indicators were classified in six groups. Compared to the enjoyment of neighborhoods, each of the options for very high, high, medium, low, very low in terms of questionnaires have been considered such weight that were 3, 2, 1, -1,-2. Multiplying the share of each of the options that option and the total weight of all weights for each neighborhood, the relative weight of each neighborhood is calculated. Finally, through the neighborhood ranking of quality of life indicators used entropy method and SAW And to explain and ranking per capita is used urban neighborhoods through entropy and TOPSIS method. Results and Discussion Environmental assessment of settlement patterns can - especially on satisfaction - identify the current situation; knowledge of the strengths, deficiencies and potential deficiencies with the aim of promoting environmental quality accommodation is effective. In this context one of the best models evaluated, the use of resident’s views regarding the present status of their home and the current situation and possibilities of urban is per capita, In this paper quality of life, city fabric mentioned localities using 17 indicators were examined first the importance of each of the indicators of neighborhood-level indicators that we have access to green space with the most important was the First Place. The main reasons for the lack of local parks in the city neighborhoods are mentioned. In the next rank indicators and social security are very important indicators of quality and Howe Street, sewage disposal and the passages and the quality of surface water are the next stars in the future planning must be attention to these problems In the next stage using TOPSIS we compare land use of distribution in the neighborhood descent to the surface that the per capita standard of Housing and Urban Development has suggested, were over a high imbalance. In most indicators of the highest per capita standard was high and the lowest per capita rate per person than the standard level had significant differences Then each neighborhood point of separation than the ideal level (standard) 21. 4 neighborhoods, 19 and 26 the least distance to the surface and were ideal localities 8, 11, had the third highest distance. In the final stage we rank neighborhoods based on the quality of life indicators using SAW model based on per capita in the neighborhood level using the TOPSIS model. Conclusion Results indicate that except for the fourth quarter described above, other areas have a significant relationship, and every neighborhood of its per capita user is close to the standard, quality of life was better in this neighborhood. Based on studies conducted with the SAW technique localities 21, 20, 19 and 16 in quality of life indicators in the first rank have been 20 quarters, 4. 21, 19 and 16 in the distribution of per capita urban land uses techniques based on TOPSIS ranks.

Extended Abstract Introduction The victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1979 on the basis of the Shiite thought, culminated in the founding of the Islamic political system. This event must be considered as a turning point for politicizing of Shiite religion in the modern era. Political power of the Shiite leaders in Iran, and slogan for export of the revolution, culminated in the adopting of the position of anti-super powers during the cold-war period by the government of Iran, which is still continued toward United States of America so far. In contrast with, these states took their position against the state of Iran, and adopted some measures for its collapse or containment as well. From another side, political power of the Shiite in Iran, strengthened the morale and hopefulness of the Shiite people in other countries, and encouraged them to be politicized. Because in a historical perspective they had seen themselves as a minority group and deprived and oppressed people as well. Regarding the relations between Iran and other Shiite communities, we can suppose a spatial model of Core and Periphery. That Iran is located in the core, and the other Shiite communities in the periphery, which included Shiite in Iraq, Bahrain, Azerbaijan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Syria, and etc…. So the Shiite communities in the other parts of the world can be considered as the geopolitical interests of Iran. Methodology This study has been based on descriptive, analytical and statistical method. The results have been analyzed by obtained information through questionnaires in addition to documentary and electronic references. The designed questionnaire contained 14 sections and has completed by 50 persons by Shiite and Sunni elites from Islamic and non-Islamic countries. Finally, the gathered information and data have been analyzed by SPSS software and have been shown in tables. Results and Discussion How much was geopolitical condition of Iran influenced by the Islamic revolution and politicization of Shiism, was the basic question of this paper. Political power of the Shiite leaders in Iran, and slogan for export of the revolution, culminated in the adopting of the position of anti-super powers during the cold-war period by the government of Iran. In contrast with, these states took their position against the state of Iran, and adopted some measures for its collapse or containment as well. From another side, political power of the Shiite in Iran, strengthened the morale and hopefulness of the Shiite people in other countries, and encouraged them to be politicized. Because in a historical perspective they had seen themselves as a minority group and deprived and oppressed people as well. Regarding the relations between Iran and other Shiite communities, we can suppose a spatial model of Core and Periphery. That Iran is located in the core, and the other Shiite communities in the periphery. Conclusion Islamic revolution (1979) as an important event happened in Iran, the geographical center of Shiite territories. State of Iran with Shiite nature tried to extend its role in Middle East and world. The Shiite revival in Iran after Islamic revolution has expanded Iran's influence sphere. From geopolitical point of view, the spatial structure of Shiite in the world has been core and periphery. In this structure, Iran today forms as the core and Iraq, Lebanon, Azerbaijan, Pakistan and Yemen as semi-periphery part and Bahrain, Afghanistan, Turkey, Syria, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, India and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) are included in the periphery part. With respect to the size, Shiite has been minority among Muslims and geographically too, they are surrounded by Sunni-dominated region. Nevertheless, the geography of Iran and Shiite make significant opportunities for Iran particularly in cultural, religious, political, educational and other aspects based on this study results. As the main result of this paper it should be say that the geopolitical condition of Iran was increased in Middle East after the Islamic revolution.

Extended Abstract Introduction Territory is one of the essential pillars of political geography. Nevertheless, there are a lot of discussion about dissubjectivity and unimportance of territory at the age of globalization. The discourses about deterritorialization have attracted the academic and scientific groups so much that some believe that Globalization equals deterritorialization. This essay using a neo-realism approach has tried to analyze the process of Globalization having territorial vision. In other words, while it does not deny exterritorial and transnational processes but we put emphasis on reterritorialization of various phenomenon and processes at the age of globalization. the assumption is that territory and boundary cannot be obliterated but their function have changed. likewise, it is believed in this paper that for the needs of human to different and geography, territory will fix and globalization and transnationalization do not diminish its role and situation in the communal human life. The term “globalization” was first used in the mid- 1960 and entered into popular usage in the mid-1990. Few deny there is something going on “out there” which is radically restructuring the world. A common image of globalization is one of a process that unfolds like a blanket across the globe, homogenizing the world’s economies, societies and cultures as it falls. Everywhere becomes the same, boundaries do not matter and distance disappears. A definition reflection geographical point is found in Cloke et als Introduction Human Geographies: The economic, political, social and cultural process whereby: a) places across the globe are increasingly interconnected, b) social relations and economic transactions increasingly occur at the intercontinental scale, and c) the globe itself comes to be a recognizable geographic entity. As such, globalization does not mean that everywhere in the world becomes the same. Nor is it entirely even process, different places are differently connected into the world and view that world from different perspectives Methodology This article with its new realism approach has descriptive methodology and is based on analyzing and reasonable arguments. There are also some evidences such as deploying and using of sophisticated technology in US borders that demonstrate positivist aspects in the project. This objective evidences have been done by the researches of others. The methodology of this project has emphasized on the analytical- descriptive method that its data and its information has been gathered by ways which are common such as books and journals in libraries and other sources like Internet. And assumption which this article based on it is that territorial realm (territory and border in whole) dose not obliterate, but its function has been changed so that new territories in the global age will be created. Results and Discussion Geographers consider the debates in academic and political meetings about deterritorialization in the era of globalization. The fact is there are contradictory view about these tow concepts (territory and globalization) which they are essential in geography. While some body especially geographers tries to prove the role and importance of territory in human life, others- critics- believe that geography and territory will not matter in future. Territorial mechanisms such as the state are going to collapse, disintegrate and weaken in uncertain fate and their deeds and functions do not have any territorial aspect. In fact, there is a gap between political, cultural and economic functions of the state and government with the phenomenon of territory. In one hand, security is not territorial but has transformed to global. Terrorism, mass destruction weapons, cyber crime, global criminal organization, global disease such HIV do not respect borders and pass all territorial limits. Human link to place and home has been cut and in the other hand universalism and universal human and development for the planet earth has its own value. Non- place processes, non-territorial institutions, organizations and companies achieve the promise of a new type of social relationships. New emerging phenomenon is near and some geographical concepts such as governance, The state, territory, country, borders, area, region, variety and the differences has been eliminated and new shapes such as global unity, global village, Global Nation, global government, global culture, global economy and. .. Have been created. Geographers have considered these ideas and have tried to formulate and speake about globalization. Set of theoretical discussions which expressed by analysts of globalization called globalists indicate the end of territorial subject and border for social life in this new era. But we witness a kind of differences, identity, cultures instead of unity, single identity, and single culture in the world. While globalization is occurring localization also is being strengthened. Conclusion It has been tried to show that despite some scholars such as Apadouri and Ohmaee pointed out, territory dose not loss its subjectivity in upcoming years. From one hand, according to the article globalization is a reality and in the other hand according to new realism approach used in the article and evidences around the world we are live in where territory in future will remain as a player. Territory is a main factor in social life in globalization and terms such as death of territory and elimination of its subject will not be relevant. The territorial instinct and emotion and sense link to place determines that human beings need to know themselves and limits for him in places and immortality of territory despite the information explosion. Supra territorial and transnational flows and processes in the global era dose not refused but it is expressed alongside these streams reterritorlization and territoriality in the future of the world will be seen. In general, it can be said that based on objective evidence and realistic reasons statements like disappearance of territorial factor from social life would be meaningless. In addition, territoriality in 21st century is composed of two basic pillars: on one hand there is deterritorialitzation of flows and currents and in some cases and parts of human interaction – the communication, digitalization and virtualization of currents- cause to reduce of the significance of territory. But on the other hand, the second column is reterritorialization in the future which continues forever. Territory and territoriality is an integral part of human activities and enduring part of human and environment relationship. Attempts of developed states or countries of the North for reinforcement of borders and prevent of immigration- despite numerous discussions regarding the remove of border in global era- prove our claims.

Extended Abstract Introduction Production cooperatives by reason of inefficiency of petty landowner for creation mobility on agriculture sector are suitable tools for agriculture situation amelioration and rural areas development. Also production cooperatives play important role at redistribution earned benefits from agriculture sector growth, dynamic employment formation. In this manner, one of the rural development obstacles are dispersion and Fragmentation of farm lands on Iran. It is obvious that dispersion and Fragmentation of farm lands promote production costs by reason of production way, nonentity usage of some of the inputs and machinery and etc. at the end aforementioned cases delay rural development. Also solving of this problem is subject to the formation of production cooperatives in the rural areas. The science findings show that rural development is the first step for attainment of national development. And the most important of factors of rural development is subject to the promotion of rural people enthusiasm and ability to formation of productive co-operatives in the rural areas in the base of sustainability principle and profitability. It is obvious that our country has very problem including a little of productivity at the level unit and population explosive growth and And every year the tremendously amount of gained currency of oil sale are allocated for importing of agriculture productions. Therefore the supply of country food security and agriculture production imports modification for keeping of the excessive needs of country population are subject to the increasing of inputs size at the level unit and at the end of the creation of a basic change in the existence agriculture system via formation productive co-operatives in the rural areas. In addition, many of researches are believe that the one of ways for eradication of country food security difficulty are result from pay attention to the reform of farming systems in the agriculture district. Also rural production co-operatives are created for the removal of farmer’s basics needs. Also the one of rural development obstacles in Iran are dispersion and Fragmentation of farm lands. It is obvious that this problem is eradicated by formation of rural production cooperative. Also the realization of the farmer’s membership at the rural productive co-operatives results from the promotion of farmer’s traditional knowledge and their awareness. Such the increasing of information, knowledge, skill and incentive creating for accepting of innovation, information increasing and the subtraction of attainment cost for it cause that are prepared the ground of farmer’s membership on rural production co-operative. Also the most important of the affective factors of farmer’s membership at the productive co-operative are economic, social, environmental, extension and environmental specialties. In addition creations and enlargement of the productive employment generation, unemployment decline and the supply of basic needs and the increasing of public welfare indexes and the realization of entrepreneurship in the rural areas are one way of productive co-operatives important aims. Such productive co-operatives cause productive employment generation with investment for young people’s with increasing of their awareness. Methodology The total aim of this research is analyzing of factors influencing on farmer’s member ship in the rural productive cooperative. At this research the way of data gathering for accountability of the research questions, in the way documentation and survey and used instrument on survey method has been questionnaire. The research method is descriptive- correlation. Such as on the present research for samples selectivity was used from multi- stage cluster sampling techniques. Also a lot of the samples this researches by regarding target population (300) such as the studies of Krejicie and Morgan table were estimated. In addition for determination of reliability of the questionnaire quantities have used from point of views some of from different experts and thinker competitors. In addition for determination of reliability of questionnaire quantities was used from Corn Bach coefficient and SPSS software. At this research a lot of mentioned alpha (0.78) was calculated that this condition is desirable. Results and Discussion Also above discussed that productive co-operative on rural regions have very important from point of view the redistributing of gained benefits from agriculture district growth, dynamic and productive creating, the increasing of productivity size at level unit, the establishment of a deep and basic change on agriculture system, the subtraction of agriculture district investment and … Also the results of statistical analysis in relation to research hypothesis including Chi-Square, Multiple Regression, T-Test, Path Analysis Model for determination the among of people deferent specialties from point of view economical, social, extensional, environmental factors and their membership on productive cooperative show that significant relation exist except the variables of the among of rural people maintain tendency, the amount of durable consumer goods usage, the amount of fertilizer consumption and under cultivation surface. Also the results of statistical analysis in relation to extensional indexes by multiple regression ways show that from among of extensional indexes variables have remained three variables on equation by computer and the remainder of variables have exited from equation. And this three variable have explained %12 changes. Also the results of statistical analysis in relation to economical indexes show that from among of economical indexes variables have remained three variables on equation by computer and the remainder of variables has exited from equation. and these three variables have explained %13 changes. Also the results of statistical analysis in relation to economical indexes show that from among of social indexes variables have remained five variables on equation by computer and the remainder of variables has exited from equation. and these three variables have explained %36 changes. Conclusion In total results of statistics analysis by through of different statistical tests such as path analysis model showed that from among of different factors of extensional, economical, social, and environmental on the formation of productive co-operatives, extensional factors, have direct impact and indirect on the formation of rural productive co-operative on rural regions. Therefore country authorities must play important role at this ground for acceleration and expedition of agriculture district development by establishment of rural productive cooperatives.

Extended Abstract Introduction Developing countries as well as our country are grappling with problems of concern that, without exaggeration, economic problems, lack of income and unemployment are the most important of these cases. Of many people, the root of the ravages of the country returns to major failures in the villages and the lack of proper management of environmental and human resources. Entrepreneurship is regarded as a tool for planners to guide the societies towards development. There is a growing evidence to suggest that that there is a significant causal relationship between entrepreneurship, economic growth and poverty reduction As there is not available equal situation for the public to create entrepreneurship, the necessary conditions are vital to provide. The region of study is Zand and samen township in Malayer, Hamadan whose villagers are deprived from suitable occupation and income and don’t exploit the entrepreneurship in spite of graduated workforce and natural resources available. Even lack of villager entrepreneurship was a serious limitation to precede the research. Therefore, enrichment and empowering the people to enter this field is the duty to be paid attention to, in this research The question is, whether human or environmental conditions and circumstances change so that the strengthen motivations be entrepreneurial in the way they choose to be an entrepreneur? Methodology Data was collected through filling questionnaires, field study and library resources. Rural entrepreneurs are studied in this research, that, at least three year's experience in successful business must be current. Necessary conditions for creating entrepreneurial capability are divided into two groups, individual and environmental, which 14 variables. The population concerned in this research is rural entrepreneurs with at least three successful activities in their present business while their profession is based on innovation and continuity. The questionnaires were distributed among 53 entrepreneurs of the region and the research as the control group to compare the results. The questionnaire questions were raised in closed form. Its validity was confirmed by experts and university professors. SPSS software was used to analyze data. The method used in two groups was factor analysis through analyzing main components. Factors that have most influenced by what and how much each is affected? By identifying these factors and propose them to the rural planning authorities, can be used for the comprehensive development of villages. Results and Discussion Type variables in the conceptual model of research, is described. Total of 14 factors that are considered in this study, have a direct impact on rural empowerment. Some of these factors referring to individual characteristics and a number of other factors are located in space, thus affect on individual entrepreneur, decisions and his behavior. These factors are generally one of three bases of model and two other pillars include people with entrepreneurial ability and the benefits of entrepreneurial activity is created in society, is the third pillar. The desired space in the first pillar is more favorable and more and more associated with the entrepreneur is the individual features will be higher. Thus, the factors are told, are very important. During the review and processing of data, some of the factors that have less impact on their capacity for entrepreneurship were excluded, so factors had remained the largest eigenvalue. Conclusion There were recognized 10 influential factors on the increase of villagers` empowerment to develop entrepreneurship ordered as perseverance: Organization factor, financial and economic factor, education and role pattern, individual independence, previous experience, creativity, sense of successful and internal control center. It is concluded that individual and environmental factors help to enhance the villagers` empowerment to create business. The influencing factors from the view point of control group are organization factor, financial and economic resources, knowledge and skill, family, self-esteem, social participation and underlying structure. Based on the findings of this research, corporate sectors, institutional, trade and legislation for the importance of empowerment of rural entrepreneurs, should be corrected as soon as possible and learn to use proper procedures.

Extended Abstract Introduction Islamic world is a term applied to the countries in which the majority of populations are Muslims. At the present time, The Islamic world is combination of territories with variety of human and natural variations. Thanks to human and natural resources, strategic position, and common beliefs, the Islamic World is capable to play a role as regional power actor in world geopolitical order; but due to some factors and disagreements, such as religious and ethnic fragments, different political attitudes and political system, lack of independency, political and economic dependency to big state, territorial conflicts and etc, these potentials have unfortunately not been used appropriately so far. It should be mentioned that in spite of disintegrations caused by diversification among Islamic World, there is a context for Convergence and structural and functional incorporation, common interests and needs, common threats and so on which can lead to unity and combination in Islamic World. This article investigates and analyzes the most significant geopolitical challenges for Islamic world Convergence. The Islamic World covers some vast lands in Asia, Africa and some part of Europe and considering the important geopolitical, geostrategic and geo-economic capabilities it enjoys, this land has many potentialities to become a power in the global geopolitical system. According to the experts, the Muslim countries can achieve their real status in the global power system through the convergence and unity and as the result the ground will be prepared to meet the interests of all Muslim countries via establishing «Islamic Countries Union». Methodology This article investigates and analyzes the most significant geopolitical challenges for Islamic world Convergence such as lack of independency, political and economic dependency to big state, religious and ethnic fragments, different political attitudes and political system, territorial conflict and so on which can lead to divergence and schism in Islamic World. This study employs the analytical-descriptive research method using documentation and literature review. Results and Discussion There are factors in the way of Muslim countries’ unity such as religious and civilization similarities, structural and practical homogeneity and similarity, common interests and requirements, and the common sense of being threatened that can play role as the main base of convergence. On the other side, unity and convergence in the Islamic World is also faced with some substantial barriers and challenges. The followings are some of the main factors which create distance, separation and divergence among the Muslim nations and governments: The main reason which prevents from the Islamic World categorizing and as the result the regional convergence is the geographical detachment and lack of the land integrity, in such a way that the Islamic World could be categorized into some 11 geographical areas. The other factor is the religious and ideological differences as well as different interpretations of Islam that mostly emphasize their legitimacy and accept the others less and unfortunately some of them accuse the others of being infidel. So, cultism is an important barrier in the unity of Muslim World and the Muslims. The third factor is border and land conflicts between the Muslim countries. Existence of such conflicts especially when they become ideological and political is another main factor of divergence and conflict in the Islamic World. Too much difference in the income and social-economic development of the Muslim countries is one of the other factors led to divergence in the Islamic World and make some big barrier in cooperation of the Muslim countries. Existence of the poles of power with almost the same geopolitical status in the Islamic World and the competition and conflict between them is the other barrier in terms of convergence in the Islamic World. In addition, the Muslim countries’ political, martial, economical, and technological dependence to the world powers in the past and at the present has laid the ground for their interference and also for increasing the gaps and separations in the Islamic World and led to aggravating the conflicts and tensions among the Muslim countries. Finally, the economic structures of Muslim countries including both production and consumption sectors is the other barrier for convergence in the Islamic World. Given that most of the Muslim countries export the raw materials, mineral materials, agricultural products etc on one side and on the other side they import industrial products and foodstuffs from the non-Muslim countries, instead of complementing each other, the Muslim countries are the rivals of each other in the field of trade. These are the main barriers which prevent from the convergence in the Muslim countries and aggravate divergence in them. Conclusion In analyzing the divergent and convergent forces in the Islamic World, it seems that the divergent forces act more efficiently than the convergent ones both in terms of the power and number. In other words, despite existence of proper ground for the convergence, it could be said that the convergence process in the Islamic World faces serious challenges and barriers. There is no doubt that removing the barriers in the way of convergence and unity or reducing their role and significance requires conducting comprehensive and scientific studies by the Muslim scientists and preparing precise and realistic strategies. The obvious point is that today’s world requires convergence and unity in the economic, political, cultural and social fields urgently and the globalization trend has led the nations toward the regional and global convergence. In such circle, the Islamic World should relies on the Islam-based convergence more than before.

Extended Abstract Introduction Rapid increase of the urban population hase caused problems, especially achieving sustainable development goals. Some of the problems are: lake of spatial balance, vulnerability in the price of land and housing, social polarization, environmental pollution, use of extra energy, unplanned development, increasing levels of spending for urban infrastructure, constructing com fertile agricultural land, and increasing the urban periphery space. With the increase of environmental problems in the cities, and created crisis, attempts have been made to define the urban growth and urban development patterns and its relation to sustainable urban form. The question about sustainable urban form has been raised, and many researchers have tried to answer this. Some of the urban planners have supported the dispersion of the urban population and some are against this idea, and believe in concentration of urban population. This later group believe that problems of cities com be solved through increasing the density of population in urban areas and close concentration of urban land uses. A many different answer to the question of best urban form, the idea of compact city has received a lot of support and consideration, spatially in relation with the principles of sustainable development. Every city is experiencing its different growth pattern and every growth pattern leads to different consequences and results. Therefore, defining the precise and complete patterns of urban growth, explaining their existence, determining their strength and weakness com pave the path toward compact city and sustainable urban form. In our country, the endogenous factors of urban growth and organic growth have related slow physical development, but the base of development and growth can exogenous factors and oil revenues have created speculation of land. So, some internal sections of city are saved for speculation. The reduction of revenues received by municipalities and relying on unstable revenues such selling density rights have occurred. Methodology The research method is descriptive analytic and trend study. This research is an attempt to explain the trend. Considering the principles of sustainable development and compact growth, this research is an attempt to explain the pattern of physical growth in Amol city and its new trend toward compactness during the past towdecades. different statistical methods are used to analyze the trend. Results and Discussion For many decades, Amol city has experienced rapid growth of population and land area. But in recent decade, this growth has reduced and there is a trend toward compactness of growth. The major reason for this event is urban management policies in recent years. Recent policies encourage vertical development. The floor area ratio has increased in recent years after 1996. The floor area ratio has increased from 0.65 in 1986 to 2.71 in 1996. So, the ratio of floor Area to land area has increased. With the increase in the floor area for housing units, the urban fabric is more compact. There is a direct association between the land area and floor area, meaning that the larger land areas accommodate higher floor areas. Conclusion The results of this research show that Amol city has experienced dispersed and urban sprawl event. But during the past decade, a reduction in rate of dispersion has been experienced. Therefore, a concentration of population in inner parts of city has occurred and a compact form has appeared. Before considering the sustainable development principles, the common pattern for growth was dispersed pattern. The negative consequences of urban sprawl, ended to emphasize on urban intensification as a pattern for sustainable development.

Extended Abstract Introduction Inequality in the distribution of services and facilities in different neighborhoods of a city follows the overall pattern of urban growth "compact city" and "large city", in a way that the sustainable urban form includes such urban developments that lead to the formation of justice community in the cities. The urban growth pattern consists of two Compact cities and Spared out that most cities have followed from one of these patterns, these two forms are claim in Sustainable forms of cites and these patterns have different influence on urban services and facilities are distributed. The purpose of this essay is to study the pattern of urban development on the way of distribution of urban utility and services in Miandoaab city. Methodology According to the research objectives and components survey, this article is applied research. The Method Research Is Descriptive-Analytical. A survey, based on administrative divisions mentioned in various Places - Housing and Physical Planning is in 2006 year. Also by using of 13 utility indexes, the method of distribution of utility was studied at 30 regions. Using Methods of standardized score (Z-Score), different types of correlation and regression in the SPSS computer software. Results and Discussion Like other Iranian cities, Miandoab, after land reform has experienced a rapid urbanization growth. But the rapid urbanization growth caused by land reforms did not lead to disproportionate amounts of physical development and physical growth of the city. The most important criterion for the analysis of spatial equity and growth in the City of Miandoaab is the distribution of urban services that with using the standardized scores, distribution of services in different localities has been studied. According to 1956 statistics, Miandoab has an area of 84 hectares and its population of 14,767 people, and thus the mass urban population is estimated at about 176 people per hectare. Physical expansion of the city during the years of 1956-2006 was almost faster than population growth, and density of the city decreases from 176 people per hectare to 62.5 ha, that reflects the comparative horizontal continuing expansion with a nearly relatively high speed. Density reduction and further area growth because of city development, has been toward the Zarineh Rood and near the river many lands has been allocated for green areas, trees and parks. However, Miandoab city comparing with the other cities had a high population density. Physical development of the city is as a compact city development. Conclusion According to city density as problem of urban development. Miandoaab city has the compact urban development, because by urban net-density with 235 people per hectare and population -density 62.5 person per hectare was estimated. Also by using of 13 utility indexes, the method of distribution of utility was studied at 30 regions. Those 2 ones were have the balanced distribution of utility completely, 5 once were rather balanced, 10 ones were half- balanced and 13 once were un-balanced. Linking statistic relationship between population net-density and z-score distribution utility shows that population density and distribution service have the impressive comparative relation, while regions with rather over population density have the distribution services completely un-balanced. According to, damageability of urban development of Miandoaab city was appear by criterion of distribution of services (social justice) For this purpose optimal population density pattern by means of ventured statistic examination that population density with 250 person per hectare in any region is called sustainable urban development pattern.

Extended Abstract Introduction Water is primarily basic material of Human’s life; it is used for drinking, agriculture, industry and transportation. It is predicted that two-third of the world population will experience the average to high pressure of water shortage in year 2025. Water is not following the geographic (political) frontiers, like about 40% of world population are living in river basins and lakes where include two or more countries. Although Middle East and North of Africa region have 5% of the population of the world, they only access one percent of the measure of world water. Consequently, there are great competitions for accessing water in any levels from local to international. So that’s why, the 21’st century is called “Hydro politic” by some of geo politicians. Hydropolitics studies the effect of decision-making related to using water in policy-making on relations among governments and people of a country. The shortage of water or permit for passing water from international boundaries is effective on political relations of governments and nations and also the relations of countries with each other. According to this approach, in this article, Hirmand River is to be noticed as an international river in the Middle East area. The River which is streaming in the west south of Afghanistan and the east of Iran, affects local economy in both sides frontiers of two countries and reducing in beneficial share in any side would have some backwashes. Sistan region is the ending part of a district surrounded in aridity which has been located in one of the driest regions of the universe. This plain has located in the north of Sistan and Baloochestan province, and it has 15000 km2 area. The conditions of living in this region is only the time possible that an external water source is existed for feeding the region. Hirmand River is the only provision source of water in Sistan plain. Methodology The following research is of descriptive-analytical type. Considering the topic nature in this research, data was collected through library and also referring to the various organizations. Also, most sources on this topic, including Persian ones, were used in this research. The main objective to this research was to study the factors which are effective in drying Hamun Rivers and low stream flow and also to study its aftermaths. Research results are analyzed through descriptive-analytical method. Results and Discussion Current research object is to find reasons, results and the outcomes of drying plains and reducing water volume of the river in Sistan plain and has following approaches: Since independence of Afghanistan, human and natural factors have affected on water entering rate of Hirmand River to Sistan of Iran. Umpiring done by Gold Smith and Mac Mahoon, were according to Britain government’s benefit. Regarding Gold Smith’s standpoint, natural integrity of Sistan disrupted, so Sistan is divided in two parts: inside part and outside part. Also according to Mac Mahoon’s vote, the volume of water needed for Sistan of Iran was neglected. In fact 26 m3/s of water which was denoted in the contract of 1351 (Jalali-Clalender) could not meet Sistan plain’s needs. During Taliban’s government, idea logic disagreements lead to cut the flowing of Hirmand water. Establishing two dams called Kajaki and Arghandab on Hirmand river and developing agricultural activities and also the existence of about 750 km irrigation canal in the Hirmand basin which is kept and exploited by Afghanistan government is also one of the reason of Hirmand entry decrease of water to Iran. Periodic droughty phases are also the effective elements in which has influenced on volume of Hirmand water. Most of Sistan plain population have dependant on Hirmand water flow directly or indirectly. A number of dwelling places have used water of river via streams or canals for agricultural activities. The villages which have used the water of river indirectly include those groups of dwelling places which have resided around the Hamun. These numbers have dependant on Hamun's products; the cane fields have been used as the fuel despite providing animal's provender and using them in producing hand crafts. While the Hamun is full of water, about 1090 rural families have done some work in fishing part, and about 2000 rural families have also hunted aquatic birds along other activities. As a result of Hamun being dried and water flow of Hirmand being stopped, the Sistanian fishermen have lost their jobs and have migrated to other parts of the country; especially south of Iran. Due to not giving "water right" of Iran by Afghanistan, a number of dwelling places have also become empty of residents. In the way that the whole number of village empty of residents in Sistan has been increased from 150 cases in 1375 to 236 in 1381. Missing incomes, that have been earned via farming, gardening, animal husbandry, hunting and fishing, meant a part of residents have had other activities such as smuggling goods, fuel and narcotics. In the way that discoveries of narcotics in 1389 has been with 116% growth proportionate to 1388. Conclusion Therefore, the economy of Sistan plain has been completely dependent on the water flow of Hirmand River. Decreasing and stopping of the water flow of river has casual local economy of Sistan to be eradicated due to the pointed out factors. Sistan region is a sample of natural crisis which only can be solved that two countries of Iran and Afghanistan cooperate with each other. So, the two-side attempts should be concentrated in order to reach a common understanding. These attempts should be led to a managing designee of water that extends all the regions affected by Hirmand water from two sides of the boundary.

Extended Abstract Introduction Sustainable development and urban sustainable development has converted to a new and dominant paradigm in scientific and theoretical literature that is prevalent about urban development and planning. However, this paradigm has various perceptions and interpretations, but totally emphasize in the stability and continuity of development for public and for future generations, during the time, and a comprehensive view in economic, social and environmental complicated dimensions and the development process in a country and a city (Rahnamee et al. 2005, 178). Sustainable urbanity or urbanization is a kind of urbanization that it provides a possibility of life, based on human dignity, in present and future, and for subsequent generations and on the other hand, it is compatible with environmental considerations and is environment friendly too. Thus, sustainable urbanization and urbanity advance the urban social- economic development in the way that it leads to protecting the environment and earth resources and it prevent from destructing natural environment. I the other words, sustainable urbanization and urbanity form and develop, based on coordination with the capacity of ecosystem or natural system (Piran, 2008: 201). Environmental problems are one of the most basic issues of today's city and it is the result of their conflict and contrast with natural environment. Whereas, urban development necessarily is comparison with the dominance if buildings, transport industries and economic activities in the natural spaces, and during the time, this dominance, has changed to the dominance of the city on nature and cause to the widespread urban pollutions. The result of this process will be the unbalance between human and nature and also id disorder in the relations of ecosystem. By developing the cities appearances and values of natural environment has exposed in the more destruction and erosion and citizens have excluded from natural attractions, and psychological and social problems have appeared. The focus of population in cities and urban areas of cities and mismatch between developing services and urban infrastructures, especially in developing countries, converted urban areas to the unsanitary and polluted areas and faced them with the problems of the waste and garbage disposal, providing hygienic water and so on. (Zebardast, 2004: 153-156). Methodology Generally, dominant approach of this research is quantitative and qualitative, and the kind of research is "applied research" and the method id descriptive- analytic and data collecting were conducted via accurate library studies and using evidences and documents and field observations and perceptions for data registering, and during it, the environmental structure of Karaj city has studied and then SWOT technique has used, in order to analyze findings. In order to this, internal and external environments of Karaj city studied and then, for completing obtained information, a questionnaire used with statistical population of 25 persons of former and current urban managers, urban researchers and experts, in order to weighting and giving points to the current situation for all of internal factors(threats and opportunities). And finally QSPM matrix used to prioritizing the strategies and also GIS software used for map production. Results and Discussion In contemporary capitalism, the city as an appropriate location and urbanization as a way favorable to the environment is considered. Penetrate and influence the culture of capitalism in the Third World, including Iran Heterogeneous urban concentration caused rapid urban population growth and massive migration of rural - urban. In fact, a process that causes population transfer to the cities is largely poor. Clear example of such confrontation can be in the old tissues and rural contexts in towns like the city of Karaj being seen today. Karaj one hand, according to the specific location of their placement means of communication route Highway West Country and the vicinity of Tehran and environmental talents and having factories and industrial areas And the other hand, due to rapid urbanization process in the country, changing consumption patterns and develop community exogenous country, the massive influx of refugees from surrounding towns and villages were The tangible outcome of this influx of urban crises created And Following the physical development of cities and the destruction and loss of agricultural land and gardens around the city.Today the city of Karaj, with numerous environmental issues including, for the existence and activities inconsistent and annoying in the city, over industrial development in Karaj, a city sewage disposal system was not, despite the massive landfill in the south of the city center, etc. has been met. Conclusion In this paper, Environmental structure the city Karaj of using SWOT techniques have been evaluated. And according to research findings, strengths and opportunities of properly obtained in order to overcome weaknesses and threats are not used. The strengths weaknesses and Threats on the opportunities are dominant. And type of strategy, (contingency) diversity strategies will show. And in the end priorities QSPM matrix based on strategies and is suggested.