فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 85 (پاییز 1392)

Nowadays، tourism is considered as one of the effective factors in promotion of communications among nations. It is presented as creator of job opportunities in the economic section and social-cultural interactions. Cultural tourism can be characterized in two different aspects. From the conceptual viewpoint، people move towards the cultural attractions far from their current residential place to achieve new information and experiences for meeting their cultural needs. In the terms of cultural tourism، human beings move towards some particular cultural attractions such as places with historical heritage، cultural and aesthetics signs، arts and plays out of their ordinary residential places. Both perspectives towards cultural tourism help a better coexistence، continuity، stability، and safety. Alamut is considered as one of the cultural and historical places in Iran. Customs، traditions، race، manual industry، arts، and cultural and religious traditions have made this place a tourist attraction. It is evident that this considerations and opportunities may have negative and threatening effects as well as positive ones.

Changes in internal and external environment، especially in global arena، including globalization، information society، make constantly rural communities faced with threats and opportunities. Utilization of these opportunities and commuting the threats into opportunities is just possible by a suitable planning. In fact، the vulnerability of rural societies may be resulted from natural and unnatural phenomena (humanity، technical and managemental issues) in economic، social and environmental phases. This may introduce developmental gap among socities and might be resulted from macro planning and management of rural araea. In other words، the developmental gap in rural socities indicates survey lines available in actual situation of rural in macro (national) planning process because of sustainability. This results in a lag of national developmental process based on new paradigm. Therefore، appropriate plans and strategies based on key principles of sustainable development can be effective. By a strategic approach to plans and their flexibility it would be possible to convert threats into opportunity and also introduce sustainable rural development as a purpose of planning for development. The purpose of the plans is to enhance the industrial sector of economy for high technology capable to export، such as the electronics industry، consumer products industry، industrial processing of non-timber forest products، construction materials and chemical industry. Key industrial areas will be established gradually along the main communication routes. The villages will be developed for traditional production with an aim to increase employment and exports. Accordingly، rural managers and planners in different levels of decision making، by continued assessment of macro and micro development plans، could adopt goals and principle of sustainable development with current condition of rural communities. In this framework، evaluation of the position of rural planning in national planning system، based on sustainable development principles and spatial justice in economic، social and environmental dimension over national territory، is inevitable requisite for sustainable rural development management and planning. In this paper، we first tried with Descriptive – depletion methodology to extract the principles and theoretical base of rural sustainable development planning and its indicators for content analysis measurement after the Islamic Revolution development plans in Framework of organizational excellence Evaluation model (EFQM). Result of the assessment in this method، by traceing and analysis of strengthes and improving the fields of institute structure (Here is the same village) that suggest improvement of planning process and its function it is possible to modify the future path. The EFQM Excellence Model is a non-prescriptive framework based on nine criteria. Five of these are ‘Enablers’ and four are ‘Results’. The ‘Enabler’ criteria cover what an organisation does. The ‘Results’ criteria cover what an organisation achieves. ‘Results’ are caused by ‘Enablers’ and ‘Enablers’ are improved using feedback from ‘Results’. The Model، which recognises how many approaches to achieving sustainable excellence in all aspects of performance is available، is based on the premise that: Excellent results with respect to Performance، Customers، People and Society are achieved through Leadership driving Policy and Strategy، that is delivered through People. Other criteria are related to result and function. To use this method، there are various ways such as questionnairy method، workshop method، metrix method and preform method. In this paper the questionnairy method have beeb selected. This method is similar to the content analysis method، because based on available document in various fields of empowerment makers this could obtain the results to which access is just posible in ideal condition. Then، 14 questionnaires from 30 designed questionnaires completed by experts and elites in rural development and planning field have been applied as the base of analysis. Results of the analyses indicate that consideration to rural sustainable development principles have increased in plans after Islamic Revolution، especially in 4th development plan. But، this attention to sustainable development based on EFQM model، in all dimensions is lower than the average. This fact indicates that enabling factor is not correctly known among policymakers and planners for sustainable institutionalization، and executive management does not have sufficient capacity for sustainable implementation.

One of the deplorable results of urban growth is an increase in the number of crimes in urban areas. Regarding physical circumstances of the cities، they are ready to provide a place susceptible to happening of crimes. These circumstances include noise and air pollution، inappropriate environmental situations، over population، and etc. Although there are different factors that affect urban life، security is the most important element in a settlement either in an urban region or in a neighborhood. It is evident that urban security، like any other issues، is influenced by ratified rules and regulations. In this study an attempt is made to examine Iran’s ratified civil rules and regulation to see to what extent creating a safe city has been regarded in these rules. After that، the extent of observing the passed rules in the field of urban security in the 13th municipal region of Tehran has been studied by questionnaire data. In this research، after posing the question، some preliminary studies have been carried out for a literature review. By referring to library reference data، the required information has been wroten down on index cards for further analysis. Then using Cochran formula، two hundred forty questionnaires have been gathered for the 13th municipal region of Tehran. The results have been analyzed through SPSS and Excel software by T-test for a comparison between the municipality performance and insecurity feelings of citizens. The survey results indicate that there is no law entitled as establishment of a secure urban area in Iran but it is implicitly refered to as the creation of a secure form as implications in some rules. The review of the mentioned rules can provide a foundation for civil security. The results of the questionnaire also indicate that the municipality has not a proper performance. The enhancement in the security of the region was not sufficient according to Likert spectrum; it was lower than three in average. But these incompetent performance plays a prominent role that reduce insecurity of the area so that evaluation of the people about the influence of municipality performance، even in allow level in all the questioned security items، was above the average. According to the questionnaire answers about the research questions، three hypotheses have been tested and we came to the followings. First hypothesis: it seems that sufficient attention is not paid on urban security in verified laws of Iran urbanization (especially in Tehran). According to the investigations on the civil ratified laws، there is no explicit article relating to urban security. Therefore، the first hypothesis is proved. However، the exact investigation of the laws will result in the cases where as they are observed precisely، the urban security will also enjoy their benefits. So it can be said that attention is just implicitly paid to social security issue in the content of some civil laws. Regarding the second hypothesis، it seems that the performance of Tehran municipality did not influence the enhancement of the regional security (especially in 13th municipal region). As it was stated، to answer the above mentioned hypothesis، 240 questionnaires were completed in the area. Regarding municipality performence، unfortunately no item was evaluated as good as required. Regarding the actions in all cases the relevant number was below the average according to Likert spectrum. So the hypothesis is proved. Regarding the third hypothesis، it seems that the ratified laws available in the area of civil security has not played noticeable role for enhancement of the 13th region security. According to the results of the questionnaires، in all the 13 cases questioned and inferred from ratified rules، the people satisfaction with insecurity reduction in the region was above three (according to Likert spectrum). It means that it was above the average، so the hypothesis is rejected. So، the relative enhancement of security in the region is restricted as the result of the amount of legal articles. Therefore، the security will be enhanced due to an increase in quantity of laws and a better performence of the municipality.

Majority of researches in rural fields are carried out by post graduate students in geography and rural planning discipline. As these students are expected both to achieve goals of rural development in one hand and the mission of higher education in the country on the other، they should consider the application of their research results and achievements. One way to achieve this goal is organizing and directing topics of thesis / dissertations of MA and Ph. D. students of geography and rural planning in a way to meet the needs of the rural community. This requires knowledge and study of topic trends of this thesis / dissertations that is the purpose of this study. This study is a descriptive – analytic research and the by which it has been conducted is «content analysis». The Statistic population of the research is 206 Thesis / Dissertations of Students of Geography and Rural Planning in three Universities including Shahid Beheshti University، Tarbiat Modarres University and Tehran of Tehran. With teachers and experts in this field، basis of the thesis topic، indicators of sustainable development was considered as economic، social-cultural، political and institutional-managerial، physical-spatial، and environmental. Hence، these topics are in five general categories and 22 subjects subgroups. The thesis / dissertations inclusion in topics is not possible in any of the 21 subgroups as miscellaneous group. Some of thesis / dissertations because of the nature of the topic could be assigned in more than one group. Using the control checklist، information contained in the opening pages of thesis / dissertations (15 index) (Include: subject، spatial domain، the domain of the subject، the relationship with other academic disciplines، universities، the Supervisor، the Advisor، the number of pages، student gender، methodology، tools used in the study، scores of thesis / dissertation) have been collected. This information has been coded into SPSS 16 software and have been analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The highest number (31 cases) of dissertations has been defended in the 1386 year and the lowest number (13 cases) has been in the 1381. The maximum number of pages of the thesis/ dissertations is related to the year 1386 and the lowest number of pages was for year 1381. Most students defended in Tehran University in July، August and February have paid charges. This situation is also observed in Shahid Beheshti University، with the difference that in addition to these three months، mostly students، in December have pain for this. Tarbiat Modarres University students are also in such a situation in months of April، July، September and March as the date of the defense of the thesis / dissertation. The results indicate that among the five subjects، there are significant differences in tendency to physical- spatial and institutional - managerial topics between the universities. The research findings indicate that the agricultural and natural resources and social and economic sciences have the most effect on the thesis / dissertations in the discipline of geography and rural planning.

Growth of banks، financial and credit institutes in the recent years، their competition for more advantages and also the subject of customer satisfaction made it essential to use scientific methods for an optimized performance. An optimal decision، especially in site selection of financial institution or services، plays an important role in successful achievement of the goals and is also effective in customer attracting. A wrong site selection of the financial institution or services will reduce the efficiency، increase the costs and may also cause the irreversible losses in the competition with other institutions. Therefore، it is necessary to make an optimal decision in site selection of the banks and financial and credit institutes to achieve the highest rates of return rather than the costs of setting up in order to provide customer service، and establishing the highest possible use of site capacity. For example، evidence shows that customer satisfaction has a direct relationship with access to the ATMs. Thus، urban economic zoning to select the suitable areas for such activity، and to evaluate the current performance and subsidiaries of future potential، is very important for closing the branches and move them to the appropriate locations. This research has been executed in a development-application approach and employed descriptive-analytical methods. According to the research objectives، the economic criteria in the banking system have primarily been identified through a literature review (previous research) and also completed through expert opinions. Then، in a field survey the required data have been collected to prepare the criteria for future analysis. DEMATEL1 techniques have been used for identification of the internal relationships among the criteria. After completing the pairwise comparisons questionnaire، and obtaining the results by the experts based on Copeland method and by Analytical Network Process (ANP) model the weights has been determined for each pair of the criteria. To determine the potential radius of influence for each criterion in a given area، the model presented by Keyter has been used. Fuzzy membership function for each of the indices have been calculated and then combined by Fuzzy Algebraic Sum operator. In this research، MATLAB software has been applied to implement DEMATEL techniques. Super Decision software has also been applied for calculation of analysis network process model، and ArcGIS software for spatial modeling and zonation. Afterwards، the status of each branch of the banks and the financial and credit institutes of the region was obtained by plugging it into the model output in tables. Finally، the SPSS software was used to assess homogeneity of the results obtained from models and the results of field observations. The first step in the site selection of the banks and the financial and credit institutes is to determine the effective criteria، identify and prepare them by expert opinion taken from literature and previous evidence (Table 1). For identification of the relations between the criteria، DEMATEL technique has been performed. The weights of criteria and sub criteria have been determined using the Analytic Network Process. This Classification is useful for managers of the banks and the financial and credit institutes and also the planners to identify the area of economic-potential for the construction of new branches and establishment of ATMs and also to identify the current status against other competitors for the current and future planning. The results also can be very useful for closing the non-optimal branches and reestablish them in the appropriate areas. This can also be utilized for allocation of ATM machines to each of the branches، according to their location and adjustment of ATMs in non-optimal branches to transfer them to other optimized branches. The results will provide the economic managers with a broad insight into the most important world economy positions.

In recent decades the issue of «identity» has gained considerable importanc in social science studies، especially in the field of the Iranian political geography. Some experts argue that the factors affecting this growing process are affected by political، social، economic، regional and global changes، while others consider the existence of modern perspectives and attitudes especially in the field of post-modern thought as the cause of increasing interest in this issue. Certainly، internal factors، especially the Islamic Revolution and its consequences together with regional and global factors have led to more attention to the issue of identity. Meanwhile، ethnic identity has a special place، as Iranian society is composed of different ethnic groups that، throughout history، have contributed to maturity، survival، and sustainablity of Iranian civilization، and despite many ups and downs، have been able to maintain the political life of this country in different ways. In Iran، like other countries composed of ethnic groups، the issues of ethnic identity have been integrated into issues related to national unity and security of the country. In that، because، on the one hand، ethnic identities can play an effective role in the national unity of the country، and on the other hand، they are able to substitute the idea of separatism and disintegration with that of national unity and security by placing their growing expectations and demand. one of the collective identities studied in political geography is “political identity”. According to some، factors such as common history، common interests and shared political fate are some of the factors forming political identity. Studying political identity or political aspects of Kurdish identity requires analysis of the components of political identity among the Kurds. The key question is: “what is the political identity of Kurds and which factors affect their political identity?” According to the main hypothesis of the present study، due to familiarity with new knowledge sources and different local experiences، the Kurds have a fluid political identity. This research is an applied research conducted through library method and descriptive - analytical approach. In the present study، using documents، it has been tried to determine how components such as common history، common interests and shared political fate form Kurdish political identity. The most important element in this regard is investigating «ethnic nationalism» and «inter- and intra-ethnic political conflicts». The results show two basic elements of such movements، namely «seeking help from foreigners» and «internal demands»، while they are in contrast with Kurd ethnic identity but affected by ethnic relations and ethnic identities. Activity of Kurds and Kurdish parties after the Islamic Revolution so far also implies that how these activities have affected political identity of Iranian Kurd people. Based on the research conducted about political identify foundations of the Iranian Kurds، it can be atgued that: first، «ethnic identity» foundations of Iranian Kurds affect their “political identity” because of the associations of their historical roots with Iran and the Iranians history، based on the elements of territory، race / ethnicity، religion، language، customs / traditions، and beliefs / values; second، the study of the foundations of «political identity» of Kurds in Iran indicates that common interests of the Kurds in political areas date back to Kurds’ contemporary history because dividing Kurdish regions among Iran، Turkey، Iraq and Syria have created another fate for the Kurds، dividing Aryan race and Iranian Kurds with Kurdish language and Islamic religion and Shiite religion / Sunnis among the four Countries. Since then، the shared interests among the Kurds within and out of the country and political common fate that have kept them away from each other can be traced as two issues of ethnic nationalism and political conflicts: firstly، Kurd ethnic nationalism in Iran reflects the political diversity in political domain. That is، they are not in complete agreement with both national identity and the official discourse of nationalism in the country. Second، the identity foundations of Kurds and their political performance in recent one hundred years reflect two types of political conflict in the Kurdish region of Iran: first، «intra-ethnic conflict» based on power acquisition or competition among the different Kurd tribes. In these types of conflicts، the behaviors، norms، attitudes and positions of Kurds are mostly affected by the foundations of ethnic identity، structure of ethnic relations and tribal policies governing Kurdish region، such as the impact of tribal politics on performance «SEMCO». Second، «inter-ethnic conflicts» which were first based on preservation of the internal influence of tribes، and later were based on autonomy acquisition or independence. In this group of disputes، the dual elements namely «seeking help from foreigners» and «domestic demand» are important forces of the “political identity of the Kurds” within the triple elements of «common history»، «common interests» and «common political destiny». After the events following the Islamic Revolution، and by increasing the level of education، we witness the gradual increase in political consciousness of Kurds، and the performance of “ethnicity-based nationalism «without» tribal culture«among the Kurds. The Kurds’ political relations are influenced by party relationships and political groupings. Previous experience shows that whenever the central government enjoys a high level of power، it has been able to exert political power on all areas and، in contrats، every time this government is weak، different ethnic groups have upraised in different parts of Iran. In all of these events، due to the promotion of education and assignment of Kurd educated leaders we witness the removal of tribal relationships and emergence of party relationships with ethnic culture combined with some form of ethnic consciousness to gain autonomy. Of course، one can not speak about the political identity of Kurds because there is a long way to the formation of a Kurdish political community forming Kurdish political identity. However، it can be argued that awareness of the fate of the Kurdish political fate that often evokes their innocence، leads to common feeling among the Kurds so that they are demanding common interests trying to get rid of victimization.

Human capabilities in maintenance of their living space or in destruction of its prospects in relation to natural conditions create a balanced ecosystem. This states the fact that human is the main factor of the destructions، composition، and disorder in the areas of biological and Bio geographic issues. It is now understood that governments and the nations in the world should be thinking about preserving the planet earth and its environment، not just preserving their countries. This thinking has become increasingly global and it seems it is in serious consideration of government. Hence، development of the environmental crisis and its consequences on the patterns of interaction and cooperation، or the conflict between groups of men and political actors has been the main factor that geopolitical experts and experts of this knowledge pay attention to the environmental problems. So this subject is interpreted as one of the schools of green geopolitics. Now it seems necessary to consider the dimensions of geopolitical environmental issues and global problems. The main method of this study was a descriptive-analytical approach that has been carried out using a literature review in library data. The main question of this research is that what threats and security issues the geopolitical environment of regional and global scale in the twenty-first century is faced with? In line with this question important presumptions are mentioned، including the impact of human societies on the form and physical function of the earth is reached to the extent that is of geopolitical nature in global and regional scale. It seems to be point of focus by countries and global and regional powers in the field of security threats and issues in the twenty first century. Concerns about global politics of the environmental issues includes the capacity of governments to address climate warming، ozone layer destruction and other global issues، potential of international are effective cooperation، satisfaction of environmental movements، multinational corporations to develop strategies and to pursue limited policies in regional and global scale. Doubts about the law of international institutions and existing regimes can help cultural development. There are also concerns about the inability of the international regimes to deal effectively with governments and other organizations not capable of obeying environmental standards. For example، countries like the United States and China have been warned that if they don’t implement their commitments upon the reduction of gas emissions، they will face the action of NGOs that are ready to face confront action and pressure against those who violate international obligations. In this regard، the UN Conference in Stockholm about serious attention to international nature of environmental destruction، in the article21، states that governments cannot damage the environment in their own sovereign. But they have the right to extract resources within their own borders. Thus، a series of international rules have emerged during the twentieth century to limit the right of dominant countries in the negative and destructive effects on the environment of the earth. Some times these rules appear in the form of bilateral or multilateral agreements. However، realization of these types of commitments usually requires the participation of the countries that are responsible for this subject. Although some of industrialized countries have showed resistance toward accepting responsibility، sanctions or compensation. Developing countries also have experienced damages from significant decrease in the fertility of the land due to soil erosion، deforestation and other forms of environmental degradation. You can be assured that if the rate of economic losses caused by environmental degradation in key developing countries increases in the decades ahead، the economic health of the whole world will be affected. Accordingly، if in line with the industrialization of a society، such an important issue of the environment is not considered، not only the economic development will not be achieved، but a lot of damages will be experienced that sometimes can often cause the benefits of an industrial activity for the community، in the long run، to be spent in compensation for the damages. Environmental security gets connected with any threat abroad to their environmental spaces، so that public policies can have influence on that. Security environmental advocates believe that the increasing pressure on safeguard systems of renewable natural resources and life، for health and human welfare as well as traditional military threats are serious. In this view، some researchers and policy makers believe that the environment security in terms of its inherent characteristicsis is more of a global phenomenon than a national one. Since the environmental threats affect all human beings، so it requires a collective cooperation on global scale. In the recent years، geopolitics is profoundly concerned with environmental issues. For the governments and nations have reached the consciousness that they should think of the environmental issues as one of the most suitable strategies to obtain peace and comfort and to eliminate conflicts among themselves. The geopolitical environmental developments have never attracted attention and concern of governments and organizations as it is in the recent years. It was expected that human، every day more than the day before، could become a rational and conscious power that can maintain and develop contents of valuable environment and try to its improvement. Instead، it seems that increasingly man has become a powerful factor that acts as unconsidered and confused. Another factor should be managed based on this approach، in addition to environmental degradation and transformation، the risks and threats that are posed for the system of national government and environmental threats to security should also be considered. The threats to environmental security are expressed only when they just threaten national security.

Housing is defined as a complicated category of human basic needs with a variety of dimensions. By an exploration about the housing planning this may be revealed that the planning with residential needs and restrictions seeks to meet the requirements of different classes and also to present competent performance. What is the main issue addressed in this paper relates to the specific issues of importance to define the target group in the planning and detailed knowledge of the structure of supply and demand in the municipal market in order to answer these two questions: What are the current and future shortage of housing demands in response to lower income groups in Damghan? What is the most important aspect of forming the structure of supply and demand and what type of housing units are needed in the planned community of Damghan? Several factors are involved in the supply of housing in response to demand. Identification of these factors is as the expected results of this paper and the tools and methods considered in this section can be pointed out by mouse model. The results presented in this section can be applicable for the correct housing of low-income groups in Damghan. Solutions to prevent the problem، the control structure (supply and demand) and the estimated requirements in this section present effective mechanisms. Appropriate strategic planning for housing، with emphasis on the strategic planning process has been benefited from proper information of the structure of supply and demand in the market that make complex and accurate predictions of the process possible. Based on the study and application of the models it is very important to consider the structure of supply and demand in the market to assist the planners. Before this، in the planning of housing the target group as an issue often overlooked is of importance. The income groups and the social and the economic characteristics and structure of this special issue are to be scheduled. The structure and methodology of the study is generally indicated in the diagram and the way the appropriate method in the study area has been selected is also presented. The purpose of the study is to explore a method by which we can analyze economic، social and physical planning for low income groups. To achieve the goal we first examined the policies of housing production for empowering low income people in global scale. The study next has attempted to recognize suitable techniques and methods to understand the subject for a proper prediction. Due to the nature of the target group of low-income urban populations، it can be noted that financing low-income groups in both the demand and supply related policies and strategies in model construction and equipment of units is reliable as the main focus of this paper. This result has been obtained that studies considering all factors involved in the production and supply of housing in neighborhood planning should be conducted in a way that benefit low-income citizens of Damghan as much as practical. The most important aspect of forming the housing market (supply and demand) in the local level planning as the main research question should be noted. The most important factor in the supply of housing in neighborhood planning in Damghan is in cost per square meter of housing units. It is sum of the costs of land and construction which include wages، materials and etc. In addition to the benefits derived from activities in this section. The higher land prices and construction costs increase and the supply decreases. This charge is due to the high price of land and construction costs that have an impact on the final price and the quantity demanded. The price of housing demand has led to the conclusion that Hdanyk. The most important factors affecting the final price of housing units in terms of location and physical indicators، access to the business center of the city، old buildings، structures and access roads are presented with a width of 8 meters. In this regard، in order to meet the housing demand of low-income groups، we need to know the exact location of residence and locating new housing units because of the effective spatial index structure that exists to minimize demand and good quality can be produced by taking approaches to implementing robust and inexpensive.

As the main question، this research looks for the abilities and the ways to apply Islamic urban values for recent urban problems. Although the Islamic cities are studied by many researches، scholars، and thinkers، the meanings and concepts of the studies are mainly focused either on physical or on historical issues and the researches have had non-dynamic approaches and the current applicable features of the subject have not been covered well. Resembling Islamic cities to a language and (con) text، there has been more attention paid to the alphabets and elements of the language rather than to its main message. Words، syntax and grammar of this language have been elaborated، but the meanings and concepts are neglected. Hence، one of the main goals of this article، as the title shows، is going beyond the words and vocabularies of that text and getting the main ideas. In other words، the article intends to find new approaches beyond the historic and physical aspects. Furthermore، the article compares contemporary urban theories with traditional Islamic cities to use the lessons for today’s developments. The qualitative research approach employed here has primarily used document analysis and observation. In this manner the theory of Islamic city has been reviewed in literature. The article، firstly، will categorize some studies of Islamic Cities and demonstrate that they do mostly focus on physical and historic aspects. A new dimension، then، will be emerged which covers the contemporary urban planning theories. After categorizing related studies، modes of physical combination of these cities، however، will be classified into Justice Location، Unified in Diversity، Oxymoron as the Secret of Completeness، and Multi-value Logic. Eventually، new approaches in contemporary urban planning theories since 1960 including rational، incremental، transactive، advocacy and radical approaches as well as structure and strategic methods of urban planning have been compared to the Islamic Cities Developments. The concept of the ‘Islamic City’ has been discussed since the turn of the last century. The famous sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920) set up a framework for categorizing Islamic cities، and was largely followed by orientalists for the next half century. Weber concluded that the emergence of capitalism was contingent upon the existence of independent urban communities or free cities; cities of the Christian world (Gabbi، 2006) Marcias، basing his article on the famous Arab geographer and lawyer، Ibn Khaldun (1406)، cites the physical aspects of an Islamic city as incorporating the congregational Friday mosque، with adjacent chief bazaar، together with the public bath for preparing Muslims for the Friday prayer (Abu-Lughod، 1987،156). In 1955 Gustave Von Grunebaum collects all the findings of previous Western scholars about the Islamic city and synthesizes them into a single model (Goddard، 1999، p. 43). In 1956، E. Ashtor-Strauss explains that through a combination of weakened government and a dormant tradition of municipal autonomy، the populations were able to assert significant control over their own lives and rulers. Claude Cahen in 1958 continued the work of Ashtor-Strauss. He argues that the captured cities by Arabs haven’t changed under the Arab rules، rather they developed along the same path as most of the neighboring European cities. So he started his research based on social and historical approaches of the Islamic cities mostly Syria، Iraq and Iran and compared them with their neighboring Western cities، mostly southern Italy. In 1965 Albert Hourani and Samuel Stern referried to both Weber’s category and the standard Islamic city model. Stern concludes that the Islamic city’s essential characteristic is the general absence of corporate institutions or its looseness of structure. 1n 1967 Ira Lapidus presented a comprehensive new model of the Islamic city with pointing the critiques، revisions، and ideas of Ashtor-Strauss، Cahen، and Stern. His ultimate goal is to examine the social structure of certain medieval Muslim cities to understand the Islamic society. Kennedy in 1985 provides a methodical and comprehensive account of the typical attributed features to the Islamic city and its development. His work represents a new post-orientalist trend of looking at the Middle Eastern urbanism in and of itself. He tried to define the urban development as a unique phenomenon tied to its region and society and not according to its similarities or differences to the evolution of European cities. Baber Johansen (1981) and Besim Hakim (1986) examined the inter-dependency of Islamic law and the development of a city. Johansen sought to find out how Islamic law defined a city، while Hakim was concerned with how the law determined urban development and shape or morphology. Most Middle Eastern and North African cities have been studied with different scholars and theorist to extract a prototype to explain the theory of Islamic city. All of these studies and theorems have، in some way، and to a greater or lesser degree، influenced the development of the Islamic city in the modern world. Amongst all of these discussions، the main achievement of this research is that Muslim Cities during Islamic Period، along with Islamic guidelines، have physical and non-physical lessons to be learned which are able to be matched with liable contemporary urban developments. Values، concepts and the views of Islamic cities are beyond body، place، and time. They are eternal and international concepts that can be applied for urban development globally. The article classified these concepts into four values: Sustainability with Justice، Unification with Diversity، Richness with Oxymoron and Rational Felexibility. Ideas of contemporary Urban Planer theorists are covered with these concepts. Islamic Cities، in their true meanings، have had the best solutions، methods and models of urban developments. Nowadays Muslim people are able to explore the Islamic urban factors to apply them in their recent urban issues. It will be happened، if the accurate nature and concept of Islamic cities is defined and just studied beyond the mere physical assumptions.

Cities have been developing since the Industrial Revolution. The growth of cities has many consequences on the environment. As a result of the increase in adverse consequences of the urban growth، United Nations considered the necessity for sustainable development issues in cities. The first step in this procedure is some methods for measurement of the sustainable development by Reliable indicators. Ecological footprint is one of these methods that have been used for measuring urban sustainability in the Cities like London، Santiago، and Liverpool. We have used this method to measure urban sustainability in Rasht County، Iran. The results indicate that the ecological footprint is equivalent to 1. 797 per capita in Rasht. Also biological capacity (biocapacity) in this city is equal to 0. 414 hectar per capita. Therefore، we conclude that Rasht is not sustainable in terms of ecological footprint index. Cities have been developing since the Industrial Revolution with many consequences on the environment. An increase in deleterious effects of urban growth caused the United Nations to pay attention to sustainable development in cities. As the first step in this procedure it is required to measure the sustainable development by reliable indicators. Sustainable development can be measured by determining Ecological Footprint as one of the indicators. This is a measure of the amount of biologically productive land and water required to support the demands of a population or productive activity. The first Ecological Footprints have been calculated using a component-based approach. This has evolved into a more comprehensive and robust approach، compound Footprinting، now used for national Footprint accounting. The component-based approach sums the Ecological Footprint of all relevant components of a population in resource consumption and waste production. This is، first، by identifying all of the individual goods and services and the amounts thereof a given population consumes، and second، by assessing the Ecological Footprint of each component using life-cycle data that track the resource requirements of a given product from resource extraction to waste disposal. Ecological footprint method has already been used for measuring urban sustainability in the Cities like London، Santiago، and Liverpool. We have used this method for measuring urban sustainability in Rasht County، Iran. The Ecological Footprint utilize the yields of primary products (from cropland، forest، grazing and fisheries) to calculate the area necessary to support a given activity. Biocapacity is measured by calculating the amount of biologically productive area of land and sea available to provide the resources a population consumes and to absorb its wastes، given current technology and management practices. Countries differ in the productivity of their ecosystems، and this is reflected in corresponding accounts. Ecological Footprint accounts allow governments to track a city or region’s demand on natural capital، and to compare this demand with the amount of natural capital actually available. The accounts also give governments the ability to answer more specific questions about the distribution of these demands within their economy. In other words، it gives them information about their resource metabolism. They also help assess the ecological capacity embodied in the imports upon which a region is dependent. This can shed light on the region’s constraints or future liabilities in comparison with other regions of the world، and identify opportunities to defend or improve the local quality of life. Footprint accounts help governments become more specific about sustainability in a number of ways. The accounts provide a common language and a clearly defined methodology that can be used to support staff training and to communicate about sustainability issues with other levels of government or with the public. Footprint accounts add value to existing data sets on production، trade and environmental performance by providing a comprehensive way to interpret them. For instance، the accounts can help guide “environmental management systems” by offering a framework for gathering and organizing data، setting targets and tracking progress. The accounts can also serve as environmental reporting requirements، and inform strategic decision-making for regional economic development. The global effort for sustainability will be won، or lost، in the world’s cities، where urban design may influence over 70 percent of people’s Ecological Footprint. High-Footprint cities can reduce this demand on nature greatly with existing technology. Many of these savings also cut costs and make cities more livable. Since urban infrastructure is long-lasting and influences resource needs for decades to come، infrastructure decisions make or break a city’s future. Which cities are building future resource traps? Which ones are building opportunities for resource efficient and more competitive lifestyles? Without regional resource accounting، governments can easily overlook or fail to realize the extent of these kinds of opportunities and threats. The Ecological Footprint، a comprehensive، science-based resource accounting system that compares people’s use of nature with nature’s ability to regenerate، helps eliminate this blind spot. We have used the Ecological footprint method for testing the research hypotheses. Ecological footprint is a measure of human demand on the Earth''s ecosystems. It is a standardized measure of demand for natural capital that may be contrasted with the planet''s ecological capacity for regeneration. It represents the amount of biologically productive land and sea area necessary to supply the resources a human population consumes، and to assimilate associated waste. Using this assessment، it is possible to estimate how much of the Earth it would take to support humanity if everybody followed a given lifestyle. The results show that the ecological footprint is equivalent to 1. 797 per capita in Rasht. Also biological capacity (biocapacity) in this city is also equal to 0. 414 hectar per capita. In the study area ecological Footprint is much more than the biological capacity. This means the instability in ecological system. The Ecological Footprint in consumption for the study area is lower than other counties in Iran. According to the results of the study، we conclude that Rasht is not sustainable in terms of ecological footprint index. Although the county is ecologically instable، but the Ecological Footprint in Rasht County is lower than that in the Iran and in the world. The instability may be resulted from excessive use of natural resources and also tourism activities. It can be recommended to have optimized use of natural resources، suitable planning for tourism، and education of the public for sound consumption of resources.

Cities have been developing since the Industrial Revolution. The growth of cities has many consequences on the environment. As a result of the increase in adverse consequences of the urban growth، United Nations considered the necessity for sustainable development issues in cities. The first step in this procedure is some methods for measurement of the sustainable development by Reliable indicators. Ecological footprint is one of these methods that have been used for measuring urban sustainability in the Cities like London، Santiago، and Liverpool. We have used this method to measure urban sustainability in Rasht County، Iran. The results indicate that the ecological footprint is equivalent to 1. 797 per capita in Rasht. Also biological capacity (biocapacity) in this city is equal to 0. 414 hectar per capita. Therefore، we conclude that Rasht is not sustainable in terms of ecological footprint index. Cities have been developing since the Industrial Revolution with many consequences on the environment. An increase in deleterious effects of urban growth caused the United Nations to pay attention to sustainable development in cities. As the first step in this procedure it is required to measure the sustainable development by reliable indicators. Sustainable development can be measured by determining Ecological Footprint as one of the indicators. This is a measure of the amount of biologically productive land and water required to support the demands of a population or productive activity. The first Ecological Footprints have been calculated using a component based approach. This has evolved into a more comprehensive and robust approach، compound Footprinting، now used for national Footprint accounting. The component-based approach sums the Ecological Footprint of all relevant components of a population in resource consumption and waste production. This is، first، by identifying all of the individual goods and services and the amounts thereof a given population consumes، and second، by assessing the Ecological Footprint of each component using life-cycle data that track the resource requirements of a given product from resource extraction to waste disposal. Ecological footprint method has already been used for measuring urban sustainability in the Cities like London، Santiago، and Liverpool. We have used this method for measuring urban sustainability in Rasht County، Iran. The Ecological Footprint utilize the yields of primary products (from cropland، forest، grazing and fisheries) to calculate the area necessary to support a given activity. Biocapacity is measured by calculating the amount of biologically productive area of land and sea available to provide the resources a population consumes and to absorb its wastes، given current technology and management practices. Countries differ in the productivity of their ecosystems، and this is reflected in corresponding accounts. Ecological Footprint accounts allow governments to track a city or region’s demand on natural capital، and to compare this demand with the amount of natural capital actually available. The accounts also give governments the ability to answer more specific questions about the distribution of these demands within their economy. In other words، it gives them information about their resource metabolism. They also help assess the ecological capacity embodied in the imports upon which a region is dependent. This can shed light on the region’s constraints or future liabilities in comparison with other regions of the world، and identify opportunities to defend or improve the local quality of life. Footprint accounts help governments become more specific about sustainability in a number of ways. The accounts provide a common language and a clearly defined methodology that can be used to support staff training and to communicate about sustainability issues with other levels of government or with the public. Footprint accounts add value to existing data sets on production، trade and environmental performance by providing a comprehensive way to interpret them. For instance، the accounts can help guide “environmental management systems” by offering a framework for gathering and organizing data، setting targets and tracking progress. The accounts can also serve as environmental reporting requirements، and inform strategic decision-making for regional economic development. The global effort for sustainability will be won، or lost، in the world’s cities، where urban design may influence over 70 percent of people’s Ecological Footprint. High-Footprint cities can reduce this demand on nature greatly with existing technology. Many of these savings also cut costs and make cities more livable. Since urban infrastructure is long-lasting and influences resource needs for decades to come، infrastructure decisions make or break a city’s future. Which cities are building future resource traps? Which ones are building opportunities for resource efficient and more competitive lifestyles? Without regional resource accounting، governments can easily overlook or fail to realize the extent of these kinds of opportunities and threats. The Ecological Footprint، a comprehensive، science-based resource accounting system that compares people’s use of nature with nature’s ability to regenerate، helps eliminate this blind spot. We have used the Ecological footprint method for testing the research hypotheses. Ecological footprint is a measure of human demand on the Earth''s ecosystems. It is a standardized measure of demand for natural capital that may be contrasted with the planet''s ecological capacity for regeneration. It represents the amount of biologically productive land and sea area necessary to supply the resources a human population consumes، and to assimilate associated waste. Using this assessment، it is possible to estimate how much of the Earth it would take to support humanity if everybody followed a given lifestyle. The results show that the ecological footprint is equivalent to 1. 797 per capita in Rasht. Also biological capacity (biocapacity) in this city is also equal to 0. 414 hectar per capita. In the study area ecological Footprint is much more than the biological capacity. This means the instability in ecological system. The Ecological Footprint in consumption for the study area is lower than other counties in Iran. According to the results of the study، we conclude that Rasht is not sustainable in terms of ecological footprint index. Although the county is ecologically instable، but the Ecological Footprint in Rasht County is lower than that in the Iran and in the world. The instability may be resulted from excessive use of natural resources and also tourism activities. It can be recommended to have optimized use of natural resources، suitable planning for tourism، and education of the public for sound consumption of resources.

For few decades، the population of cities in developing countries، including Iran had a higher growth rate than the total growth rate of the population in other countaries. Iranin cities are typically characterized by extensive urban sprawl، manifesting low density development which makes it extremely challenging for city planners to put in place the public transit systems that are necessary to ensure the efficient operation of urban areas. These challenges، coupled with ongoing population and economic growth، require immediate attention. This paper explores one potential solution from the perspective of real estate and transit road in Yazd Conurbation. The focus is on how to achieve the role of transit road in development of Yazd conurbation. Automobile dependence، expressed through comparative levels of car ownership and use and transit service and use، varies widely and systematically across a large sample of international cities. Yazd province cities exhibit the most extreme dependence on the automobile، followed by Ardakan، Meybod and Mehriz cities، with Isfahan and Kerman cities having very much more transit-oriented cities with greater levels of transit. For mapping، measuring، and modeling the role of transit in growth of conurbation of Yazd، various data on traffic، urban growh priodes and demography of study were collected. The study has also prioritized the order of factors influencing site selection of military centers and then weighted site selection was performed. Rating Factors The overall rating for each factor has been obtained by multiplying the response of each rating in table valuation factors considering their coefficients (Table 1). The sum has been calculated and by dividing the total points by the total number of questionnaires (120) the final score has been revealed for each factor. Points are calculated for effective factors in site selection procedures are given in table (2). Table 2. compared nine quantitatively Thomas L. Saati to compare binaries Extremely important Definition 1 Definition 2 Equally important 3 Equal to average important 4 Important Middle 5 Moderate to strong important 6 Strong important 7 Strong to very strong important 8 Important very strong 9 Important very strong to immensely strong Malchfsky، 1998 The final site selection Maps and base imagery have been collected and geo-referenced، sectioned in time scale and the layers required to form a thematic map have been prepared in vector format. Then all layers for comparison and involvement in decision making have been plugged in Raster Calculator from Spatial Analyst Tool. This give a raster of suitability for the area. The raster have been reclassified in three classes including Good (dark color)، Middle (half-tone) and Unsuitable (bright colors). According to the zoning performed by the AHP method it can be said that suitable areas in the northern half of the study area are more than the southern that is encompassed large parts of Tabriz، Osco and Shabestar. Also lower parts of Bonab، Malekan، Azarshahr and Ajabshir from the conditions are suitable. Maragheh Region and lower parts from Azarshahr، Osco and Bonab are qualified in average in the site selection. Therefore، it can be said that Tabriz and Ajabshir according to site selection in relation to geomorphological factors and other natural and human factors are favorable.