فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 83 (بهار 1392)

Modeling for explaining complex patterns of behavior of urban residents can address the analysis and description of many urban issues. It can be used in broad sectors of urban planning that need to analyze the current situation and predict future behavioral patterns of population. Because of the complexity of economic activities and social structures in Tehran, any urban planning for the future requires precise analysis of behavioral patterns of residents in this city in connection with determining residence and services as the major human activities. Models of travel distribution between regions are mathematical formulas of distributed trips based on various assumptions and some regularity observed during the trip length frequency. In these models, the purpose is to analyze distribution of trips between pairs of source-destination. Due to incapability of travel forecasting models such as spatial interaction models, the need for models to predict behavior is reasonable in predicting travel behavior patterns and those social and economic differences between source-destination travel. In this study, the Choice Model (type of Multinomial logit model) is employed for modeling the business patterns of and services trips behavior amongst of residents of Tehran in order to understand and analysis the complexities of these trips on various influencing factors.

Spatial data as one of the most important and most critical factors in decision-making and planning in life are discussed. For this reason, many needs, objectives and activities of different organizations, when it is possible that access to appropriate data integration is possible. One of the major problems today in most organizations, we are faced, lack of proper management of data and ignore its role in improving management and planning processes are. This issue, especially in small local organizations such as municipalities, as the main executive body in the city level, which is faced with lots of spatial data, is enormous. Regarding this issue, and to appropriate management spatial information and improve decision making, planning and implementation within the municipality, is required to, all existing problems that are often technical, economic, political and social aspects, will be exact identified and Rising. In this regard, spatial data infrastructure (SDI), as the activity in context of spatial data management, is able to use their model as a framework to resolve existing problems in context of spatial data management in the municipality and provide the necessary context information. In this article, in the context of a case study project in Babol municipality, various problems for developing Organizational SDI were investigated and solutions for resolving the problems were proposed

This paper aims to analyze and review two security discourse existing in Islamic Republic so far: formative trend and reasons for its formation in Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI). The first debate receiving its theoretical themes from political thought of Islam, constitution and perspective of decision makers is known as revolutionary debate which presents a supranational and nation-based interpretation of a wide and Mustazaf-oriented view regarding national security of IRI. Security policy supervises the policies dominated over the trends of decision making in areas related to national security. From this perspective, areas of domestic and international policy and military, information, economic, managerial and even cultural and social arenas make established connection with the category of security policy. Accordingly, phenomenon of security and security policy making in different domestic and foreign perspectives and achieving it has always been among the basic goals of those countries in political life. Following sources of power, structure of government, geographical status and geopolitical qualities and type of ideology, all countries have made attempts to formulate their security policy and use it to gain multi-lateral security. In this study, security is examined in the area of IRI security geography with two different trends (traditional and modern). In Iran, first, regarding political thought of Islam and constitution – based on nation-based and Dar al-Islamic thinking known as revolutionary debate – a supranational thinking of security formed. The attitude visualized theoretical structure and security decision makings of IRI for a decade is based on the necessity of Muslims unification, historical experiences and …. The imposed war (Iran-Iraq war), difficult economic status, geographical requirements, international threats of revolutionary debate and … lead to the rotation and return of security perspectives in the first approach toward the attitude of IRI's national realm. In this study, the period is introduced as national debate of IRI's security. In the end, results of two approaches are reviewed and reflected.

The countryside is popularly associated with peace and tranquility; yet for many people rural life can be a stressful experience, provoked by isolation, pressures to conform, the inability to escape or hide in close-knit communities, crime, drug, lack of diverting entertainment and strain of economic restructuring, particularly in agriculture. Addiction is one the challenges in rural communities which has spread from the past and resulted in disturbances in rural systems. During the recent years, addiction has caused debilitation in human resources and resulted in less efficient work forces. It has caused imbalance in economic, cultural, social and political situations and has been the reason associated with lots of crimes. Addiction, by itself, loses lots of human and financial resources and prevents villages from developing. The present study is aimed at considering the reasons for trend towards addiction and its spreading in villages located in Choardoli’s rural district in Ghorveh County. The purpose of this study is to know effective factors on increasing the number of addicts, so that one can study and analyze these factors in order to make a plan for reducing the addiction in rural societies

Urban landscape is a heterogeneous mosaic of physical and biological patches. Quantifying landscape pattern and it's change is essential for monitoring and assessment of ecological consequences of urbanization. The recent related research has been greatly promoted by the easier availability of higher resolution remote sensing data and the development of GIS and geospatial techniques, as well as other disciplines such as landscape ecology. The convergence of GIS, remote sensing and other related disciplines has helped in quantifying, monitoring, modeling and subsequently predicting the urban land use development. many landscape metrics have been developed and widely applied for characterizing various landscape patterns in the past few decades. Gradient analysis has been used to detect the urbanization gradient of landscape pattern. In this research combining gradient analysis with landscape metrics, were used for analyzing of landscape pattern.

During last decades, it has been adopted various approaches in order to organize suburb regions which most of them have noticed to physical dimension of regions more than other dimensions. Among these approaches, it has been used sustainable urban regeneration (SUR) approach as a strategy which has comprehensive attitude and practice and tends to improve various kinds of sustainability including economical, social, physical and environmental stabilities as dominant approach in this research. In this study, we examine Saadi slum as one of suburb regions in Shiraz city.

Rural tourism is one of the tourists, the different dimensions of sustainable economic, social and environmental sustainable development of local communities to achieve bidder. Therefore, to achieve this requires the design, development and implementation of the strategic model, together with appropriate strategies and specific areas of the tourism planners and managers. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a strategic model for rural tourism development in the study area has been carried out. This is a fundamental question Strategic model for sustainable development of rural tourism development that will lead to what? Accordingly, such documents and field research as well as pre Rvbabrrsy, analytical methodology, and the three groups of participants (the village, tourists, officials) in 14 rural villages and Lavasan kochak their views aspects of economic, social, environmental studies is considered. Model for data analysis and presentation in the context of a comprehensive strategy of rural tourism development strategy, SWOT analysis is used The results indicate that this is The most vulnerable villages is very high due to tourism development Distribution and reallocation of resources in areas with limited opportunities and high points, is necessary

Today, the land component in the concepts of place, space, location, region and area, as defined by the restriction is the identity of human communities, regions and locations; it is valuable for individuals and groups of elements and components of their identity to (Kaviani Rad, 1389: 56). One result of such an event, where the incidence of competition is the competition in different geographical regions and in different periods of time, shows its various forms. In the present study attempted to examine the roots and the main factors in the regional competition to be the perfect congruence of language, cultural, religious, and ethnic and. .. Has, despite this, competition between cities where Meybod and Duck in Yazd province since the issue has become complicated and sensitive.

Since any structure has a special function and each special function is rooted in a structure, target of this paper is describe and explain structure and function of participation management in Mashhad. Explain structure and function of participation management in Mashhad need describe structure and function of participation management in Mashhad. So, for explain structure and function participation management in Mashhad, we have to describe Characteristics of structure and function urban management in Mashhad. Some of Characteristics: numerousness of organizations, disharmony among organizations, ambiguity in tasks of organizations and etc.

Guilan forests include some areas from Astara Chay River which is located in Iran and Azerbaijan Republic boundary to Chaboksar River in the east of Guilan. There are 2041 villages in this area which are as the permanent or temporary residence location of 61110 families and population of 368120 people. Guilan forests, like a narrow band, have covered the mountain areas of Northern Alborz with an area of 550000 ha. According to the population living in this area, the population density is about 0.7 people in ha. The geographic situation and topography of Guilan forests and accessible facilities to different areas and drinking water have a fundamental role in the density and transmittance of cattle and forest living people. In Guilan forests, the presence of small and dispersed forest villages and agricultural and animal husbandry activities is more than the ability and capacity of forest which has led to forest destruction. Although, the numerous number of villages and their smallness and dispersion are figured to the barrier for regions development and have not created economic servicing. Animal husbandry in forests, in its traditional and old method is in consistent with industrial exploration of forests.

Today, every organization needs to assess its activities for more efficient and effective performance. In Iranian rural areas, there are organizations that provide services and facilities to the local people and they are responsible for doing it. Dehyary or rural municipality is an organization that has been expanded rapidly in recent years in rural areas. Dehyary has an important role in the rural management and development, which performance assessment can increase the success of this institution. In other words, the performance assessment can reduce many of costs as well as prepare the environmental conditions to better efficiency any Rural Municipality through recognizing strengths and weaknesses.The Performance measurement is the process of collecting, analyzing and/or reporting information regarding the performance of an individual, group, organization, system or component. It can involve studying processes/ strategies within organizations, or studying executive processes/parameters/phenomena, to see whether output are in line with what was intended or should have been achieved. In addition, organizational performance assessment is a practice-based framework that builds on the synergy between planning and assessment, and results in the discernment of impact and value. It promotes a set of practices that enable the organization to effectively integrate planning, strategy, performance, assessment, and organizational development in order to advance the institution’s mission. The objective of this paper is performance assessment of Rural Municipalities (dehyari) in Dehloran County that was established more than 4 years ago some indicators such as efficiency, affectivity, and empowerment were employed due to responding ability in framework of scientific management principles and concepts to act in framework of organizational goals and executive tasks and plans. In this matter there are a few questions including: What is the level of performance in Rural Municipalities in the study areas? Is there significance different in performance of Rural Municipalities from the point of view of people? And finally is there significance different between view of people and Islamic Council members about performance assessment of Rural Municipalities (Dehyari)?

Weakening national states diluting international borders ongoing wane of governing and reconstructing are of phenomenon that will change the political geography of the world which has been formed based on international system. Border are made to let the states govern their sub ordinate regions and the inhabitant. However the changes in the world dilated the states control over their regions. So the traditional concept of border has revolutionized. In the view of different science specialists the borders have diluted or vanished. Based on these political geography phenomenon goods, people, minds and complete independence of government cant be controlled. Nowadays the borders maintaining some of their old properties are taking new functions based on ICT in the globalized word which is different from their previous ones. Evolving information and communication technology, affected political security and economic and social aspects of countries. These changes are more outstanding in Geographical elements factors and concepts the cyberspace created by computers and electronic network is an aspect of globalizations which has been appreciated as a reality plus the real space. Considering these changes in addition to the real space in which the borders are made to control the different flows, in the uneducable cyberspace there must be virtual borders to control the flows.