فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 84 (تابستان 1392)

Zanjan has recently enjoyed considerable population and physical growth. The rapid irregular growth in population number caused unfavorable formation of informal settlement areas in the city. Islamabad is of the largest informal accommodation regions in Zanjan which was built as a consequence of massive rural migration during 1970s. Although the area, at present, is considered an official area within the city, it is suffering from different skeletal, service systems, demographic, social and cultural matters problems. This research analyses the spatial-skeletal abnormalities in Islamabad region and tries to explain the incidences of these abnormalities

School of Modernism started between 1920 until 1930 in both sides of Atlantic Ocean. However, one can see its signs in the first movements in planning about the Garden City ideas. The idea of Modernism happened at the same time in Architecture and this paradigm was dominant until late 1960. In twentieth century, the limitations of natural resources were understood more and more. The growth of awareness about environment is considered as a sign of the emergence of postmodernism school. The modernism school was criticized. Modernization is a process that increases the ability of a political and economical society through the industrial and bureaucracy. In the modernism humanitarian tradition, planning is trying to pave the way for development and distribution of social justice through organizing city in a beauty symbolist and efficient way. The 1960 s is the pick of criticisms on the modern city planning. This was the belief that returns to the history, damage treatment of the modern and here that the place loses him and the revival of the values of the local historical, variety, meaning and authenticity of part of the protection and revival of ancient cities and building new towns like ancient cities an important position in urban development. City and culture receipt as a text in domain of meaning that was not function. Therefore in 1960 s disavow of functionalism, rationalism, vagrancy urban context is a prevalent concept. Instead of present support of the multiplicity, many people rejected the theory of comprehensive and relying on the reality. Products of this postmodern approach are participant’s design, attention to the social sciences, using the historical symbol and the revival of the historical monuments in urban planning.

Economic development is a favorable aim for all nations and meeting this aim requires a good understanding of variables taking part in this process. The role of entrepreneurship in economic development has been mentioned by many authors as an important one. Although creating jobs is a function of entrepreneurial process, but it is not the only one. Entrepreneurship includes searching for opportunities, taking risks, persisting for realization of ideas and turning them to goods, services and other useful solutions.To examine the effect of entrepreneurship on economic development, the research must explain the role of variables which indicate entrepreneurship activities, in economic development indexes like income per-capita, employment, knowledge creation and equality in income distribution. To do this, we plotted our research’s conceptual model as shown in methodology section.Based on the literature reviewed in this article, we constructed our conceptual model which shows the hypothesized relations between variables. This model is shown as below

During recent decades, changing the foundations of urban transformation in concepts of work, residence and leisure, public spaces and leisure needs as one of the vital necessity of human society, and one of the preoccupations of planners and managers has become an important issue in zoning regulations, creating public spaces a user has accepted in the main city. Stages of development of Assalouyeh City, the formation of economic capital and location of a new civilization are based on energy. Both before and after the industrial activities of industrial activities (2000) in the South Pars economic region are divided. Accordingly, given the unbalanced development between industrial activities and urban South Pars economic zone Assalouyeh, migrants to the region increased, the role of city services and activities planned and carried out in the city on business and economic perspective and preferred personal space (User Personal - Commercial) on the future of quality public spaces and the role of cities in national and international Assalouyeh need assessment and planning of public spaces for urban sustainable development and planning for health, comfort and welfare of citizens and create a lively environment in peaceful City seems necessary. Ease of access to the concept of "physical intrusion" into various parts of the city and its accessibility to aspects, including sexual status, age, mental, economic, financial, social and family structure depends on individuals (Doi, Kii and Nakanishi, 2008, 1116). Also accessibility to the public spaces of different dimensions of social, political - economic, psychological and geometry is related to the city (Nicholls 2001, 201). A public space should be for all people with any level of income and social status and any physical limitations regardless of the areas in which Residents or not be available. These places should be so equally used by all residents of the neighborhood be (Harnik, 2003, 23). Optimal use of land use planning has a direct relationship, so that the definition of land use plan comes on (rational management of space in order to optimize the distribution pattern of human activities) (Pour-Mohammadi, 2003, 3). Raising the concept of sustainable development with urban land use and views of the optimal and sustainable use of urban land according to social factors, economic, political, etc. is disposed (Rahnema, 2008, 26). In fact, optimal use of public spaces on the dynamics of public space and exploit the right, logical, rational and optimal land emphasizes.

Local government is considered as a political-bureaucratic structure, which is formed by the central government as a result of spatial distribution of the political power. As of forming the civilizations, a special type of society and culture has been formed in Iran due to a particular geographic position and getting involved in the path of the mankind movements as well. The political culture, which takes into account as presuppositions of the Iranian society, resulted in specific actions in the community especially in the political arena. Political participation of the citizens in the local government and influencing on the processes and mechanisms of the political culture considered as one of the consequents of such phenomenon. The present research aims to study the roots of citizens’ low participation in a local level, as the citizens have not participated in the local government in a meaningful manner since the formation of the local government in Iran. In this research, thus, we are looking for answering this question: “what is the effect of political culture on citizens’ collaboration in the local government is in Tehran?”The hypothesis of research includes: taking part in Tehran local government is affected by the impact of political culture in a national level, which some factors play a significant role in this regard such as: family, beliefs, symbols, values, dominant structure, tribal roots, and historical, geographical, social, and cultural developments. The results confirmed the claim regarding the study of political culture variables in a political participation in Tehran city. The present research investigated the relations between the political culture and citizens’ cooperation in the local government as a mechanism for participation of the citizens in the political-social destiny through descriptive method using documented resources.

Disproportionate development of cities and extended accumulation cause the phenomenon like as informal settlements. And the results of developing the informal settlements are forming different damages of economy, society and environment. Results of thisseductions are inability of city a spaces in answering to largess necessity. Generally this unbalance urban growth forms in unprepared lands of city and its results are like as increasing unutilized lands, increasing open spaces, decreasing the accumulation of population separation of urban and social units: so the important issue that stays against the urban development is their future develop place. Recognizing and choosing a best place to future develop of city requires observing the roots and best development of criteria orientation. In finding place we try to rest the different parameters of relationship with each other.

The present paper examines the ecological footprint of Kermanshah as the 9th largest city of Iran. It also tries to answer the following question: Dose the ecological environment of Kermanshah Support the basic needs of it's population? And are the Biological systems of Kermanshah able to answer all socio- economic questions related to different activities of residents. This study is completed based on a descriptive method in which the whole urban households of Kermanshah city are considered as the statistical sample. The statistics related to their consumption of Dvtryq authorities and researcher questionnaire consists of 14 items have been collected. The sample size of the present study was 322 households which were selected by cluster random method. The findings of this study show that the ecological footprint in Kermanshah city indifferent consumption groups of food, transportation, natural gas heating, drinking water, electricity and required land for waste disposal is 1.82 hectares. Although the mentioned list is not a complete inventory of city expenditures, But the comparison of these items with the occupied spaces by the city and even with the supporting spaces such as county and province. Indicates that to fulfill its biological needs and sustainability, the city depend on a geographic realm beyond the Kermanshah Province. A glance to the consumed item in Kermanshah city Confirms that the share of food with 1.22 hectares is the largest share among all other consumed item, other items used in this study has been calculated less than their share of food. The lowest rate belong to required land for garbage with approximately 0.000006 hectares or 0.06 m2.Since Iran's biological capacity is 0.8 hectares, 1.82- hectare ecological footprint in Kermanshah it means that the average bearable biological capacity of Kermanshah city is 2.275 times more than the average country. in other words, can be expressed With current consumption trends continue, Kermanshah city for food Energy and land needed to absorb carbon dioxide. the space is about 180 times the area of your current needs.

It is widely believed that a combination of ancient Greco-Roman and Persian civilizations is a major contributor to what culturally constitutes ‘West”. Later in the Sassanid period, the inter-linked notions of state, territory, and boundary developed substantially, coming quite close to their contemporary forms. On the other hand, considering that 'justice' was the corner stone of ancient Persian political philosophy, the idea that the ancient Persian spatial arrangement might have contributed to the evolution of the concept of democracy in the West may not be too difficult to contemplate. The term Iran has constituted the official name of the country or state known by that name at least since the emergence of the Achaemenid federative state in the 6th century BCE. The West came to know this country as Persia through the Greeks of the city-states, which in the 6th century BCE, were not as yet familiar with the concept of state–cum–country. They named Iran Persia in accordance with their on-going tradition of naming places after the name of the dynasties or the ethnicities ruling them, in much the same way that Iranians – and through them, the entire Muslim world - named Greece Yunan in their historiography of that entity, simply because in antiquity, the Iranians first came into contact with the Ionian ethnicity of Greece. Thus, it is obvious why the Greeks named Iran Persia, which originally was and still is but a province in southern Iran where the ancient Achaemenid and Sassanid dynasties had emerged. The term Persia, however, became more solidly founded in Western culture when it entered biblical texts and became somewhat sanctified. Nevertheless, the term Iran maintained its place in Western cultural thinking in more obscure forms such as a feminine name; i.e. Iran in the Persian language; Irene in Latin, Germanic, Armenian, and other Western languages, while its prefix ‘ir’ representing the mysticism of the land of Aryans, is to be seen in country names like Ireland, which comes from Éire of Proto-Celtic origin, reflecting its Proto-Indo-European roots. In today’s common and official usage of the variation, it is worth noting that while the language and literature, art and culture are all Persian, the civilization and the name of the country are attributed to the term Iran.

The widespread and great inequalities in income generation, commonwealth, job opportunities and developmental facilities between urban and rural areas, have leaded the rural population towards the decline and in some instances the rural exodus. Additionally, the rural poverty and deprivation has also caused major urban crisis, due to the vast rural migration and consequently the suburbia phenomena. Diversification of economical activities and opportunities is an essential requisite in comprehensiveness of rural planning and development programs. Rural industrialization is one of the most important and dominant economical alternatives for employment and income generation opportunities in rural areas, beside the agriculture. This approach has also an important role in regional development planning by facilitating of the industrial decentralization procedures. The rationale of the rural industrialization is therefore the necessity to reduce the rural-urban economical imbalances and inequalities; avoid and mitigate the social costs of irregular urbanization or in the other word, urban sprawl phenomena; and provide appropriate and profitable employment opportunities for rural over plus labor forces. A considerable contribution of the rural industrialization projects success depends upon the optimum location and establishing of them in the selected capable locations based on the set of criteria. Establishment of appropriate industries, in type, scale and location, in rural areas as the most feature of industrial decentralization, is an aspect of regional planning toward rural development. This study assesses the site selection of the operant and candidate rural industrial areas of the Markazi province, which has the first order in both operant and candidate rural industrial sites among the Iran provinces. There exist 9 operant industrial corporations located at rural areas (industrial rural areas) in the Markazi province, the central province of Iran, and 10 other sites are also candidate to establish such industrial rural areas. According to the existence of the most of the basic industries of the country in this province and also the high potentials for various agricultural and livestock productions circumstances, the present study strives to assess the appropriateness and optimality of the carried out proceedings as for rural industrialization in the region or not.

There are some significant differences from the point of view of welfare and development between a part of the country which has an important geographical region such as border areas and main population centers. This can be due to reasons such as being far from the center, geographical solitude and under-development. In spite of the of capacities of central areas of the country, there are no social and economical indicators in optimal level and its promotion to national average of indicators level needs a lot of investments and measures. Definitely, it takes time for such regions to develop and the government to fulfill its responsibilities. Therefore, analyzing the socio-economical indicators of border areas and considering its relation with the increase and reduction of smuggling through planning of land preparation can be an effective step in the path of sustainable development in border areas such as Kurdistan, Boushehr, Sistan and Balouchestan provinces.

Since the commencement of human civilization, drought has had severe impact and sometimes disastrous on the vital human activities throughout the world. Drought is not considered in it as a tragedy” (disaster) but its effect on people and environment is catastrophic. Therefore the key point in understanding drought is to know its ecological and social aspects. Drought is occurred in both arid and humid regions. It is clear that the first step in drought management is to know its impacts in different dimensions followed by the second step which is managerial actions to reduce negative impacts. Hence effective drought management is comprehensive involvement and collaboration of government and farmers. Iran is a vast country that due to its specific situation has different climatic and topographical characteristics. While, the amount of average annual rainfall in Iran is about 224 to 275 millimeters, the average rainfall of drought-prone areas is defined as equal to 800 millimeters rainfall and the average 133 millimeters. Iran in southern part of the northern region existences took 25 to 40 degrees north latitude is part of a vast realm of Iran in water and dry air the world. About 10 percent of the country's agriculture rainfall levels more than 500 millimeters in years (do not need the irrigation) and the remaining 90 percent irrigation needs. The investigations indicated that the country has always been exposed to various natural disasters so that out of 40 disasters that happen in the world, 31 are occurred in Iran. The drought is of the most important natural disasters that affect many of the agricultural sub-sectors and water resource. Since drought hit vast geographical areas is seen as a more complex disaster. It also affects more people and is a costly disaster to control particularly by farmers. On the other hand, there was an increase in the world population especially in recent decades because of rising demand for increasing agricultural production. Although the increase in the lands under cultivation and eye-catching progress of science and technology in the agriculture sector will provide useful solutions to the needs of society’s food, but in many cases these methods because of non-controlling forces, cannot provide useful solutions for drought control. Since the majority of the adult population of Tarom County are active in farming sector and they consists 69.4 percent of active people, it is to be said that Tarom is basically an agriculture county. It is while the annual trend of precipitation during the past 20 years in the area indicates that the drought is ever expanding. In fact drought is the main obstacle of agricultural development in the area. The present research is going to analyze farmer’s willingness to participation in drought management projects

Participation, as the key element in achieving development goals especially civic development, has considerable importance. When people have much more participation in affairs, it is more possible to be successful. In these societies, low and deprivated class of society will benefit from participation results and its advantages. From the other hand, these days, participation is not a choice for citizens but a necessity. It is a necessity which leads to sustainable civic development. There are many influential factors in people’s participation in civic affairs considered in this paper. Therefore, aim of this paper is to study effects of civic institutions on civilians’ participation in affairs.These days citizen’s participation in urban affairs is not a choice. It is a necessity that can lead to sustainable development. In Iran’s society, the need for participation is considerable since that developing and industrial societies have been faced with pervasive phenomenon such as urbanization and population growth during a hundred years ago. So in Urban management there is an essential problem that is human empowerment, reduction of urban problems and development of Iranian’ society during the transition from traditional to modern society that leads to optimal utilization of existing capabilities and talents of citizens in participatory programs. The metropolises of country such as Isfahan metropolitan increased the human needs and urban environmental problems in a vast area. Some cases such as observing traffic, paying attention to green space, corporation with municipalities about construction, collecting garbage and the other serious problems are symbols of cases that Urban managers have been facing with them from theorists point of view, there are many influential factors that affects people’s participation in Urban affaires. Here we try to study the urban organizations’ effect on citizen’s participation in urban affairs.